Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions

Dawn Stacey et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017.

Update in

Abstract

Background: Decision aids are interventions that support patients by making their decisions explicit, providing information about options and associated benefits/harms, and helping clarify congruence between decisions and personal values.

Objectives: To assess the effects of decision aids in people facing treatment or screening decisions.

Search methods: Updated search (2012 to April 2015) in CENTRAL; MEDLINE; Embase; PsycINFO; and grey literature; includes CINAHL to September 2008.

Selection criteria: We included published randomized controlled trials comparing decision aids to usual care and/or alternative interventions. For this update, we excluded studies comparing detailed versus simple decision aids.

Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers independently screened citations for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Primary outcomes, based on the International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS), were attributes related to the choice made and the decision-making process.Secondary outcomes were behavioural, health, and health system effects.We pooled results using mean differences (MDs) and risk ratios (RRs), applying a random-effects model. We conducted a subgroup analysis of studies that used the patient decision aid to prepare for the consultation and of those that used it in the consultation. We used GRADE to assess the strength of the evidence.

Main results: We included 105 studies involving 31,043 participants. This update added 18 studies and removed 28 previously included studies comparing detailed versus simple decision aids. During the 'Risk of bias' assessment, we rated two items (selective reporting and blinding of participants/personnel) as mostly unclear due to inadequate reporting. Twelve of 105 studies were at high risk of bias.With regard to the attributes of the choice made, decision aids increased participants' knowledge (MD 13.27/100; 95% confidence interval (CI) 11.32 to 15.23; 52 studies; N = 13,316; high-quality evidence), accuracy of risk perceptions (RR 2.10; 95% CI 1.66 to 2.66; 17 studies; N = 5096; moderate-quality evidence), and congruency between informed values and care choices (RR 2.06; 95% CI 1.46 to 2.91; 10 studies; N = 4626; low-quality evidence) compared to usual care.Regarding attributes related to the decision-making process and compared to usual care, decision aids decreased decisional conflict related to feeling uninformed (MD -9.28/100; 95% CI -12.20 to -6.36; 27 studies; N = 5707; high-quality evidence), indecision about personal values (MD -8.81/100; 95% CI -11.99 to -5.63; 23 studies; N = 5068; high-quality evidence), and the proportion of people who were passive in decision making (RR 0.68; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.83; 16 studies; N = 3180; moderate-quality evidence).Decision aids reduced the proportion of undecided participants and appeared to have a positive effect on patient-clinician communication. Moreover, those exposed to a decision aid were either equally or more satisfied with their decision, the decision-making process, and/or the preparation for decision making compared to usual care.Decision aids also reduced the number of people choosing major elective invasive surgery in favour of more conservative options (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.75 to 1.00; 18 studies; N = 3844), but this reduction reached statistical significance only after removing the study on prophylactic mastectomy for breast cancer gene carriers (RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73 to 0.97; 17 studies; N = 3108). Compared to usual care, decision aids reduced the number of people choosing prostate-specific antigen screening (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.98; 10 studies; N = 3996) and increased those choosing to start new medications for diabetes (RR 1.65; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.56; 4 studies; N = 447). For other testing and screening choices, mostly there were no differences between decision aids and usual care.The median effect of decision aids on length of consultation was 2.6 minutes longer (24 versus 21; 7.5% increase). The costs of the decision aid group were lower in two studies and similar to usual care in four studies. People receiving decision aids do not appear to differ from those receiving usual care in terms of anxiety, general health outcomes, and condition-specific health outcomes. Studies did not report adverse events associated with the use of decision aids.In subgroup analysis, we compared results for decision aids used in preparation for the consultation versus during the consultation, finding similar improvements in pooled analysis for knowledge and accurate risk perception. For other outcomes, we could not conduct formal subgroup analyses because there were too few studies in each subgroup.

Authors' conclusions: Compared to usual care across a wide variety of decision contexts, people exposed to decision aids feel more knowledgeable, better informed, and clearer about their values, and they probably have a more active role in decision making and more accurate risk perceptions. There is growing evidence that decision aids may improve values-congruent choices. There are no adverse effects on health outcomes or satisfaction. New for this updated is evidence indicating improved knowledge and accurate risk perceptions when decision aids are used either within or in preparation for the consultation. Further research is needed on the effects on adherence with the chosen option, cost-effectiveness, and use with lower literacy populations.

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Conflict of interest statement

Several of the investigators have developed patient decision aids (DS, FL, HL, MHR, MB, KE, RT, LT, KL), but none reviewed their own studies.

Within the last five years, two investigators (HL, MB) have received financial support from the not‐for‐profit Informed Medical Decisions Foundation (IMDF). MB serves on the Board of and received salary and grant support as President of the Foundation. In 2014, the Foundation merged with another not‐for‐profit, Healthwise. MB continues to receive salary and grant support as Chief Science Officer at Healthwise. Healthwise develops, licenses, and distributes patient decision aids. Several investigators (DS, FL, HL, MHR, MB, KE, RT, LT) who were involved in a special issue in BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making that included a series of 14 papers focused on the theoretical and empirical evidence underlying the International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS), received partial funding from the Foundation to cover publishing costs.

Figures

1

1

Study flow diagram.

2

2

Risk of bias summary as percentages across all included studies.

3

3

Risk of bias summary for each included study.

4

4

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Knowledge, outcome: 1.1 Knowledge ‐ all studies.

5

5

Funnel plot of comparison: 4.1 Decisional conflict: DA vs usual care ‐ all studies, outcome: 4.1.2 Uninformed subscale

6

6

Funnel plot of comparison: 4.1 Decisional conflict: DA vs usual care ‐ all studies, outcome: 4.1.3 Unclear subscale

1.1

1.1. Analysis

Comparison 1 Knowledge, Outcome 1 Knowledge ‐ all studies.

1.2

1.2. Analysis

Comparison 1 Knowledge, Outcome 2 Knowledge ‐ subgroup by timing of intervention (in consultation versus in preparation for consultation).

1.3

1.3. Analysis

Comparison 1 Knowledge, Outcome 3 Knowledge ‐ studies without high risk of bias.

2.1

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Accurate risk perceptions, Outcome 1 Accurate risk perceptions ‐ all studies.

2.2

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Accurate risk perceptions, Outcome 2 Accurate risk perceptions ‐ subgroup by timing of intervention (in consultation versus in preparation for consultation).

2.3

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Accurate risk perceptions, Outcome 3 Accurate risk perceptions ‐ studies without high risk of bias.

3.1

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Informed values‐choice congruence, Outcome 1 Informed values‐choice congruence ‐ all studies.

3.2

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Informed values‐choice congruence, Outcome 2 Informed values‐choice congruence ‐ actual choice only.

3.3

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Informed values‐choice congruence, Outcome 3 Informed values‐chose congruence ‐using MMIC.

3.4

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Informed values‐choice congruence, Outcome 4 Informed values‐chose congruence ‐ heterogeneous measures.

3.5

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Informed values‐choice congruence, Outcome 5 Informed values‐choice congruence ‐ without studies of high risk of bias.

4.1

4.1. Analysis

Comparison 4 Decisional conflict, Outcome 1 Decisional conflict ‐ all studies.

4.2

4.2. Analysis

Comparison 4 Decisional conflict, Outcome 2 Decisional conflict ‐ in consultation.

4.3

4.3. Analysis

Comparison 4 Decisional conflict, Outcome 3 Decisional conflict ‐ in preparation for consultation.

4.4

4.4. Analysis

Comparison 4 Decisional conflict, Outcome 4 Decisional conflict ‐ without studies having high risk of bias.

5.1

5.1. Analysis

Comparison 5 Participation in decision making, Outcome 1 Participation in decision making ‐ all studies.

5.2

5.2. Analysis

Comparison 5 Participation in decision making, Outcome 2 Participation in decision making ‐ in consultation.

5.3

5.3. Analysis

Comparison 5 Participation in decision making, Outcome 3 Participation in decision making ‐ in preparation for consultation.

6.1

6.1. Analysis

Comparison 6 Proportion undecided, Outcome 1 Proportion undecided ‐ all studies.

7.1

7.1. Analysis

Comparison 7 Satisfaction, Outcome 1 Satisfaction with the choice ‐ all studies.

7.2

7.2. Analysis

Comparison 7 Satisfaction, Outcome 2 Satisfaction with the choice ‐ in consultation.

7.3

7.3. Analysis

Comparison 7 Satisfaction, Outcome 3 Satisfaction with the choice ‐ in preparation for consultation.

7.4

7.4. Analysis

Comparison 7 Satisfaction, Outcome 4 Satisfaction with the decision making process ‐ all studies.

7.5

7.5. Analysis

Comparison 7 Satisfaction, Outcome 5 Satisfaction with the decision making process ‐ in consultation.

7.6

7.6. Analysis

Comparison 7 Satisfaction, Outcome 6 Satisfaction with the decision making process ‐ in preparation for consultation.

8.1

8.1. Analysis

Comparison 8 Choice, Outcome 1 Choice: surgery over conservative option.

8.2

8.2. Analysis

Comparison 8 Choice, Outcome 2 Choice for screening.

8.3

8.3. Analysis

Comparison 8 Choice, Outcome 3 Choice: diabetes medication (uptake new medication).

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References

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Mathieu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mathieu E, Barratt A, Davey HM, McGeechan K, Howard K, Houssami N. Informed choice in mammography screening: a randomized trial of a decision aid for 70‐year‐old women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(19):2039‐46. - PubMed
Mathieu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mathieu E, Barratt AL, McGeechan K, Davey HM, Howard K, Houssami N. Helping women make choices about mammography screening: an online randomized trial of a decision aid for 40‐year‐old women. Patient Education and Counseling 2010;81(1):63‐72. - PubMed
McAlister 2005 {published data only}
    1. McAlister FA, Man‐Son‐Hing M, Straus SE, Ghali WA, Anderson D, Majumdar SR, et al. Impact of a patient decision aid on care among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a cluster randomized trial. CMAJ 2005;173(5):496‐501. - PMC - PubMed
McBride 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bastian LA, McBride CM, Fish L, Lyna P, Farrell D, Lipkus IM, et al. Evaluating participants' use of a hormone replacement therapy decision‐making intervention. Patient Education and Counseling 2002;48(3):283‐91. - PubMed
    1. McBride CM, Bastian LA, Halabi S, Fish L, Lipkus IM, Bosworth HB, et al. A tailored intervention to aid decision making about hormone replacement therapy. American Journal of Public Health 2002;92(7):1112‐4. - PMC - PubMed
McCaffery 2010 {published data only}
    1. McCaffery KJ, Irwig L, Turner R, Chan SF, Macaskill P, Lewicka M, et al. Psychosocial outcomes of three triage methods for the management of borderline abnormal cervical smears: an open randomised trial. BMJ 2010;340:b4491. - PMC - PubMed
Miller 2005 {published data only}
    1. Miller SM, Fleisher L, Roussi P, Buzaglo JS, Schnoll R, Slater E, et al. Facilitating informed decision making about breast cancer risk and genetic counseling among women calling the NCI's Cancer Information Service. Journal of Health Communication 2005;10(Suppl 1):119‐36. - PubMed
Miller 2011 {published data only}
    1. Duren‐Winfield V, Onsomu EO, Case DL, Pignone M, Miller D. Health literacy and computer‐assisted instruction: usability and patient preference. Journal of Health Communication 2015;20:491‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Miller D, Spangler J, Case D, Goff D, Singh S, Pignone M. Effectiveness of a web‐based colorectal cancer screening patient decision aid: a randomized controlled trial in a mixed‐literacy population. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011;40(6):608‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Montgomery 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Emmett CL, Montgomery AA, Peters TJ, Fahey T. Three‐year follow‐up of a factorial randomised controlled trial of two decision aids for newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. British Journal of General Practice 2005;55(516):551‐3. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Montgomery AA, Fahey T, Peters TJ. A factorial randomised controlled trial of decision analysis and an information video plus leaflet for newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. British Journal of General Practice 2003;53(491):446‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Montgomery 2007 {published data only}
    1. Frost J, Shaw. Women's views on the use of decision aids for decision making about the method of delivery following a previous caesarean section: qualitative interview study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;116(7):896‐905. - PubMed
    1. Hollinghurst S, Emmett C, Peters TJ, Watson H, Fahey T, Murphy DJ, et al. Economic evaluation of the DIAMOND randomized trial: cost and outcomes of 2 decision aids for mode of delivery among women with previous caesarian section. BMJ 2010;30:453‐63. - PubMed
    1. Montgomery AA, Emmett CL, Fahey T, Jones C, Ricketts I, Patel RR, et al. Two decision aids for mode of delivery among women with previous caesarean section: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007;334(7607):1305. - PMC - PubMed
Montori 2011 {published data only}
    1. Montori VM, Shah ND, Pencille LJ, Branda ME, Houten HK, Swiglo BA. Use of a decision aid to improve treatment decisions in osteoporosis: the osteoporosis choice randomized trial. American Journal of Medicine 2011;124(6):549‐56. - PubMed
    1. Pencille LJ, Campbell ME, Houten HK, Shah ND, Mullan RJ, Swiglo BA, et al. Protocol for the Osteoporosis Choice trial. A pilot randomized trial of a decision aid in primary care practice. Trials 2009;10:113. - PMC - PubMed
Morgan 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Morgan MW. A Randomized Trial of the Ischemic Heart Disease Shared Decision Making Program: An Evaluation of a Decision Aid [Masters Thesis]. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1997.
    1. Morgan MW, Deber RB, Llewellyn‐Thomas HA, Gladstone P, Cusimano RJ, O'Rourke K, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of an interactive videodisc decision aid for patients with ischemic heart disease. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2000;15(10):685‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Mott 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mott JM, Stanley MA, Street RL Jr, Grady RH, Teng EJ. Increasing engagement in evidence‐based PTSD treatment through shared decision‐making: a pilot study. Military Medicine 2014;179(2):143‐9. - PubMed
Mullan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mullan RJ, Montori VM, Shah ND, Christianson TJ, Bryant SC, Guyatt GH, et al. The diabetes mellitus medication choice decision aid: a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(17):1560‐8. - PubMed
Murray 2001a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Murray E, Davis H, Tai SS, Coulter A, Gray A, Haines A. Randomised controlled trial of an interactive multimedia decision aid on benign prostatic hypertrophy in primary care. BMJ 2001;323(7311):493‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Murray 2001b {published and unpublished data}
    1. Murray E, Davis H, Tai SS, Coulter A, Gray A, Haines A. Randomized controlled trial of an interactive multimedia decision aid on hormone replacement therapy in primary care. BMJ 2001;323(7311):490‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Nagle 2008 {published data only}
    1. Nagle C, Gunn J, Bell R, Lewis S, Meiser B, Metcalfe S, et al. Use of a decision aid for prenatal testing of fetal abnormalities to improve women's informed decision making: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2008;115(3):339‐47. - PubMed
    1. Nagle C, Lewis S, Meiser B, Metcalfe S, Carlin JB, Bell R, et al. Evaluation of a decision aid for prenatal testing of fetal abnormalities: a cluster randomised trial [ISRCTN22532458]. BMC Public Health 2006;6:96. - PMC - PubMed
Nassar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Nassar N, Roberts CL, Raynes‐Greenow CH, Barratt A, Peat B, Decision Aid for Breech Presentation Trial Collaborators. Evaluation of a decision aid for women with breech presentation at term: a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN14570598]. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2007;114(3):325‐33. - PMC - PubMed
Oakley 2006 {published data only}
    1. Oakley S, Walley T. A pilot study assessing the effectiveness of a decision aid on patient adherence with oral bisphosphonate medication. Pharmaceutical Journal 2006;276(7399):536‐8.
Ozanne 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ozanne EM, Annis C, Adduci K, Showstack J, Esserman L. Pilot trial of a computerized decision aid for breast cancer prevention. Breast Journal 2007;13(2):147‐54. - PubMed
Partin 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Partin MR, Nelson D, Flood AB, Friedemann‐Sanchez G, Wilt TJ. Who uses decision aids? Subgroup analyses from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial of two prostate cancer screening decision support interventions. Health Expectations 2006;9(3):285‐95. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Partin MR, Nelson D, Radosevich D, Nugent S, Flood AB, Dillon N, et al. Randomized trial examining the effect of two prostate cancer screening educational interventions on patient knowledge, preferences, and behaviors. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2004;19(8):835‐42. - PMC - PubMed
Pignone 2000 {published data only}
    1. Pignone M, Harris R, Kinsinger L. Videotape‐based decision aid for colon cancer screening. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000;133(10):761‐9. - PubMed
Protheroe 2007 {published data only}
    1. Patel S, Ngunjiri A, Hee SW, Yang Y, Brown S, Friede T, et al. Primum non nocere: shared informed decision making in low back pain ‐ a pilot cluster randomised trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2014;15:282. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Protheroe J, Bower P, Chew‐Graham C. The use of mixed methodology in evaluating complex interventions: identifying patient factors that moderate the effects of a decision aid. Family Practice 2008;24(6):594‐600. - PubMed
    1. Protheroe J, Bower P, Chew‐Graham C, Peters TJ, Fahey T. Effectiveness of a computerized decision aid in primary care on decision making and quality of life in menorrhagia: results of the MENTIP randomized controlled trial. Medical Decision Making 2007;27(5):575‐84. - PubMed
Rubel 2010 {published data only}
    1. Rubel SK, Miller JW, Stephens RL, Xu Y, Scholl LE, Holden EW, et al. Testing the effects of a decision aid for prostate cancer screening. Journal of Health Communication 2010;15(3):307‐21. - PubMed
Ruffin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ruffin MT, Fetters MD, Jimbo M. Preference‐based electronic decision aid to promote colorectal cancer screening: results of a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2007;45(4):267‐73. - PubMed
Sawka 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sawka AM, Straus S, Rotstein L, Brierley JD, Tsang RW, Asa S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a computerized decision aid on adjuvant radioactive iodine treatment for patients with early‐stage papillary thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;30(23):2906‐11. - PubMed
Schroy 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schroy PC 3rd, Emmons K, Peters E, Glick JT, Robinson PA, Lydotes MA, et al. The impact of a novel computer‐based decision aid on shared decision making for colorectal cancer screening: a randomized trial. Medical Decision Making 2011;31(1):93‐107. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schroy PC 3rd, Emmons KM, Peters E, Glick JT, Robinson PA, Lydotes MA, et al. Aid‐assisted decision making and colorectal cancer screening: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012;43(6):573‐83. - PMC - PubMed
Schwalm 2012 {published data only}
    1. Schwalm JD, Stacey D, Pericak D, Natarajan MK. Radial artery versus femoral artery access options in coronary angiogram procedures: randomized controlled trial of a patient‐decision aid. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2012;5(3):260‐6. - PubMed
Schwartz 2001 {published data only}
    1. Schwartz MD, Benkendorf J, Lerman C, Isaacs C, Ryan‐Robertson A, Johnson L. Impact of educational print materials on knowledge, attitudes, and interest in BRCA1/BRCA2: testing among Ashkenazi Jewish women. Cancer 2001;92(4):932‐40. - PubMed
Schwartz 2009a {published data only}
    1. Hooker GW, Leventhal KG, DeMarco T, Peshkin BN, Finch C, Wahl E, et al. Longitudinal changes in patient distress following interactive decision aid use among BRCA1/2 carriers: a randomized trial. Medical Decision Making 2011;31(3):412‐21. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schwartz MD, Valdimarsdottir HB, DeMarco TA, Peshkin BN, Lawrence W, Rispoli J, et al. Randomized trial of a decision aid for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers: impact on measures of decision making and satisfaction. Health Psychology 2009;28(1):11‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Sheridan 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sheridan SL, Shadle J, Simpson RJ Jr, Pignone MP. The impact of a decision aid about heart disease prevention on patients' discussions with their doctor and their plans for prevention: a pilot randomized trial. BMC Health Services Research 2006;6:121. - PMC - PubMed
Sheridan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sheridan SL, Draeger LB, Pignone MP, Keyserling TC, Simpson RJ Jr, Rimer B, et al. A randomized trial of an intervention to improve use and adherence to effective coronary heart disease prevention strategies. BMC Health Services Research 2011;11:331. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sheridan SL, Draeger LB, Pignone MP, Rimer B, Bangdiwala SI, Cai J, Gizlice Z, Keyserling TC, Simpson RJ. The effect of a decision aid intervention on decision making about coronary heart disease risk reduction: secondary analyses of a randomized trial. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2014;14(14):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Shorten 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Shorten A, Shorten B, Keogh J, West S, Morris J. Making choices for childbirth: a randomized controlled trial of a decision‐aid for informed birth after cesarean. Birth 2005;32(4):252‐61. - PubMed
Shourie 2013 {published data only}
    1. Shourie S, Jackson C, Cheater FM, Bekker HL, Edlin R, Tubeuf S, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial of a web based decision aid to support parents' decisions about their child's Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccination. Vaccine 2013;31(50):6003‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2010 {published data only}
    1. Smith SK, Barratt A, Trevana L, Simpson JM, Jansen J, McCaffery KJ. A theoretical framework for measuring knowledge in screening decision aid trials. Patient Education and Counseling 2012;89:330‐6. - PubMed
    1. Smith SK, Kearney P, Trevena L, Barratt A, Nutbeam D, McCaffery KJ. Informed choice in bowel cancer screening:a qualitative study to explore how adults with lower education use decision aids. Health Expectations 2012;17:511‐22. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Smith SK, Simpson JM, Trevena LJ, McCaffery KJ. Factors associated with informed decisions and participation in bowel cancer screening among adults with lower education and literacy. Medical Decision Making 2014;34(6):756‐72. - PubMed
    1. Smith SK, Trevena L, Simpson JM, Barratt A, Nutbeam D, McCaffery KJ. A decision aid to support informed choices about bowel cancer screening among adults with low education: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341:c5370. - PMC - PubMed
Stacey 2014a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Stacey D, Hawker G, Dervin G, Tugwell P, Boland L, Pomey MP, et al. Decision aid for patients considering total knee arthroplasty with preference report for surgeons: A pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2014;15:54. - PMC - PubMed
Steckelberg 2011 {published data only}
    1. Steckelberg A, Hulfenhaus C, Haastert B, Muhlhauser I. Effect of evidence based risk information on "informed choice" in colorectal cancer screening: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011;342:d3193. - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2006 {published data only}
    1. Taylor KL, Davis JL 3rd, Turner RO, Johnson L, Schwartz MD, Kerner JF, et al. Educating African American men about the prostate cancer screening dilemma: a randomized intervention. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2006;15(11):2179‐88. - PubMed
Thomson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kaner E, Heaven B, Rapley T, Murtagh M, Graham R, Thomson R, et al. Medical communication and technology: a video‐based process study of the use of decision aids in primary care consultations. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2007;7(2):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Thomson RG, Eccles MP, Steen IN, Greenaway J, Stobbart L, Murtagh MJ, et al. A patient decision aid to support shared decision‐making on anti‐thrombotic treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation: randomised controlled trial. Quality & Safety in Health Care 2007;16(3):216‐23. - PMC - PubMed
Trevena 2008 {published data only}
    1. Trevena LJ, Irwig L, Barratt A. Randomized trial of a self‐administered decision aid for colorectal cancer screening. Journal of Medical Screening 2008;15(2):76‐82. - PubMed
Vandemheen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vandemheen KL, O'Connor A, Bell SC, Freitag A, Bye P, Jeanneret A, et al. Randomized trial of a decision aid for patients with cystic fibrosis considering lung transplantation. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2009;180(8):761‐8. - PubMed
Van Peperstraten 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kreuwel I, Peperstraten A, Hulscher M, Kremer J, Grol R, Nelen W, Hermens R. Evaluation of an effective multifaceted implementation strategy for elective single‐embryo transfer after in vitro fertilization. Human Reproduction 2013;28(2):336‐42. - PubMed
    1. Peperstraten A, Nelen W, Grol R, Zielhuis G, Adang E, Stalmeier P, et al. The effect of a multifaceted empowerment strategy on decision making about the number of embryos transferred in in vitro fertilisation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341:c2501. - PMC - PubMed
Vodermaier 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vodermaier A, Caspari C, Koehm J, Kahlert S, Ditsch N, Untch M. Contextual factors in shared decision making: a randomised controlled trial in women with a strong suspicion of breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 2009;100(4):590‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Volk 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Volk RJ, Cass AR, Spann SJ. A randomized controlled trial of shared decision making for prostate cancer screening. Archives of Family Medicine 1999;8(4):333‐40. - PubMed
    1. Volk RJ, Spann SJ, Cass AR, Hawley ST. Patient education for informed decision making about prostate cancer screening: a randomized controlled trial with 1‐year follow‐up. Annals of Family Medicine 2003;1(1):22‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Vuorma 2003 {published data only}
    1. Vuorma S, Rissanen P, Aalto AM, Hurskainen R, Kujansuu E, Teperi J. Impact of patient information booklet on treatment decision ‐ a randomized trial among women with heavy menstruation. Health Expectations 2003;6(4):290‐7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vuorma S, Teperi J, Aalto AM, Hurskainen R, Kujansuu E, Rissanen P. A randomized trial among women with heavy menstruation ‐ impact of a decision aid on treatment outcomes and costs. Health Expectations 2004;7(4):327‐37. - PMC - PubMed
Watson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Watson E, Hewitson P, Brett J, Bukach C, Evans R, Edwards A, et al. Informed decision making and prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing for prostate cancer: a randomised controlled trial exploring the impact of a brief patient decision aid on men's knowledge, attitudes and intention to be tested. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;63(3):367‐79. - PubMed
Weymiller 2007 {published data only}
    1. Jones LA, Weymiller AJ, Shah N, Bryant SC, Christianson TJH, Guyatt GH, et al. Should clinicians deliver decision aids? further exploration of the statin choice randomized trial results. Medical Decision Making 2009;29(4):468‐74. - PubMed
    1. Nannenga MR, Montori VM, Weymiller AJ, Smith SA, Christianson TJ, Bryant SC, et al. A treatment decision aid may increase patient trust in the diabetes specialist. The Statin Choice randomized trial. Health Expectations 2009;12(1):38‐44. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weymiller AJ, Montori VM, Jones LA, Gafni A, Guyatt GH, Bryant SC, et al. Helping patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus make treatment decisions: statin choice randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(10):1076‐82. - PubMed
Whelan 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Whelan T, Sawka C, Levine M, Gafni A, Reyno L, Willan A, et al. Helping patients make informed choices: a randomized trial of a decision aid for adjuvant chemotherapy in lymph node‐negative breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2003;95(8):581‐7. - PubMed
Whelan 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Whelan T, Levine M, Willan A, Gafni A, Sanders K, Mirsky D, et al. Effect of a decision aid on knowledge and treatment decision making for breast cancer surgery: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004;292(4):435‐41. - PubMed
Williams 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Williams RM, Davis KM, Luta G, Edmond SN, Dorfman CS, Schwartz MD, et al. Fostering informed decisions: A randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of a decision aid among men registered to undergo mass screening for prostate cancer. Patient Education and Counseling 2013;91:329‐36. - PMC - PubMed
Wolf 1996 {published data only}
    1. Wolf AM, Nasser JF, Wolf AM, Schorling JB. The impact of informed consent on patient interest in prostate‐specific antigen screening. Archives of Internal Medicine 1996;156(12):1333‐6. - PubMed
    1. Wolf AM, Schorling JB. Preferences of elderly men for prostate‐specific antigen screening and the impact of informed consent. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1998;53(3):M195‐200. - PubMed
Wolf 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wolf AM, Schorling JB. Does informed consent alter elderly patients' preferences for colorectal cancer screening? Results of a randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2000;15(1):24‐30. - PMC - PubMed
Wong 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wong SS, Thornton JG, Gbolade B, Bekker HL. A randomised controlled trial of a decision‐aid leaflet to facilitate women's choice between pregnancy termination methods. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2006;113(6):688‐94. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abadie 2009 {published data only}
    1. Abadie R, Weymiller AJ, Tilburt J, Shah ND, Charles C, Gafni A, et al. Clinician's use of the Statin Choice decision aid in patients with diabetes: a videographic study nested in a randomized trial. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2009;15(3):492‐7. - PubMed
Adab 2003 {published data only}
    1. Adab P, Marshall T, Rouse A, Randhawa B, Sangha H, Bhangoo N. Randomised controlled trial of the effect of evidence based information on women's willingness to participate in cervical cancer screening. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2003;57(8):589‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Alegría 2014 {published data only}
    1. Alegría M, Carson N, Flores M, Li X, Shi P, Lessios AS, et al. Activation, self‐management, engagement, and retention in behavioral health care: a randomized clinical trial of the DECIDE intervention. JAMA Psychiatry 2014;71(5):557‐65. - PMC - PubMed
Al Saffar 2008 {published data only}
    1. Al Saffar N, Abdulkareem A, Abdulhakeem A, Salah AQ, Heba M. Depressed patients' preferences for education about medications by pharmacists in Kuwait. Patient Education and Counseling 2008;72(1):94‐101. - PubMed
Altiner 2007 {published data only}
    1. Altiner A, Brockmann S, Sielk M, Wilm S, Wegscheider K, Abholz HH. Reducing antibiotic prescriptions for acute cough by motivating GPs to change their attitudes to communication and empowering patients: a cluster‐randomized intervention study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2007;60(3):638‐44. - PubMed
Anderson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Anderson C, Carter J, Nattress K, Beale P, Philp S, Harrison J, et al. "The booklet helped me not to panic": a pilot of a decision aid for asymptomatic women with ovarian cancer and with rising CA‐125 levels. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 2011;21(4):737‐43. - PubMed
Arimori 2006 {published data only}
    1. Arimori N. Randomized controlled trial of decision aids for women considering prenatal testing: the effect of the Ottawa Personal Decision Guide on decisional conflict. Japan Journal of Nursing Science 2006;3(2):119‐30.
Armstrong 2005 {published data only}
    1. Armstrong K, Weber B, Ubel PA, Peters N, Holmes J, Schwartz JS. Individualized survival curves improve satisfaction with cancer risk management decisions in women with BRCA1/2 mutations. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(36):9319‐28. - PubMed
Arterburn 2013 {published data only}
    1. Arterburn D, Flum DR, Westbrook EO, Fuller S, Shea M, Bock SN, Landers J, Kowalski K, Turnbull E, Cummings DE, CROSSROADS Study Team. A population‐based, shared decision‐making approach to recruit for a randomized trial of bariatric surgery versus lifestyle for type 2 diabetes. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2013;9(6):837‐44. - PMC - PubMed
Au 2011 {published data only}
    1. Au AH, Lam WW, Chan MC, Or AY, Kwong A, Suen D, et al. Development and pilot‐testing of a decision aid for use among Chinese women facing breast cancer surgery. Health Expectations 2011;14(4):405‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Bakken 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bakken S, Jia H, Chen ES, Choi J, John RM, Lee NJ, et al. The effect of a mobile health decision support system on diagnosis and management of obesity, tobacco use, and depression in adults and children. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners 2014;10(10):774‐80. - PMC - PubMed
Becker 2009 {published data only}
    1. Becker H, Stuifbergen AK, Dormire SL. The effects of hormone therapy decision support for women with mobility impairments. Health Care for Women International 2009;30(9):845‐54. - PMC - PubMed
Belkora 2012 {published data only}
    1. Belkora J, Stupar L, O'Donnell S, Loucks A, Moore D, Jupiter C, et al. Decision support by telephone: randomized controlled trial in a rural community setting. Patient Education and Counseling 2012;89(1):134‐42. - PubMed
Bellmunt 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bellmunt J, Eisen T, Szczylik C, Mulders P, Porta C. A new patient‐focused approach to the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: establishing customized treatment options. BJU International 2010;107(8):1190‐9. - PubMed
Bennett 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bennett PA. Making the choice: cesarean delivery by maternal request versus planned vaginal birth [PhD thesis]. University of Colorado at Denver. ProQuest. Ann Arbor: University of Colorado at Denver, 2011.
Bieber 2006 {published data only}
    1. Bieber C, Muller KG, Blumenstiel K, Eich W. Participative decision‐making as a measure to improve the doctor‐patient interaction with fibromyalgia patients [Partizipative Entscheidungsfindung als Maßnahme zur Verbesserung der Arzt‐Patient‐Interaktion mit Fibromyalgie‐Patientinnen]. Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Psychologie 2006;15(2):53‐60.
    1. Bieber C, Muller KG, Blumenstiel K, Hochlehnert A, Wilke S, Hartmann M, et al. A shared decision‐making communication training program for physicians treating fibromyalgia patients: effects of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2008;64(1):13‐20. - PubMed
Branda 2013 {published data only}
    1. Branda ME, LeBlanc A, Shah ND, Tiedje K, Ruud K, Houten H, et al. Shared decision making for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial in primary care. BMC Health Services Research 2013;13(301):1‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Brenner 2014 {published data only}
    1. Brenner A, Howard K, Lewis C, Sheridan S, Crutchfield T, Hawley S, et al. Comparing 3 values clarification methods for colorectal cancer screening decision‐making: a randomized trial in the US and Australia. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2014;29(3):507‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Breslin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Breslin M, Mullan RJ, Montori VM. The design of a decision aid about diabetes medications for use during the consultation with patients with type 2 diabetes. Patient Education and Counseling 2008;73(3):465‐72. - PubMed
Brown 2004 {published data only}
    1. Brown RF, Butow PN, Sharrock MA, Henman M, Boyle F, Goldstein D, et al. Education and role modelling for clinical decisions with female cancer patients. Health Expectations 2004;7(4):303‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Brundage 2001 {published data only}
    1. Brundage MD, Feldman‐Stewart D, Cosby R, Gregg R, Dixon P, Youssef Y, et al. Phase I study of a decision aid for patients with locally advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2001;19(5):1326‐35. - PubMed
Burton 2007 {published data only}
    1. Burton MJ. Booklet‐based education in vestibular rehabilitation or symptom control improved subjective health in Meniere disease. Evidence‐Based Medicine 2007;12(4):111. - PubMed
Buzhardt 2011 {published data only}
    1. Buzhardt J, Greenwood CR, Walker D, Anderson R, Howard W, Carta JJ. Effects of web‐based support on early head start home visitors' use of evidence‐based intervention decision making and growth in children's expressive communication. NHSA Dialog 2011;14(3):121‐46.
Campbell 2014 {published data only}
    1. Campbell SR, Holter MC, Manthey TJ, Rapp CA. The effect of CommonGround Software and Decision Support Center. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 2014;17(2):166‐80.
Carling 2008 {published data only}
    1. Carling C, Kristoffersen DT, Herrin J, Treweek S, Oxman AD, Schunemann H, et al. How should the impact of different presentations of treatment effects on patient choice be evaluated? A pilot randomized trial. PLOS ONE 2008;3(11):e3693. - PMC - PubMed
Causarano 2015 {published data only}
    1. Causarano N, Platt J, Baxter NN, Bagher S, Jones JM, Metcalfe KA, Hofer SOP, O'Neill AC, Cheng T, Starenkyj E, Zhong T. Pre‐consultation educational group intervention to improve shared decision‐making for postmastectomy breast reconstruction: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Support Cancer Care 2015;23:1365‐1375. - PubMed
Chadwick 1991 {published data only}
    1. Chadwick DJ, Gillatt DA, Gingell JC. Medical or surgical orchidectomy: the patients' choice. BMJ 1991;302(6776):572. - PMC - PubMed
Chan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chan EC, McFall SL, Byrd TL, Mullen PD, Volk RJ, Ureda J, et al. A community‐based intervention to promote informed decision making for prostate cancer screening among Hispanic American men changed knowledge and role preferences: a cluster RCT. Patient Education and Counseling 2011;84(2):e44‐51. - PubMed
Chewning 1999 {published data only}
    1. Chewning B, Mosena P, Wilson D, Erdman H, Potthoff S, Murphy A, et al. Evaluation of a computerized contraceptive decision aid for adolescent patients. Patient Education and Counseling 1999;38(3):227‐39. - PubMed
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    1. Chiew KS, Shepherd H, Vardy J, Tattersall MHN, Butow PN, Leighl NB. Development and evaluation of a decision aid for patients considering first‐line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Health Expectations 2008;11(1):35‐45. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Col NF, Ngo L, Fortin JM, Goldberg RJ, O'Connor AM. Can computerized decision support help patients make complex treatment decisions? A randomized controlled trial of an individualized menopause decision aid. Medical Decision Making 2007;27(5):585‐98. - PubMed
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    1. Costanza ME, Luckmann RS, Rosal M, White MJ, LaPelle N, Partin M, et al. Helping men make an informed decision about prostate cancer screening: a pilot study of telephone counseling. Patient Education and Counseling 2011;82(2):193‐200. - PMC - PubMed
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Cox 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cox CE, Lewis CL, Hanson LC, Hough CL, Kahn JM, White DB, et al. Development and pilot testing of a decision aid for surrogates of patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Critical Care Medicine 2012;40(8):2327‐34. - PMC - PubMed
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De Boer 2012 {published data only}
    1. Boer JC, Blijderveen G, Dijk G, Duivenvoorden HJ, Williams M. Implementing structured, multiprofessional medical ethical decision‐making in a neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Medical Ethics 2012;38(10):596‐601. - PubMed
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    1. Deen D, Lu WH, Weintraub MR, Maranda MJ, Elshafey S, Gold MR. The impact of different modalities for activating patients in a community health center setting. Patient Education and Counseling 2012;89(1):178‐83. - PubMed
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    1. Haan MC, Wijkerslooth TR, Stoop E, Bossuyt P, Fockens P, Thomeer M, et al. Informed decision‐making in colorectal cancer screening using colonoscopy or CT‐colonography. Patient Education and Counseling 2013;91(3):318‐25. - PubMed
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    1. Deschamps MA, Taylor JG, Neubauer SL, Whiting S, Green K. Impact of pharmacist consultation versus a decision aid on decision making regarding hormone replacement therapy. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2004;12(1):21‐8.
Deyo 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Weinstein J, Howe J, Ciol M, Mulley AG. Involving patients in clinical decisions: impact of an interactive video program on use of back surgery. Medical Care 2000;38(9):959‐69. - PubMed
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    1. Dodin S, Legare F, Daudelin G, Tetroe J, O'Connor A. Making a decision about hormone replacement therapy. A randomized controlled trial [Prise de decision en matière d'hormonothérapie de remplacement]. Canadian Family Physician 2001;47:1586‐93. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Eaton L, Cherry C, Cain D, Pope H. A novel approach to prevention for at‐risk HIV negative men who have sex with men: creating a teachable moment to promote informed sexual decision making. American Journal of Public Health 2011;101(3):539‐45. - PMC - PubMed
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Feldman‐Stewart 2012 {published data only}
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    1. Hofbauer GFL, Buhler RPN, French LE, Brockes M, Scheuer E. Patient‐centered care in dermatology: an online system that provides accessible and appropriate information to guide patients' decision making. Archives of Dermatology 2008;144(9):1225‐7. - PubMed
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Kripalani 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kripalani S, Sharma J, Justice E, Justice J, Spiker C, Laufman LE, et al. Low‐literacy interventions to promote discussion of prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;33(2):83‐90. - PMC - PubMed
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Leung 2004 {published data only}
    1. Leung KY, Lee CP, Chan HY, Tang MH, Lam YH, Lee A. Randomised trial comparing an interactive multimedia decision aid with a leaflet and a video to give information about prenatal screening for Down syndrome. Prenatal Diagnosis 2004;24(8):613‐8. - PubMed
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    1. McGinley AM. Effect of Web‐based Computer‐tailoring on Women's Intention to Continue or Begin to Use Hormone Replacement Therapy to Lower their Risk for Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2002.
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Siminoff 2006 {published data only}
    1. Siminoff LA, Gordon NH, Silverman P, Budd T, Ravdin PM. A decision aid to assist in adjuvant therapy choices for breast cancer. Psycho‐Oncology 2006;15(11):1001‐13. - PubMed
    1. Vickers AJ, Elkin EB, Peele PB, Dickler M, Siminoff LA. Long‐term health outcomes of a decision aid: data from a randomized trial of adjuvant! in women with localized breast cancer. Medical Decision Making 2009;29(4):461‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Simon 2012a {published data only}
    1. Simon D, Kriston L, Wolff A, Buchholz A, Vietor C, Hecke T, et al. Effectiveness of a web‐based, individually tailored decision aid for depression or acute low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2012;87(3):360‐8. - PubMed
Simon 2012b {published data only}
    1. Simon W, Lambert MJ, Harris MW, Busath G, Vazquez A. Providing patient progress information and clinical support tools to therapists: Effects on patients at risk of treament failure. Psychotherapy Research 2012;22(6):638‐47. - PubMed
Smith 2011a {published data only}
    1. Smith T, Dow L, Virago E, Khatcheressian J, Matsuyama R, Lyckholm L. A pilot trial of decision aids to give truthful prognostic and treatment information to chemotherapy patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Supportive Oncology 2011;9(2):79‐86. - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2011b {published data only}
    1. Smith SW, Nazione S, LaPlante C, Clark‐Hitt R, Park HS, Sung R, Leichtman A. Living kidney donor decision making and communication. Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives 2011;16(8):870‐88. - PubMed
Solberg 2010 {published data only}
    1. Solberg LI, Asche SE, Sepucha K, Thygeson NM, Madden JE, Morrissey L, et al. Informed choice assistance for women making uterine fibroid treatment decisions: a practical clinical trial. Medical Decision Making 2010;30(4):444‐52. - PubMed
Sorenson 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sorenson JR, Lakon C, Spinney T, Jennings‐Grant T. Assessment of a decision aid to assist genetic testing research participants in the informed consent process. Genetic Testing 2004;8(3):336‐46. - PubMed
Sparano 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sparano JA. TAILORx: trial assigning individualized options for treatment (Rx). Clinical Breast Cancer 2006;7(4):347‐50. - PubMed
Stalmeier 2009 {published data only}
    1. Stalmeier PF, Roosmalen MS. Concise evaluation of decision aids. Patient Education and Counseling 2009;74(1):104‐9. - PubMed
Starosta 2015 {published data only}
    1. Starosta AJ, Luta G, Tomko CA, Schwartz MD, Taylor KL. Baseline attitudes about prostate cancer screening moderate the impact of decision aids on screening rates. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2015;49:762‐768. - PMC - PubMed
Stein 2013 {published data only}
    1. Stein RA, Sharpe L, Bell ML, Boyle FM, Dunn SM, Clarke SJ. Randomized controlled trial of a structured intervention to facilitate end‐of‐life decision making in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2013;31(27):3403‐10. - PubMed
Steiner 2003 {published data only}
    1. Steiner MJ, Dalebout S, Condon S, Dominik R, Trussell J. Understanding risk: a randomized controlled trial of communicating contraceptive effectiveness. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003;102(4):709‐17. - PubMed
Stephens 2008 {published data only}
    1. Stephens RL, Xu Y, Volk RJ, Scholl LE, Kamin SL, Holden EW. Influence of a patient decision aid on decisional conflict related to PSA testing: a structural equation model. Health Psychology 2008;27(6):711‐21. - PubMed
Stiggelbout 2008 {published data only}
    1. Stiggelbout AM, Molewijk AC, Otten W, Bockel JH, Bruijninckx CM, Salm I, et al. The impact of individualized evidence‐based decision support on aneurysm patients' decision making, ideals of autonomy, and quality of life. Medical Decision Making 2008;28(5):751‐62. - PubMed
Stirling 2012 {published data only}
    1. Stirling C, Leggett S, Lloyd B, Scott J, Blizzard L, Quinn S, Robinson A. Decision aids for respite service choices by carers of people with dementia: development and pilot RCT. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2012;12:21. - PMC - PubMed
Street 1995 {published data only}
    1. Street RLJ, Voigt B, Geyer CJ, Manning T, Swanson GP. Increasing patient involvement in choosing treatment for early breast cancer. Cancer 1995;76(11):2275‐85. - PubMed
Street 1998 {published data only}
    1. Street RL Jr, Order A, Bramson R, Manning T. Preconsultation education promoting breast cancer screening: does the choice of media make a difference?. Journal of Cancer Education 1998;13(3):152‐61. - PubMed
Sundaresan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sundaresan P, Turner S, Kneebone A, Pearse M, Butow P. Evaluating the utility of a patient decision aid for potential participants of a prostate cancer trial (RAVES‐TROG 08.03). Radiotherapy and Oncology 2011;101(3):521‐4. - PubMed
Tabak 1995 {published data only}
    1. Tabak N. Decision making in consenting to experimental cancer therapy. Cancer Nursing 1995;18(2):89‐96. - PubMed
Taylor 2013 {published data only}
    1. Taylor KL, Williams RM, Davis K, Luta G, Penek S, Barry S, et al. Decision making in prostate cancer screening using decision aids vs usual care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2013;173(18):1704‐12. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Wolde GB, Dijkstra A, Empelen P, Hout W, Neven AK, Zitman F. Long‐term effectiveness of computer‐generated tailored patient education on benzodiazepines: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2008;103(4):662‐70. - PubMed
Thomas 2013 {published data only}
    1. Thomas KL, Zimmer LO, Dai D, Al‐Khatib SM, Allen LaPointe NM, Peterson ED. Educational videos to reduce racial disparities in ICD therapy via innovative designs (VIVID): a randomized clinical trial. American Heart Journal 2013;166(1):157‐63. - PubMed
Thomson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Thomson P, Dowding D, Swanson V, Bland R, Mair C, Morrison A, et al. A computerised guidance tree (decision aid) for hypertension, based on decision analysis: development and preliminary evaluation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2006;5(2):146‐9. - PubMed
Thornton 1995 {published data only}
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    1. Tiller K, Meiser B, Gaff C, Kirk J, Dudding T, Phillips KA, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a decision aid for women at increased risk of ovarian cancer. Medical Decision Making 2006;26(4):360‐72. - PubMed
Tinsel 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tinsel I, Buchholz A, Vach W, Siegel A, Dürk T, Buchholz A, et al. Shared decision‐making in antihypertensive therapy: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Family Practice 2013;14:135. - PMC - PubMed
Tomko 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tomko C, Davis K, Ludin S, Kelly S, Stern A, Luta G, et al. Decisional outcomes following use of an interactive web‐based decision aid for prostate cancer screening. Translational Behavioral Medicine: Practice, Policy, Research 2015;5(2):189‐97. - PMC - PubMed
Ukoli 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ukoli FA, Patel K, Hargreaves M, Beard K, Moton PJ, Bragg R, et al. A tailored prostate cancer education intervention for low‐income African Americans: impact on knowledge and screening. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2013;24(1):311‐331. - PubMed
Valdez 2001 {published data only}
    1. Valdez A, Banerjee K, Fernandez M, Ackerson L. Impact of a multimedia breast cancer education intervention on use of mammography by low‐income Latinas. Journal of Cancer Education 2001;16(4):221‐4. - PubMed
Van der Krieke 2013 {published data only}
    1. Krieke L, Emerencia AC, Boonstra N, Wunderink L, Jonge P, Sytema S. A web‐based tool to support shared decision making for people with a psychotic disorder: randomized controlled trial and process evaluation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(10):e216. - PMC - PubMed
Van Roosmalen 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Roosmalen MS, Stalmeier PF, Verhoef LC, Hoekstra‐Weebers JE, Oosterwijk JC, Hoogerbrugge N, et al. Randomised trial of a decision aid and its timing for women being tested for a BRCA1/2 mutation. British Journal of Cancer 2004;90(2):333‐42. - PMC - PubMed
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Van Steenkiste 2008 {published data only}
    1. Steenkiste B, Weijden TM, Stoffers JHEH, Grol RPTM. Patients' responsiveness to a decision support tool for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in primary care. Patient Education and Counseling 2008;72(1):63‐70. - PubMed
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    1. Til JA, Stiggelbout AM, IJzerman MJ. The effect of information on preferences stated in a choice‐based conjoint analysis. Patient Education and Counseling 2009;74(2):264‐71. - PubMed
Van Tol‐Geerdink 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tol‐Geerdink JJ, Leer JW, Weijerman PC, Oort IM, Vergunst H, Lin EN, et al. Choice between prostatectomy and radiotherapy when men are eligible for both: a randomized controlled trial of usual care vs decision aid. BJU International 2013;111(4):564‐73. - PubMed
Veroff 2012 {published data only}
    1. Veroff D, Sullivan L, Shoptaw EJ, Venator B, Ochoa‐Arvelo T, Baxter J, et al. Improving self‐care for heart failure for seniors: Impact of video and written education and decision aids. Population Health Management 2012;15(1):37‐45. - PubMed
Volandes 2009 {published data only}
    1. Volandes AE, Paasche‐Orlow MK, Barry MJ, Gillick MR, Minaker KL, Chang Y, et al. Video decision support tool for advance care planning in dementia: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009;338:b2159. - PMC - PubMed
Volandes 2011 {published data only}
    1. Volandes A, Ferguson L, Davis A, Hull N, Green M, Chang Y, et al. Assessing end‐of‐life preferences for advanced dementia in rural patients using an educational video: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2011;14(2):169‐77. - PubMed
Volandes 2013 {published data only}
    1. Volandes AE, Paasche‐Orlow MK, Mitchell SL, El‐Jawahri A, Davis AD, Barry MJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a video decision support tool for cardiopulmonary resuscitation decision making in advanced care. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2013;31(3):380‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Volk 2008 {published data only}
    1. Volk RJ, Jibaja‐Weiss ML, Hawley ST, Kneuper S, Spann SJ, Miles BJ, et al. Entertainment education for prostate cancer screening: a randomized trial among primary care patients with low health literacy. Patient Education and Counseling 2008;73(3):482‐9. - PMC - PubMed
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Wagner 1995 {published data only}
    1. Wagner EH, Barrett P, Barry MJ, Barlow W, Fowler FJ Jr. The effect of a shared decision making program on rates of surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Pilot results. Medical Care 1995;33(8):765‐70. - PubMed
Wakefield 2008a {published data only}
    1. Wakefield CE, Meiser B, Homewood J, Ward R, O'Donnell S, Kirk J, et al. Randomized trial of a decision aid for individuals considering genetic testing for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer risk. Cancer 2008;113(5):956‐65. - PubMed
Wakefield 2008b {published data only}
    1. Wakefield CE, Meiser B, Homewood J, Peate M, Taylor A, Lobb E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a decision aid for women considering genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2008;107(2):289‐301. - PubMed
Wakefield 2008c {published data only}
    1. Wakefield CE, Meiser B, Homewood J, Taylor A, Gleeson M, Williams R. A randomized trial of a breast/ovarian cancer genetic testing decision aid used as a communication aid during genetic counseling. Psycho‐Oncology 2008;17(8):844‐54. - PubMed
Wallston 1991 {published data only}
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Wang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Wang C, Gonzalez R, Milliron KJ, Strecher VJ, Merajver SD. Genetic counseling for BRCA1/2: a randomized controlled trial of two strategies to facilitate the education and counseling process. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 2005;134(1):66‐73. - PubMed
Warner 2015 {published data only}
    1. Warner DO, LeBlanc A, Kadimpati S, Vickers KS, Shi Y, Montori V. Decision aid for cigarette smokers scheduled for elective surgery. Anesthesiology 2015;123(1):18‐28. - PMC - PubMed
Watts 2014 {published data only}
    1. Watts KJ, Meiser B, Wakefield CE, Barratt AL, Howard K, Cheah BC, et al. Online prostate cancer screening decision aid for at‐risk men: a randomized trial. Health Psychology 2014;33(9):986‐97. - PubMed
Welschen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Welschen LM, Bot SD, Kostense PJ, Dekker JM, Timmermans DR, Weijden T, et al. Effects of cardiovascular disease risk communication for patients with type 2 diabetes on risk perception in a randomized controlled trial: the @RISK study. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2485‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Wennberg 2010 {published data only}
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Westermann 2013 {published data only}
    1. Westermann GM, Verheij F, Winkens B, Verhulst FC, Oort FV. Structured shared decision‐making using dialogue and visualization: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2013;90(1):74‐81. - PubMed
Weymann 2015 {published data only}
    1. Weymann N, Dirmaier J, Wolff A, Kriston L, Härter M. Effectiveness of a web‐based tailored interactive health communication application for patients with type 2 diabetes or chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(3):e53 1‐21. - PMC - PubMed
Wilhelm 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wilhelm D, Gillen S, Wirnhier H, Kranzfelder M, Schneider A, Scmidt A, et al. Extended preoperative patient education using a multimedia DVD: impact on patients receiving a laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomised controlled trial. Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 2009;394(2):227‐33. - PubMed
Wilkes 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wilkes MS, Day FC, Srinivasan M, Griffin E, Tancredi DJ, Rainwater JA, et al. Pairing physician education with patient activation to improve shared decisions in prostate cancer screening: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Annals of Family Medicine 2013;11(4):324‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Wilkie 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wilkie DJ, Gallo AM, Yao Y, Molokie RE, Stahl C, Hershberger PE, et al. Reproductive health choices for young adults with sickle cell disease or trait: randomized controlled trial immediate posttest effects. Nursing Research 2013;62(5):352‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Wilkins 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wilkins EG, Lowery JC, Copeland LA, Goldfarb SL, Wren PA, Janz NK. Impact of an educational video on patient decision making in early breast cancer treatment. Medical Decision Making 2006;26(6):589‐98. - PubMed
Willemsen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Willemsen MC, Wiebing M, Emst A, Zeeman G. Helping smokers to decide on the use of efficacious smoking cessation methods: a randomized controlled trial of a decision aid. Addiction 2006;101(3):441‐9. - PubMed
Williamson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Williamson LEA, Lawson KL, Downe PJ, Pierson RA. Informed reproductive decision‐making: The impact of providing fertility information on fertility knowledge and intentions to delay childbearing. Journals of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2014;36(5):400‐5. - PubMed
Williams‐Piehota 2008 {published data only}
    1. Williams‐Piehota PA, McCormack LA, Treiman K, Bann CM. Health information styles among participants in a prostate cancer screening informed decision‐making intervention. Health Education Research 2008;23(3):440‐53. - PubMed
Woltmann 2011 {published data only}
    1. Woltmann EM, Wilkniss SM, Teachout A, McHugo GJ, Drake RE. Trial of an electronic decision support system to facilitate shared decision making in community mental health. Psychiatric Services 2011;62(1):54‐60. - PubMed
Wroe 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wroe AL, Turner N, Owens RG. Evaluation of a decision‐making aid for parents regarding childhood immunizations. Health Psychology 2005;24(6):539‐47. - PubMed
Yee 2014 {published data only}
    1. Yee LM, Wolf M, Mullen R, Bergeron AR, Cooper Bailey S, Levine R, Grobman WA. A randomized trial of a prenatal genetic testing interactive computerized information aid. Prenatal Diagnosis 2014;34(6):552‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Yun 2011 {published data only}
    1. Yun YH, Lee MK, Park S, Lee JL, Park J, Choi YS, et al. Use of a decision aid to help caregivers discuss terminal disease status with a family member with cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29(36):4811‐9. - PubMed
Zajac 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zajac LE. Making Difficult Health Decisions: A Motivated Decision Processing Model [PhD thesis]. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2012.
Zapka 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zapka JG, Lemon SC, Puleo E, Estabrook B, Luckmann R, Erban S. Patient education for colon cancer screening: a randomized trial of a video mailed before a physical examination. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;141(9):683‐92. - PubMed
Zikmund‐Fisher 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zikmund‐Fisher BJ, Ubel PA, Smith DM, Derry HA, McClure JB, Stark A, et al. Communicating side effect risks in a tamoxifen prophylaxis decision aid: the debiasing influence of pictographs. Patient Education and Counseling 2008;73(2):209‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Zoffman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zoffman V, Kirkevold M. Realizing empowerment in difficult diabetes care: a guided self‐determination intervention. Qualitative Health Research 2012;22(1):103‐18. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12615000523505 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000523505. The Motherhood Choices Decision Aid for Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis Increases Knowledge and Reduces Decisional Conflict: A Randomized Controlled Study. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12615000523505 (first received May 25, 2015). - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12615000843550 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000843550. Evaluation of decision aids for parents about the benefits and harms of antibiotic use for coughs and colds in children [Pilot randomised controlled trial of decision aids for parents about the benefit and harm of antibiotics for common acute respiratory infections in children to aid informed decision making]. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12615000843550 (first received August 13, 2015).
Al‐Itejawi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Itejawi HH, Uden‐Kraan CF, Vis AN, Nieuwenhuijzen JA, Hofstee MJ, Moorselaar RJ, Verdonck‐de Leeuw IM. Development of a patient decision aid for the treatment of localised prostate cancer: a participatory design approach. J Clin Nurs 2016;25(7‐8):1131‐1144. - PubMed
Anderson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Anderson RT, Montori VM, Shah ND, Ting HH, Pencille LJ, Demers M, et al. Effectiveness of the Chest Pain Choice decision aid in emergency department patients with low‐risk chest pain: study protocol for a multicenter randomized trial. Trials 2014;15(166):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Aslani 2014 {published data only}
    1. Aslani A, Tara F, Ghalichi L, Eslami S. The impact of computerized decision aid on mode of delivery ‐ a study protocol. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2014;200:170‐2. - PubMed
Buhse 2013 {published data only}
    1. Buhse S, Heller T, Kasper J, Mühlhauser I, Müller UA, Lehmann T, Lenz M. An evidence‐based shared decision making programme on the prevention of myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes: protocol of a randomised‐controlled trial. BMC Family Practice 2013;14(155):1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Carroll 2012 {published data only}
    1. Carroll SL, McGillion M, Stacey D, Healey JS, Browne G, Arthur HM, Thabane L. Development and feasibility testing of decision support for patients who are candidates for a prophylactic implantable defibrillator: a study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14(346):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Chambers 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chambers SK, Ferguson M, Gardiner RA, Nicol D, Gordon L, Occhipinti S, et al. ProsCan for men: randomised controlled trial of a decision support intervention for men with localised prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2008;8:207. - PMC - PubMed
Coylewright 2012 {published data only}
    1. Coylewright M, Shepel K, LeBlanc A, Pencille L, Hess E, Shah N, Montori VM, Ting HH. Shared decision making in patients with stable coronary artery disease: PCI choice. PLOS One 2012;7(11):1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Cuypers 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cuypers M, Lamers RE, Kil PJ, Poll‐Franse LV, Vries M. Impact of a web‐based treatment decision aid for early‐stage prostate cancer on shared decision‐making and health outcomes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.. Trials 2015;16:231. - PMC - PubMed
Den Ouden 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ouden H, Vos RC, Reidsma C, Rutten GEHM. Shared decision making in type 2 diabetes with a support decision tool that takes into account clinical factors, the intensity of treatment and patient preferences: design of a cluster randomised (OPTIMAL) trial. BMC Family Practice 2015;16:27. - PMC - PubMed
Dirmaier 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dirmaier J, Härter M, Weymann N. A tailored, dialogue‐based health communication application for patients with chronic low back pain: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making 2013;13(66):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Geiger 2011 {published data only}
    1. Geiger F, Liethmann K, Hoffmann F, Paschedag J, Kasper J. Investigating a training supporting Shared Decision Making (IT'S SDM 2011): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2011;12:232. - PMC - PubMed
Hersch 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hersch J, Barratt A, Jansen J, Houssami N, Irwig L, Jacklyn G, et al. The effect of information about overdetectection of breast cancer on women's decision‐making about mammography screening: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014;4(5):1‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Hess 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hess EP, Wyatt KD, Kharbanda AB, Louie JP, Dayan PS, Tzimenatos L, et al. Effectiveness of the head CT choice decision aid in parents of children with minor head trauma:study protocol for a multicenter randomized trial. Trials 2014;14(253):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Jimbo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jimbo M, Kelly‐Blake K, Sen A, Hawley ST, Ruffin MT 4th. Decision Aid to Technologically Enhance Shared decision making (DATES): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14(381):1‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Layton 2012 {published data only}
    1. Effects of a web‐based decision aid on African American men's prostate screening knowledge and behavior. Ongoing study —.
LeBlanc 2013 {published data only}
    1. LeBlanc A, Bodde AE, Branda ME, Yost KJ, Herrin J, Williams MD, et al. Translating comparative effectiveness of depression medications into practice by comparing the depression medication choice decision aid to usual care: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14(127):1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Mann 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mann DM, Lin JJ. Increasing efficacy of primary care‐based counseling for diabetes prevention: rationale and design of the ADAPT (Avoiding Diabetes Thru Action Plan Targeting) trial. Implementation Science 2012;7:6. - PMC - PubMed
NCT00813033 {published data only}
    1. NCT00813033. Use of a Patient Decision Aid for Gastrologic Endoscopy in a Pediatric Setting [Creation and Pilot Evaluation of a Patient Decision Aid as an Adjunct to the Consenting Process for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in a Pediatric Setting]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00813033 (first received December 19, 2008).
NCT01077037 {published data only}
    1. NCT01077037. Impact of a Decision Aid on Patient Decision Making in Emergency Department Chest Pain Patients [Impact of a Decision Aid on Patient Participation in Decision Making and Resource Use in Low Risk Chest Pain Patients: A Randomized Trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01077037 (first received February 24, 2010).
NCT01152294 {published data only}
    1. NCT01152294. Measuring Quality of Decisions About Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms [Measuring Quality of Decisions About Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01152294 (first received June 22, 2010).
NCT01152307 {published data only}
    1. NCT01152307. Measuring Quality of Decisions About Treatment of Depression [Measuring Quality of Decisions About Treatment of Depression]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01152307 (first received June 22, 2010).
NCT01447186 {published data only}
    1. NCT01447186. Adaptation of the American Cancer Society (ACS) Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Patient Decision Aid for Spanish Speaking Men [Adaptation of the American Cancer Society (ACS) Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Patient Decision Aid for Spanish Speaking Men]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01447186 (first received October 3, 2011).
NCT01618097 {published data only}
    1. NCT01618097. Evaluation of DVD and Internet Decision Aids for Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: Focus on Health Literacy. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01618097 (first received May 29, 2012).
NCT01713894 {published data only}
    1. NCT01713894. Decision Aid ‐ Extreme Prematurity [Utility of a Clinically Relevant Decision Aid, for Parents Facing Extremely Premature Delivery]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01713894 (first received October 22, 2012).
NCT01771536 {published data only}
    1. NCT01771536. The PCI Choice Trial: a Pilot Randomized Trial of a Decision Aid for Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01771536 (first received December 15, 2012).
NCT01851785 {published data only}
    1. NCT01851785. African American Preference for Knee Replacement: A Patient‐Centered Intervention (ACTION) [Behavioral & Social Science Research on Understanding and Reducing Health Disparities]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01851785 (first received May 8, 2013).
NCT01941186 {published data only}
    1. NCT01941186. A Family Centered Intervention to Promote Optimal Child Development [A Family Centered Intervention to Promote Optimal Child Development at the Interface of the Health System and Community]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01941186 (first received September 9, 2013).
NCT01976325 {published data only}
    1. NCT01976325. Evaluating the Ottawa Malaria Decision Aid (OMDA) [Incorporation of the 'Ottawa Malaria Decision Aid' Into the Pre‐travel Consultation Process: Assessment of Travelers' Knowledge, Decisional Conflict, Preparation for Decision‐making and Medication Adherence Compared to Standard Care]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01976325 (first received October 29, 2013).
NCT02026102 {published data only}
    1. NCT02026102. A Pilot Trial of Patient Decision Aids for Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillators (ICDs) [A Pilot Trial of Patient Decision Aids for Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillators (ICDs)]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02026102 (first received December 12, 2013).
NCT02084290 {published data only}
    1. NCT02084290. Evaluating a Shared Decision Making Program for Crohn's Disease [Evaluating a Prediction Tool and Decision Aid for Patients With Crohn's Disease]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02084290 (first received January 29, 2014).
NCT02110979 {published data only}
    1. NCT02110979. Validation of a Patient Decision Aid for Type 2 Diabetes [Validation of a Patient Decision Aid for Type 2 Diabetes]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02110979 (first received April 4, 2014).
NCT02145481 {published data only}
    1. NCT02145481. Decisional Quality for Patients With Coronary Artery Disease (DeQCAD). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02145481 (first received May 15, 2014).
NCT02198690 {published data only}
    1. NCT02198690. Trial of a Mammography Decision Aid for Women Aged 75 and Older [Randomized Trial of a Mammography Decision Aid for Women Aged 75 and Older]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02198690 (first received July 16, 2014).
NCT02235571 {published data only}
    1. NCT02235571. iChoose Decision Kidney Aid for End‐Stage Renal Disease Patients [iChoose Kidney Decision Aid for Treatment Options Among End‐Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02235571 (first received September 6, 2014).
NCT02248974 {published data only}
    1. NCT02248974. Development & Testing of a Decision Aid for LVAD Placement (VADDA) [Development and User Testing of a Decision Aid for Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) Placement]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02248974 (first received September 17, 2014).
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NCT02344576 {published data only}
    1. NCT02344576. Trial of a Decision Support Intervention for Patients and Caregivers Offered Destination Therapy Heart Assist Device (DECIDE‐LVAD) [A Multicenter Trial of a Shared Decision Support Intervention for Patients and Their Caregivers Offered Destination Therapy for End‐Stage Heart Failure]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02344576 (first received January 16, 2015).
NCT02488317 {published data only}
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NCT02488603 {published data only}
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NCT02492009 {published data only}
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NCT02503553 {published data only}
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NCT02516449 {published data only}
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NCT02540044 {published data only}
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NCT02611050 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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