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In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.

2023 Feb 19.

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Buerger Disease

Erion Qaja et al.

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Buerger disease, also known as thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a progressive, nonatherosclerotic, segmental, inflammatory disease that most often affects small and medium arteries of the upper and lower extremities. Initially described by von Winiwarter in 1879, although the eponym was given to Leo Buerger who published extensive pathologic findings from the amputated limbs of afflicted patients in 1908. The typical age range for occurrence is 20 to 50 years, and the disorder is more frequently found in men who smoke. Migratory superficial phlebitis can be present in up to 16% of patients and indicates a systemic inflammatory response.

Patients initially present with the foot, leg, arm, or hand claudication which may be mistaken for joint or neuromuscular problems. Progression of the disease leads to calf claudication, and eventually, ischemic rest pain and ulcerations on the toes, feet, or fingers. This is also called Raynaud phenomenon.

The treatment of TAO revolves around strict smoking cessation. In patients who can abstain, disease remission is impressive, and amputation avoidance is increased. The role of surgical intervention is minimal in Buerger disease as there is often no acceptable target vessel for bypass. Furthermore, autogenous vein conduits are limited secondary to coexisting migratory thrombophlebitis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: Erion Qaja declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Erind Muco declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Muhammad Hashmi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

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