Polydextrose changes the gut microbiome and attenuates fasting triglyceride and cholesterol levels in Western diet fed mice - PubMed (original) (raw)

Polydextrose changes the gut microbiome and attenuates fasting triglyceride and cholesterol levels in Western diet fed mice

Ghulam Shere Raza et al. Sci Rep. 2017.

Abstract

Obesity and dyslipidemia are hallmarks of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Polydextrose (PDX), a soluble fiber has lipid lowering effects. We hypothesize that PDX reduces triglycerides and cholesterol by influencing gut microbiota, which in turn modulate intestinal gene expression. C57BL/6 male mice were fed a Western diet (WD) ±75 mg PDX twice daily by oral gavage for 14 days. Body weight and food intake were monitored daily. Fasting plasma lipids, caecal microbiota and gene expression in intestine and liver were measured after 14 days of feeding. PDX supplementation to WD significantly reduced food intake (p < 0.001), fasting plasma triglyceride (p < 0.001) and total cholesterol (p < 0.05). Microbiome analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium and Coriobacteriaceae taxa associated with lean phenotype, increased in WD + PDX mice. Gene expression analysis with linear mixed-effects model showed consistent downregulation of Dgat1, Cd36, Fiaf and upregulation of Fxr in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon in WD + PDX mice. Spearman correlations indicated that genera enriched in WD + PDX mice inversely correlated with fasting lipids and downregulated genes Dgat1, Cd36 and Fiaf while positively with upregulated gene Fxr. These results suggest that PDX in mice fed WD promoted systemic changes via regulation of the gut microbiota and gene expression in intestinal tract.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the investigation was supported in part by a grant from DuPont Nutrition & Health Kantvik Finland. Heli Putaala, Ashley Hibberd and Kirsti Tiihonen are employees of DuPont Nutrition & Health Kantvik, Finland, that manufactures and sells polydextrose as brand name Litesse ®.

Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1

Body weight gain (a), Cumulative food intake (b), fasting plasma triglyceride and cholesterol (c and d). WD; Western diet fed mice, WD + PDX; Western diet fed mice that received PDX 75 mg twice daily for 14 days. The values are presented as mean ± SD. p < 0.05 was considered as statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.

Figure 2

Figure 2

Gene expression analysis of Acsl3, Acsl5, Cd36, Dgat1, Fabp2, Fgf15, Fiaf, Fxr, Npcl, Npcl1, Ppara, Ppargc1 and Slc10a2 in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. Dgat1, Cd36, Fiaf and Fxr showed consistent statistically significant differences between WD and WD + PDX mice in jejunum, ileum and colon. Npcl1, Npc1, Acsl3, Fabp2 and Ppara showed statistically significant difference either in jejunum or ileum or colon between WD and WD + DX mice. The letter “a” represents nearly significant changes. The values are presented as mean ± SD. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.

Figure 3

Figure 3

Alpha diversity metrics; (a) observed OTUs and (b) phylogenetic diversity for caecal microbiota in WD and WD + PDX mice. The values are presented as mean ± SD. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01; non-parametric t-test using 1000 Monte Carlo permutations.

Figure 4

Figure 4

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) for weighted UniFrac distance metric in caecal microbial communities from WD and WD + PDX mice. The top 10 most abundant taxa are plotted using grey circles. The circle size is proportional to abundance of each genus, thereby illustrating taxa that are driving differentiation between the microbial communities. Sample clustering by diet is significant p < 0.001 (PERMANOVA).

Figure 5

Figure 5

Relative abundance of caecal bacteria at (a) phylum and (b) genus level of taxonomy in WD and WD + PDX mice. Square brackets indicate the Greengenes database notation for proposed taxonomy. Blue colored taxa were significantly enriched in WD mice and red colored taxa are significantly enriched in WD + PDX mice. p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test with false discovery rate correction.

Figure 6

Figure 6

Spearman correlation coefficients of caecal microbial genera with lipid parameters and gene expression. Square brackets indicate the Greengenes database notation for proposed taxonomy. Only correlations that were significant after false discovery rate correction are shown, p < 0.05.

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