Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation

Gemma M J Taylor et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017.

Abstract

Background: Tobacco use is estimated to kill 7 million people a year. Nicotine is highly addictive, but surveys indicate that almost 70% of US and UK smokers would like to stop smoking. Although many smokers attempt to give up on their own, advice from a health professional increases the chances of quitting. As of 2016 there were 3.5 billion Internet users worldwide, making the Internet a potential platform to help people quit smoking.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation, whether intervention effectiveness is altered by tailoring or interactive features, and if there is a difference in effectiveness between adolescents, young adults, and adults.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register, which included searches of MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO (through OVID). There were no restrictions placed on language, publication status or publication date. The most recent search was conducted in August 2016.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Participants were people who smoked, with no exclusions based on age, gender, ethnicity, language or health status. Any type of Internet intervention was eligible. The comparison condition could be a no-intervention control, a different Internet intervention, or a non-Internet intervention. To be included, studies must have measured smoking cessation at four weeks or longer.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed and extracted data. We extracted and, where appropriate, pooled smoking cessation outcomes of six-month follow-up or more, reporting short-term outcomes narratively where longer-term outcomes were not available. We reported study effects as a risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).We grouped studies according to whether they (1) compared an Internet intervention with a non-active control arm (e.g. printed self-help guides), (2) compared an Internet intervention with an active control arm (e.g. face-to-face counselling), (3) evaluated the addition of behavioural support to an Internet programme, or (4) compared one Internet intervention with another. Where appropriate we grouped studies by age.

Main results: We identified 67 RCTs, including data from over 110,000 participants. We pooled data from 35,969 participants.There were only four RCTs conducted in adolescence or young adults that were eligible for meta-analysis.Results for trials in adults: Eight trials compared a tailored and interactive Internet intervention to a non-active control. Pooled results demonstrated an effect in favour of the intervention (RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.30, n = 6786). However, statistical heterogeneity was high (I2 = 58%) and was unexplained, and the overall quality of evidence was low according to GRADE. Five trials compared an Internet intervention to an active control. The pooled effect estimate favoured the control group, but crossed the null (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.09, n = 3806, I2 = 0%); GRADE quality rating was moderate. Five studies evaluated an Internet programme plus behavioural support compared to a non-active control (n = 2334). Pooled, these studies indicated a positive effect of the intervention (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.18). Although statistical heterogeneity was substantial (I2 = 60%) and was unexplained, the GRADE rating was moderate. Four studies evaluated the Internet plus behavioural support compared to active control. None of the studies detected a difference between trial arms (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.18, n = 2769, I2 = 0%); GRADE rating was moderate. Seven studies compared an interactive or tailored Internet intervention, or both, to an Internet intervention that was not tailored/interactive. Pooled results favoured the interactive or tailored programme, but the estimate crossed the null (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.22, n = 14,623, I2 = 0%); GRADE rating was moderate. Three studies compared tailored with non-tailored Internet-based messages, compared to non-tailored messages. The tailored messages produced higher cessation rates compared to control, but the estimate was not precise (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.41, n = 4040), and there was evidence of unexplained substantial statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 57%); GRADE rating was low.Results should be interpreted with caution as we judged some of the included studies to be at high risk of bias.

Authors' conclusions: The evidence from trials in adults suggests that interactive and tailored Internet-based interventions with or without additional behavioural support are moderately more effective than non-active controls at six months or longer, but there was no evidence that these interventions were better than other active smoking treatments. However some of the studies were at high risk of bias, and there was evidence of substantial statistical heterogeneity. Treatment effectiveness in younger people is unknown.

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Conflict of interest statement

Gemma MJ Taylor: None known. Michael Dalili: None known. Monika Semwal: None known. Marta Civljak: None known. Lindsay F Stead: None known. Aziz Sheikh: None known. Josip Car: None known.

Figures

1

Study flow diagram. Please note that in some cases more than one article was attributable to the same study.

2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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References

References to studies included in this review

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Burford 2013 {published data only}

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Cameron 2015 {published data only}

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Choi 2014 {published data only}

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Cobb 2016 {published data only}

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1. 1. Moor JS, Puleo E, Ford JS, Greenberg M, Hodgson DC, Tyc VL, et al. Disseminating a smoking cessation intervention to childhood and young adult cancer survivors: baseline characteristics and study design of the Partnership for Health‐2 study. BMC Cancer 2011;11(165):1‐9. [; DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-165] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Etter 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Etter JF. Comparing the efficacy of two internet‐based, computer‐tailored smoking cessation programs: a randomized trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2005;7(1):e2. - PMC - PubMed

Fraser 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Fraser D, Kobinsky K, Smith SS, Kramer J, Theobald WE, Baker TB. Five population‐based interventions for smoking cessation: a MOST trial. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2014;4(4):382‐90. [DOI: 10.1007/s13142-014-0278-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Frederix 2015 {published data only}

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Graham 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Cobb CO, Graham AL. Use of non‐assigned interventions in a randomized trial of internet and telephone treatment for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2014;16(10):1289‐97. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu066] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Harrington 2016 {published data only}

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Haug 2011 {published data only}

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Herbec 2014 {published data only}

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Houston 2015 {published data only}

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Humfleet 2013 {published data only}

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Japuntich 2006 {published data only}

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Mananes 2014 {published data only}

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Mason 2012 {published data only}

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Mavrot 2016 {published data only}

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McClure 2014 {published data only}

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McClure 2016 {published data only}

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2. 1. McDonnell DD, Lee HJ, Kazinets G, Moskowitz JM. Online recruitment of targeted populations: lessons learned from a smoking cessation study among Korean Americans. Social Marketing Quarterly 2010; Vol. 16, issue 3:2‐22. []

McKay 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Danaher BG, Hart LG, McKay HG, Severson HH. Measuring participant rurality in web‐based interventions. BMC Public Health 2007;7:228. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Danaher BG, Lichtenstein E, McKay HG, Seeley JR. Use of non‐assigned smoking cessation programs among participants of a web‐based randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2009;11(2):e26. - PMC - PubMed
3. 1. McKay HG, Danaher BG, Seeley JR, Lichtenstein E, Gau JM. Comparing two web‐based smoking cessation programs: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2008;10(5):e40. - PMC - PubMed

Mehring 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Mehring M, Haag M, Linde K, Wagenpfeil S, Schneider A. Effects of a guided web‐based smoking cessation program with telephone counseling: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(9):e218. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Moskowitz 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Moskowitz JM, McDonnell DD, Kazinets G, Lee H‐J. Online smoking cessation program for Korean Americans: randomized trial to test effects of incentives for program completion and interim surveys. Preventive Medicine 2016;86:70‐6. - PubMed

Muñoz 2006 Study 3 {published data only}

1. 1. Lenert L, Muñoz RF, Stoddard J, Delucchi K, Bansod A, Skoczen S, et al. Design and pilot evaluation of an internet smoking cessation program. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2003;10(1):16‐20. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Muñoz RF, Lenert LL, Delucchi K, Stoddard J, Perez JE, Penilla C, et al. Toward evidence‐based internet interventions: a Spanish/English web site for international smoking cessation trials. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8(1):77‐87. - PubMed

Muñoz 2006 Study 4 {published data only}

1. 1. Muñoz RF, Lenert LL, Delucchi K, Stoddard J, Perez JE, Penilla C, et al. Toward evidence‐based internet interventions: a Spanish/English web site for international smoking cessation trials. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8(1):77‐87. - PubMed

Muñoz 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Muñoz RF, Barrera AZ, Delucchi K, Penilla C, Torres LD, Perez‐Stable EJ. International Spanish/English internet smoking cessation trial yields 20% abstinence rates at 1 year. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(9):1025‐34. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Torres LD, Barrera AZ, Delucchi K, Penilla C, Perez‐Stable EJ, Muñoz RF. Quitting smoking does not increase the risk of major depressive episodes among users of internet smoking cessation interventions. Psychological Medicine 2010; Vol. 40, issue 3:441‐9. [] - PMC - PubMed

Oenema 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Oenema A, Brug J, Dijkstra A, De Weerdt I, De Vries H. Efficacy and use of an internet‐delivered computer‐tailored lifestyle intervention, targeting saturated fat intake, physical activity and smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioural Medicine 2008;35(2):125‐35. - PubMed

Patten 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Patten CA, Croghan IT, Meis TM, Decker PA, Pingree S, Colligan RC, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an internet‐based versus brief office intervention for adolescent smoking cessation. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;64(1‐3):249‐58. - PubMed
2. 1. Patten CA, Rock E, Meis TM, Decker PA, Colligan RC, Pingree S, et al. Frequency and type of use of a home‐based, internet intervention for adolescent smoking cessation. Journal of Adolescent Health 2007;41(5):427‐43. - PMC - PubMed

Pechmann 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Pechmann C, Delucchi K, Lakon C, Prochaska JJ. Randomised controlled trial evaluation of Tweet2Quit: a social network quit‐smoking intervention. BMJ Tobacco Control 2017;26:188‐194. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052768] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Pechmann C, Pan L, Delucchi K, Lakon CM, Prochaska JJ. Development of a Twitter‐based intervention for smoking cessation that encourages high‐quality social media interactions via automessages. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(2):e(50). [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3772] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
3. 1. Prochaska JJ, Pechmann C, Lakon C, Delucchi K. Randomized controlled trial of tweet2quit for smoking cessation. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 21st Annual Meeting Philadelphia. February 25‐28, 2015; Vol. 82:PA21‐2.

Rabius 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Pike KJ, Rabius V, McAlister A, Geiger A. American Cancer Society's QuitLink: randomized trial of internet assistance. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(3):415‐20. - PubMed
2. 1. Rabius V, Pike J, Geiger A, Hunter J, McAlister A. The American Cancer Society's Quitlink: A randomized clinical trial evaluating internet‐based smoking cessation programs and medication use (RPOS 3‐62). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15‐18, Orlando, Florida. 2006.
3. 1. Rabius V, Pike KJ, Wiatrek D, McAlister AL. Comparing internet assistance for smoking cessation: 13‐month follow‐up of a six‐arm randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2008;10(5):e45. - PMC - PubMed
4. 1. Seidman DF, Westmaas JL, Goldband S, Rabius V, Katkin ES, Pike KJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an interactive internet smoking cessation program with long‐term follow‐up. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2010; Vol. 39, issue 1:48‐60. [] - PubMed

Schulz 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Schulz DN, Kremers SPJ, Vandelanotte C, Adrichem MJG, Schneide F, Candel MJM, et al. Economic evaluation of a web‐based tailored lifestyle intervention for adults: findings regarding cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(3):e91. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Schulz DN, Kremers SPJ, Vandelanotte C, Adrichem MJG, Schneide F, Candel MJM, et al. Effects of a web‐based tailored multiple‐lifestyle intervention for adults: a two‐year randomized controlled trial comparing sequential and simultaneous delivery modes. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(1):e26.1‐18. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Shuter 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Shuter J, Morales DA, Considine‐Dunn SE, An LC, Stanton CA. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a web‐based smoking cessation intervention for HIV‐infected smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2014;67(1):59‐66. [DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000226] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Simmons 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Simmons VN, Heckman B, Fink AC, Patel R, Bello L, Brandon TH. Efficacy of an experiential, web‐based smoking intervention for college smokers [PA2‐2]. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 17th Annual Meeting, February 16‐19, Toronto. 2011. []
2. 1. Simmons VN, Heckman BW, Fink AC, Small BJ, Brandon TH. Efficacy of an experiential, dissonance‐based smoking intervention for college students delivered via the internet. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2013;81(5):810‐20. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Skov‐Ettrup 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Skov‐Ettrup LS, Dalum P, Bech M, Tolstrup JS. The effectiveness of telephone counselling and internet‐ and text‐message‐based support for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2016;111(7):1257‐66. - PubMed
2. 1. Skov‐Ettrup LS, Dalum P, Ekholm O, Tolstrup JS. Reach and uptake of Internet‐ and phone‐based smoking cessation interventions: results from a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2014;62:38‐43. [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01.020] - PubMed
3. 1. Skov‐Ettrup LS, Dalum P, Tolstrup JS. Internet‐based intervention and telephone counselling for smoking cessation: Results from a 4‐arm randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Epidemiology 2013;28(1 Supp 1):S48‐S49.

Smit 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Smit ES, Vries H, Hoving C. Effectiveness of a web‐based multiple tailored smoking cessation program: a randomized controlled trial among Dutch adult smokers. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(3):e82. [] - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Smit ES, Vries H, Hoving C. Results of the PAS study: a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a web‐based multiple tailored smoking cessation program combined with tailored counseling by practice nurses. Health Communication 2016;31(9):1165‐73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2010.03.001; Dutch Trial Register: NTR1351] - DOI - PubMed
3. 1. Smit ES, Vries H, Hoving C. The PAS study: a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a web‐based multiple tailored smoking cessation programme and tailored counselling by practice nurses. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010;31(3):251‐8. [] - PubMed
4. 1. Smit ES, Evers SM, Vries H, Hoving C. Cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility of Internet‐based computer tailoring for smoking cessation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(3):55‐70. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2059] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
5. 1. Smit ES, Hoving C, Cox VC, Vries H. Influence of recruitment strategy on the reach and effect of a web‐based multiple tailored smoking cessation intervention among Dutch adult smokers. Health Education Research 2012; Vol. 27, issue 2:191‐9. [] - PubMed

Stanczyk 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Stanczyk NE, Bolman C, Muris JW, Vries H. Study protocol of a Dutch smoking cessation e‐health program. BMC Public Health 2011; Vol. 11:847. [] - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Stanczyk NE, Bolman C, Smit ES, Candel MJ, Muris JW, Vries H. How to encourage smokers to participate in web‐based computer‐tailored smoking cessation programs: a comparison of different recruitment strategies. Health Education Research 2014;29(1):23‐40. [DOI: ] - PubMed
3. 1. Stanczyk NE, Crutzen R, Bolman C, Muris J, Vries H. An economic evaluation of a video‐ and text‐based computer‐tailored intervention for smoking cessation: a cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility analysis of a randomized controlled trial. PloS One 2014;9(10):e110117. - PMC - PubMed
4. 1. Stanczyk NE, Crutzen R, Bolman C, Muris J, Vries H. Comparison of text and video computer‐tailored interventions for smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(3):69. - PMC - PubMed
5. 1. Stanczyk NE, Crutzen R, Bolman C, Muris J, Vries H. Influence of delivery strategy on message‐processing mechanisms and future adherence to a Dutch computer‐tailored smoking cessation intervention. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(2):e28. - PMC - PubMed

Stoddard 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Stoddard J, Delucchi K, Muñoz R, Collins N, Stable EP, Augustson E, et al. Smoking cessation research via the internet: a feasibility study. Journal of Health Communication 2005;10(1):27‐41. - PubMed
2. 1. Stoddard JL, Augustson EM, Moser RP. Effect of adding a virtual community (bulletin board) to smokefree.gov: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2008;10(5):e53. - PMC - PubMed

Strecher 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Strecher VJ, Shiffman S, West R. Moderators and mediators of a web‐based computer‐tailored smoking cessation program among nicotine patch users. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8 Suppl 1:S95‐101. - PubMed
2. 1. Strecher VJ, Shiffman S, West R. Randomized controlled trial of a web‐based computer‐tailored smoking cessation program as a supplement to nicotine patch therapy. Addiction 2005;100(5):682‐8. - PubMed

Strecher 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. McClure JB, Greene SM, Wiese C, Johnson KE, Alexander G, Strecher V. Interest in an online smoking cessation program and effective recruitment strategies: results from Project Quit. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2006;8(3):e14. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Strecher VJ, McClure JB, Alexander GL, Chakraborty B, Nair VN, Konkel JM, et al. Web‐based smoking‐cessation programs: results of a randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008;34(5):373‐81. - PMC - PubMed

Swan 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Javitz HS, Zbikowski SM, Deprey M, McAfee TA, McClure JB, Richards J, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of varenicline and three different behavioral treatment formats for smoking cessation. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2011;1(1):182‐90. [] - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. McClure JB, Jack L, Deprey M, Catz S, McAfee T, Zbikowski S, et al. Canary in a coal mine? Interest in bupropion SR use among smokers in the COMPASS trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(12):1815‐6. - PubMed
3. 1. McClure JB, Swan GE, Jack L, Catz SL, Zbikowski SM, McAfee TA, et al. Mood, side‐effects and smoking outcomes among persons with and without probable lifetime depression taking varenicline. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2009;24(5):563‐9. - PMC - PubMed
4. 1. Swan GE, McClure JB, Jack LM, Zbikowski SM, Javitz HS, Catz SL, et al. Behavioral counseling and varenicline treatment for smoking cessation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;38(5):482‐90. - PMC - PubMed
5. 1. Zbikowski SM, Jack LM, McClure JB, Deprey M, Javitz HS, Mcafee TA, et al. Utilization of services in a randomized trial testing phone‐ and web‐based interventions for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011;13(5):319‐27. [] - PMC - PubMed

Swartz 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Swartz LHG, Noell JW, Schroeder SW, Ary DV. A randomised control study of a fully automated internet based smoking cessation programme. Tobacco Control 2006;15(1):7‐12. - PMC - PubMed

Te Poel 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Poel F, Bolman C, Reubsaet A, Vries H. Efficacy of single computer‐tailored e‐mail for smoking cessation: results after 6 months. Health Education Research 2009;24(6):930‐40. - PubMed

Voncken‐Brewster 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Voncken‐Brewster V, Tange H, Vries H, Nagykaldi Z, Winkens B, Weijden T. A randomised controlled trial testing a web‐based, computer‐tailored self‐management intervention for people with or at risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a study protocol. BMC Public Health 2013;13(1):1. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-557] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Voncken‐Brewster V, Tange H, Vries H, Nagykaldi Z, Winkens B, Weijden T. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a web‐based, computer‐tailored self‐management intervention for people with or at risk for COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2015;10:1061‐73. [DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S81295] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Wangberg 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Wangberg SC, Nilsen O, Antypas K, Gram IT. Effect of tailoring in an internet‐based intervention for smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. Canada, 2011; Vol. 13, issue 4:e121. [] - PMC - PubMed

Wittekind 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Wittekind CE, Feist A, Schneider BC, Moritz S, Fritzsche A. The approach‐avoidance task as an online intervention in cigarette smoking: A pilot study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2015;46:115‐20. - PubMed

Woodruff 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Woodruff SI, Conway TL, Edwards CC. Sociodemographic and smoking‐related psychosocial predictors of smoking behavior change among high school smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2008;33(2):354‐8. - PubMed
2. 1. Woodruff SI, Conway TL, Edwards CC, Elliott SP, Crittenden J. Evaluation of an Internet virtual world chat room for adolescent smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32(9):1769‐86. - PubMed

Yang 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Yang DX, Gu CJ, Ni L, Li N, Li QY, Zhou JP. Assessment of efficacy of medication combined with WeChat platform for quitting smoking in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Science) 2016;36(3):385‐9.

Zullig 2014 {published and unpublished data}

1. 1. Zullig LL, Sanders LL, Shaw RJ, McCant F, Danus S, Bosworth HB. A randomised controlled trial of providing personalised cardiovascular risk information to modify health behaviour. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2014;20(3):147‐52. [DOI: 10.1177/1357633X14528446] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abroms 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Abroms LC, Gill J, Windsor R, Simons‐Morton B. A process evaluation of e‐mail counselling for smoking cessation in college students: feasibility, acceptability and cost. Journal of Smoking Cessation 2009;4:26‐33.
2. 1. Abroms LC, Windsor R, Simons‐Morton B. Getting young adults to quit smoking: a formative evaluation of the X‐Pack Program. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(1):27‐33. - PMC - PubMed

An 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. An LC, Hennrikus DJ, Perry CL, Lein EB, Klatt C, Farley DM, et al. Feasibility of internet health screening to recruit college students to an online smoking cessation intervention. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9 Suppl 1:S11‐8. - PubMed

Applegate 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Applegate BW, Raymond C, Collado‐Rodriguez A, Riley WT, Schneider NG. Improving adherence to nicotine gum by SMS text messaging: a pilot study (RPOS3‐57). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 13th Annual Meeting February 21‐24, Austin, Texas. 2007.

Baskerville 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Baskerville NB, Struik LL, Hammond D, Guindon GE, Norman CD, Whittaker R, et al. Effect of a mobile phone intervention on quitting smoking in a young adult population of smokers: randomized controlled trial study protocol. JMIR Research Protocols 2015;4(1):e10. - PMC - PubMed

Bowen 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Bowen DJ, Henderson PN, Harvill J, Buchwald D. Short‐term effects of a smoking prevention website in American Indian youth. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012; Vol. 14, issue 3:e81. [] - PMC - PubMed

Bravin 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Bravin JI, Bunge EL, Evare B, Wickham RE, Perez‐Stable EJ, Muñoz RF. Socioeconomic predictors of smoking cessation in a worldwide online smoking cessation trial.. Internet Interventions 2015;2(4):410‐8.

Buller 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Buller DB, Young WF, Fisher KH, Maloy JA. The effect of endorsement by local opinion leaders and testimonials from teachers on the dissemination of a web‐based smoking prevention program. Health Education Research 2007;22(5):609‐18. - PubMed

Buller 2014a {published data only}

1. 1. Buller DB, Borland R, Woodall WG, Hall JR, Hines JM, Burris‐Woodall P, et al. Randomized trials on consider this, a tailored, internet‐delivered smoking prevention program for adolescents. Health Education and Behavior 2008;35(2):260‐81. - PMC - PubMed

Buller 2014b {published data only}

1. 1. Buller DB, Borland Rk Bettinghaus EP, Shane JH, Zimmerman DE. Randomized trial of a smartphone mobile application compared to text messaging to support smoking cessation. Telemedicine Journal and E‐health 2014;20(3):206‐14. - PMC - PubMed

Calabro 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Calabro KS, Marani S, Yost T, Segura J, Mullin‐Jones M, Nelson S, et al. Project SUCCESS: Results from a randomized controlled trial. ISRN Public Health 2012;2012:Article ID 913713.
2. 1. Prokhorov AV, Marani S, Yost T, Luca M, Mullen M. Project SUCCESS: students using computerized coaching to end smoking successfully [PA2‐3]. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 17th Annual Meeting, February 16‐19, Toronto. 2011:18. []

Chen 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Chen HH, Yeh ML. Developing and evaluating a smoking cessation program combined with an internet‐assisted instruction program for adolescents with smoking. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;61(3):411‐8. - PubMed

Chew 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Chew F, Palmer S. Establishing an internet‐based tobacco‐control network for Czech health professionals. Health Promotion Practice 2005;6(1):109‐16. - PubMed

Christoff 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Christoff AO, Boerngen‐Lacerda R. Reducing substance involvement in college students: a three‐arm parallel‐group randomized controlled trial of a computer‐based intervention. Addictive Behaviors 2015;45:164‐171. - PubMed

Cobb 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Cobb NK, Graham AL, Bock BC, Papandonatos G, Abrams DB. Initial evaluation of a real‐world internet smoking cessation system. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7(2):207‐16. - PMC - PubMed

Cobb 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Cobb NK, Graham AL. Characterizing Internet searchers of smoking cessation information. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2006;8(3):e17. - PMC - PubMed

Dallery 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Dallery J, Raiff BR, Grabinski MJ. Internet‐based contingency management to promote smoking cessation: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 2013;46(4):750‐64. - PMC - PubMed

Danaher 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Danaher BG, McKay HG, Seeley JR. The information architecture of behavior change websites. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2005;7(2):e12. - PMC - PubMed

Danaher 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Danaher BG, Severson HH, Zhu S‐H, Lichtenstein E, Andrews JA, Yearick C. Evaluating the relative efficacy of web‐based intervention and helpline in smokeless tobacco cessation: the CHEWFREE II RCT [SM 12C]. Society for Research on Nicotine & Tobacco 17th Annual Meeting, February 16‐19, Toronto. 2011:15. [; 9400123000006079]

Etter 2006a {published data only}

1. 1. Etter JF. Internet‐based smoking cessation programs. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2006;75(1):110‐6. - PubMed

Etter 2009a {published data only}

1. 1. Etter JF, Huguelet P, Perneger TV, Cornuz J. Nicotine gum treatment before smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(11):1028‐34. - PubMed

Etter 2009b {published data only}

1. 1. Etter JF. Comparing computer‐tailored, internet based smoking cessation counseling reports with generic, untailored reports: a randomized trial. Journal of Health Communication 2009;14(7):646‐57. - PubMed

Feil 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Feil EG, Noell J, Lichtenstein E, Boles SM, McKay HG. Evaluation of an internet‐based smoking cessation program: lessons learned from a pilot study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2003;5(2):189‐94. - PubMed

Gala 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Gala S, Dobbs S, Murray J, Pesek F, Kavanagh C, Ellison J, et al. Internet‐based spit tobacco (ST) cessation study. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20‐23 March; Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.
2. 1. Gala S, Pesek F, Murray J, Kavanagh C, Graham S, Walsh M. Design and pilot evaluation of an internet spit tobacco cessation program. Journal of Dental Hygiene 2008;82(1):11. - PubMed

Gillaspy 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Gillaspy S, Mignogna M, Mignogna J, Zaitshik J, Bright B, Leffingwell T, et al. Development & testing of an interactive web‐based program to facilitate readiness & motivation for smoking cessation. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2010;58(3):440. []

Haug 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Haug S, Castro RP, Filler A, Kowatsch T, Fleisch E, Schaub MP. Efficacy of an Internet and SMS‐based integrated smoking cessation and alcohol intervention for smoking cessation in young people: study protocol of a two‐arm cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1140. - PMC - PubMed

Houston 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Houston T, Ford DE. Smoking cessation websites as an approach to increasing physician visits for smoking cessation. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2005;20(Suppl 1):190.

Houston 2008a {published data only}

1. 1. Houston TK, Richman JS, Ray MN, Allison JJ, Gilbert GH, Shewchuk RM, et al. Internet delivered support for tobacco control in dental practice: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2008;10(5):e38. - PMC - PubMed

Houston 2008b {published data only}

1. 1. Houston TK, Ford DE. A tailored Internet‐delivered intervention for smoking cessation designed to encourage social support and treatment seeking: usability testing and user tracing. Informatics for Health and Social Care 2008;33(1):5‐19. - PubMed

Houston 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Houston TK, Delaughter KL, Ray MN, Gilbert GH, Allison JJ, Kiefe CI, et al. Cluster‐randomized trial of a web‐assisted tobacco quality improvement intervention of subsequent patient tobacco product use: a National Dental PBRN study. BMC Oral Health 2013;13:13. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6832-13-13] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Jacobs 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Claes N, Jacobs N, Clays E, Schrooten W. Effectiveness of cardiovascular prevention programs in primary care (PreCardio): A randomised clinical trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2011;18(1 Suppl 1):S102. []
2. 1. Jacobs N, Clays E, Bacquer D, Backer G, Dendale P, Thijs H, et al. Effect of a tailored behavior change program on a composite lifestyle change score: a randomized controlled trial. Health Education Research 2011; Vol. 26, issue 5:886‐95. [] - PubMed
3. 1. Jacobs N, Bourdeaudhuij I, Thijs H, Dendale P, Claes N. Effect of a cardiovascular prevention program on health behavior and BMI in highly educated adults: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2011; Vol. 85, issue 1:122‐6. [] - PubMed
4. 1. Jacobs N, Drost R, Ament A, Evers S, Claes N. Willingness to pay for a cardiovascular prevention program in highly educated adults: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. United States: Cambridge University Press (40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011‐4211, United States), 2011; Vol. 27, issue 4:283‐9. [] - PubMed

Koo 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Koo M, Skinner H. Improving web searches: case study of quit‐smoking web sites for teenagers. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2003;5(4):e28. - PMC - PubMed

Koo 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Koo M, Skinner H. Challenges of internet recruitment: a case study with disappointing results. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2005;7(1):e6. - PMC - PubMed

Lenert 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Lenert L, Muñoz RF, Perez JE, Bansod A. Automated e‐mail messaging as a tool for improving quit rates in an internet smoking cessation intervention. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2004;11(4):235‐40. - PMC - PubMed

Linke 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Linke SE. Intermittent exercise in response to nicotine cravings in the context of an internet‐based smoking cessation program. Dissertation Abstracts International 2012;72(11‐B):7054. [] - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Linke SE, Rutledge T, Myers MG. Intermittent exercise in response to cigarette cravings in the context of an internet‐based smoking cessation program. Mental Health and Physical Activity 2012;5(1):85‐92. [] - PMC - PubMed

Mermelstein 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Mermelstein R, Turner L. Web‐based support as an adjunct to group‐based smoking cessation for adolescents. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8 Suppl 1:S69‐76. - PMC - PubMed

Muñoz 2012a {published data only}

1. 1. Muñoz RF, Aguilera A, Schueller SM, Leykin Y, Perez‐Stable EJ. From online randomized controlled trials to participant preference studies: morphing the San Francisco Stop Smoking site into a worldwide smoking cessation resource. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(3):e64. [] - PMC - PubMed

Muñoz 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Muñoz RF, Bunge E, Chen K, Schueller S, Bravin JI, Shaughnessy EA, et al. Massive open online interventions: a novel model for delivering behavioral‐health services worldwide. Clinical Psychological Science 2016;4(2):194‐205.

Muramoto 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Muramoto M, Campbell J, Connolly T, Aickin M. Project Reach: training community‐based "health influencers" to help tobacco users quit (POS2‐122). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 13th Annual Meeting February 21‐24, Austin, Texas. 2007.
2. 1. Muramoto M, Connolly T, Matthews E, Yuan NP, Mack J. Development of a client‐centered tobacco brief intervention training for health influencers. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20‐23 March; Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.

Mussulman 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Mussulman L, Ellerbeck EF, Cupertino AP, Preacher KJ, Spaulding R, Catley D, et al. Comparative and cost effectiveness of telemedicine versus telephone counseling for smoking cessation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(5):e113. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Mussulman L, Ellerbeck EF, Cupertino AP, Preacher KJ, Spaulding R, Catley D, et al. Design and participant characteristics of a randomized‐controlled trial of telemedicine for smoking cessation among rural smokers. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2014;38(2):173‐81. - PMC - PubMed

Naughton 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Naughton F, Jamison J, Boase S, Sloan M, Gilbert H, Prevost AT, et al. Randomized controlled trial to assess the short‐term effectiveness of tailored web‐ and text‐based facilitation of smoking cessation in primary care. Addiction 2014;109(7):1184‐93. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Naughton F, Jamison J, Boase S, Sloan M, Gilbert H, Prevost AT, et al. Study protocol for iQuit in Practice: a randomised controlled trial to assess the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of tailored web‐ and text‐based facilitation of smoking cessation in primary care. BMC Public Health 2013;13:324. - PMC - PubMed

NCT00865553 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. NCT00865553. Computer‐assisted stop‐smoking program in helping doctors counsel patients who smoke cigarettes. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00865553 (first received 9 March 2009).

NCT01980017 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT01980017. Evaluation of the Ottawa Model for Smoking Cessation in Diabetes Education Programs (OMSC in DEP). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01980017 (first received 1 November 2013).

NCT02046408 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT02046408. Computer‐facilitated 5A's for smoking cessation in primary care. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02046408 (first received 23 January 2014). [clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02046408]

NCT02103829 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. NCT02103829. "Quit Smoking on Your Own" Brief Online Study (TC‐PAU‐1). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02103829 (first received 1 April 2014).

Norman 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Norman C. CATCH‐IT report: evaluation of an internet‐based smoking cessation program: lessons learned from a pilot study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2004;6(4):8‐10. - PMC - PubMed

Norman 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Norman CD, Maley O, Li X, Skinner HA. Using the internet to assist smoking prevention and cessation in schools: a randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychology 2008;27(6):799‐810. - PubMed
2. 1. Skinner H, Maley O, Norman C. Website intervention for youth smoking prevention: findings from school‐based randomized controlled trial. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20‐23 March 2005; Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.

Ota 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Ota A, Takahashi Y. Factors associated with successful smoking cessation among participants in a smoking cessation program involving use of the internet, e‐mails, and mailing‐list. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi [Japanese Journal of Public Health] 2005;52(11):999‐1005. - PubMed

Pederson 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Pederson LL, Blumenthal D. Smoking cessation: what works in primary care settings. Ethnicity and Disease 2005;15(2 Suppl 2):S10‐3. - PubMed

Pisinger 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Pisinger C, Jorgensen MM, Moller NE, Dossing M, Jorgensen T. A cluster randomized trial in general practice with referral to a group‐based or an internet‐based smoking cessation programme. Journal of Public Health 2010;32(1):62‐70. - PubMed

Prochaska 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Fava JL, Ruggiero L, Laforge RG, Rossi JS, et al. Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage‐matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting. Preventive Medicine 2001;32(1):23‐32. - PubMed

Prochaska 2008 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}

1. 1. Prochaska JO, Butterworth S, Redding CA, Burden V, Perrin N, Leo M, et al. Initial efficacy of MI, TTM tailoring and HRI's with multiple behaviors for employee health promotion. Preventive Medicine 2008;46(3):226‐31. - PMC - PubMed

Prokhorov 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Prokhorov AV, Yost T, Mullin‐Jones M, Moor C, Ford KH, Marani S, et al. "Look At Your Health": outcomes associated with a computer‐assisted smoking cessation counseling intervention for community college students. Addictive Behaviors 2008;33(6):757‐71. - PMC - PubMed

Ray 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Coley HL, Sadasivam RS, Williams JH, Volkman JE, Schoenberger YM, Kohler CL, et al. Crowdsourced peer‐ versus expert‐written smoking‐cessation messages. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;45(5):543‐50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.07.004] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Ray MN. Predictors of smoking cessation among dental patients participating in a web‐assisted tobacco intervention: A national dental practice‐based research network study. Dissertation Abstracts International 2014;76(5‐B‐E):1‐119.
3. 1. Ray MN, Funkhouser E, Williams JH, Sadasivam RS, Gilbert GH, Coley HL, et al. Smoking‐cessation e‐referrals: a national dental practice‐based research network randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014;46(2):158‐65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.018] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Reitzel 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Reitzel LR, McClure JB, Cofta‐Woerpel L, Mazas CA, Cao Y, Cinciripini PM, et al. The efficacy of computer‐delivered treatment for smoking cessation. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2011;20(7):1555‐7. [] - PMC - PubMed

Rowan 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Rowan PJ, Cofta‐Woerpel L, Mazas CA, Cinciripini PM, Jones LA, Li Y, et al. Neighborhood social context independently predicts tobacco dependence among African American smokers (POS2‐135). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 13th Annual Meeting February 21‐24, Austin, Texas. 2007.

Schneider 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Schneider SJ, Walter R, O’Donnell R. Computerized communication as a medium for behavioral smoking cessation treatment: controlled evaluation. Computers in Human Behavior 1990;6:141‐51.

Selby 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Selby P, McIntosh S, Bock B, Graham A, McDonald S. Web‐assisted tobacco interventions (WATI): potential, promotion and pitfalls (SYM6). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting February 18‐21, Phoenix, Arizona. 2004.

Severson 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Danaher BG, Smolkowski K, Seeley JR, Severson HH. Mediators of a successful web‐based smokeless tobacco cessation program. Addiction 2008;103(10):1706‐12. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Gordon JS, Akers L, Severson HH, Danaher BG, Boles SM. Successful participant recruitment strategies for an online smokeless tobacco cessation program. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8 Suppl 1:S35‐41. - PubMed
3. 1. Gordon JS, Severson HH, Akers L, Boles SM. Chewfree.com: development, recruitment, and user engagement. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20‐23 March 2005; Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.
4. 1. Severson HH, Gordon J, Danaher BG, Boles SM, Akers L. Outcome of a web delivered cessation program for smokeless tobacco users (POS1‐118). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 13th Annual Meeting February 21‐24, Austin, Texas. 2007.
5. 1. Severson HH, Gordon JS, Akers L, Boles SM. User characteristics for smokeless tobacco cessation on the internet. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20‐23 March 2005; Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.

Shegog 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Shegog R, McAlister AL, Hu S, Ford KC, Meshack AF, Peters RJ. Use of interactive health communication to affect smoking intentions in middle school students: a pilot test of the "Headbutt" risk assessment program. American Journal of Health Promotion 2005;19(5):334‐8. - PubMed

Skov‐Ettrup 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Skov‐Ettrup LS, Ringgaard LW, Dalum P, Flensborg‐Madsen T, Thygesen LC, Tolstrup JS. Comparing tailored and untailored text messages for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial among adolescent and young adult smokers. Health Education Research 2014;29(2):195‐205. - PubMed

Stoddard 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Stoddard J, Delucchi K, Muñoz R, Collins N, Stable EP, Augustson E, et al. Smoking cessation research via the internet: a feasibility study. Journal of Health Communication 2005;10(1):27‐41. - PubMed

Stoops 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Stoops WW, Dallery J, Fields NM, Nuzzo PA, Schoenberg NE, Martin CA, et al. An internet‐based abstinence reinforcement smoking cessation intervention in rural smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009;105(1‐2):56‐62. - PMC - PubMed

Thieleke 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Thieleke J, McMahon J, Meyer G, Yun KA. An evaluation of the Freedom From Smoking Online cessation program among Wisconsin residents. Wisconsin Medical Journal 2005;104(4):41‐4. - PubMed

Toll 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Toll BA, O'Malley SS, Katulak NA, Wu R, Dubin JA, Latimer A, et al. Comparing gain‐ and loss‐framed messages for smoking cessation with sustained‐release bupropion: a randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2007;21(4):534. - PMC - PubMed

Velicer 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Velicer WF, Friedman RH, Fava JL, Gulliver SB, Keller S, Sun X, et al. Evaluating nicotine replacement therapy and stage‐based therapies in a population‐based effectiveness trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(6):1162‐72. - PubMed

Vilaplana 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Vilaplana J, Solsona F, Abella F, Cuadrado J, Alves R, Mateo J. S‐PC: an e‐treatment application for management of smoke‐quitting patients. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 2014;115(1):33‐45. - PubMed

Walters 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Walters ST, Wright JA, Shegog R. A review of computer and internet‐based interventions for smoking behavior. Addictive Behaviors 2006;31(2):264‐77. - PubMed

Wetter 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Wetter D, Cinciripini PM. Palmtop computer‐delivered treatments for smoking cessation (SYM4C). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15‐18, Orlando, Florida. 2006.

Woolf 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Woolf SH, Krist AH, Johnson RE, Wilson DB, Rothemich SF, Norman GJ, et al. A practice‐sponsored web site to help patients pursue healthy behaviors: an ACORN study. Annals of Family Medicine 2006;4(2):148‐52. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Buller 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}

1. 1. Buller D, Borland R, Severson H, Bettinghaus E, Haperin A, Tinkelman D, et al. Results of a randomized trial comparing an online smoking cessation program to a self‐help booklet and telephone quit line among young adults (POS2‐17). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 18th Annual Meeting March 13‐16, Houston, Texas. 2012.
2. 1. Buller DB, Halperin A, Severson HH, Borland R, Slater MD, Bettinghaus EP, et al. Effect of nicotine replacement therapy on quitting by young adults in a trial comparing cessation services. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 2014;20(2):E7‐E15. [DOI: 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182a0b8c7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Díaz‐Gete 2012 {published and unpublished data}

1. 1. Díaz‐Gete L, Puigdomènech E, Briones EM, Fàbregas‐Escurriola M, Fernandez S, Val JL, et al. Effectiveness of an intensive e‐mail based intervention in smoking cessation (TABATIC study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.. BMC Public Health 2013;18(13):364. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-364] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Henderson 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Henderson JA, Chubak J, O'Connell J, Ramos MC, Jensen J, Jobe JB, et al. Design of a randomized controlled trial of a web‐based intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors among remote reservation‐dwelling American Indian adults with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Primary Prevention 2012;33(4):209‐22. [] - PMC - PubMed

Humfleet 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Humfleet G, Hall S, Muñoz R, Greenwood G. Reaching and treating LGBT smokers: does the internet work? (POS1‐117). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 13th Annual Meeting February 21‐24, Austin, Texas. 2007.
2. 1. Humfleet GL, Greenwood G, Hall S, Muñoz R, Taylor A. Characteristics of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) smokers seeking internet‐based treatment (POS1‐53). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15‐18, Orlando, Florida. 2006.
3. 1. Humfleet GL, Greenwood G, Hall SM, Muñoz R, Hunt C, Taylor A. Internet‐based smoking treatment for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) cigarette smokers. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20‐23 March 2005; Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.

Humfleet 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT00634218. Reaching and treating lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) cigarette smokers. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00634218 (first received 4 March 2008).

Kramer 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Kramer JJ, Willemsen MC, Conijn B, Emst AJ, Brunsting S, Riper H. Effectiveness of a web‐based self‐help smoking cessation intervention: protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2009;9:32. - PMC - PubMed

NCT01103427 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. Mobile text messaging as an adjunct function to an Internet‐based smoking cessation intervention implemented in the general population and in a health care setting. Ongoing study May 2010. This study has been completed. (No study results posted and no linked publications).

NCT01457469 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. NCT01457469. Enhanced quitline intervention in smoking cessation for patients with non‐metastatic lung cancer. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01457469 (first received 21 October 2011).

NCT01544153 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. Cha S, Erar B, Niaura RS, Graham AL. Baseline Characteristics and Generalizability of Participants in an Internet Smoking Cessation Randomized Trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2016;50(5):751–761. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9804-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Graham AL, Cha S, Cobb NK, Fang Y, Niaura RS, Mushro A. Impact of seasonality on recruitment, retention, adherence, and outcomes in a web‐based smoking cessation intervention: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(11):e249. - PMC - PubMed
3. 1. Graham AL, Cha S, Fang Y, Cobb NK, Papandonatos GD, Niaura RS, et al. Improving adherence to web‐based smoking cessation programs: a randomized controlled trial. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 19th Annual Meeting March 13‐16 Boston MA. 2013:11.
4. 1. Graham AL, Cha S, Papandonatos GD, Cobb NK, Mushro A, Fang Y, Niaura RS, Abrams DB. Improving adherence to web‐based cessation programs: a randomized controlled trial study protocol. Trials 2013;14(48):1‐15. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-48] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

NCT01692730 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. NCT01692730. Web assisted tobacco intervention with community colleges (WATI). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01692730 (first received 17 September 2012).

NCT01812278 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT01812278. Randomized trial of web‐delivered acceptance therapy for smoking cessation (WebQuit). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01812278 (first received 14 March 2013).

NCT02021175 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT02021175. Korean youth smoking cessation study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02021175 (first received 6 February 2013).

NCT02050308 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT02050308. Web‐based smoking cessation program for tribal college students. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02050308 (first received 28 January 2014).

NCT02072772 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT02072772. A trial of positively smoke free group therapy for HIV‐infected smokers. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02072772 (first received 25 February 2014).

NCT02099097 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. NCT02099097. Quit IT: Preliminary Testing of a Web‐based, 3D Coping Skills Game to Increase Quitting Self‐Efficacy for Maintaining Smoking Abstinence Following Hospitalization. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02099097 (first received 25 March 2014).

NCT02207036 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. Ramo DE, Thrul J, Delucchi KL, Ling PM, Hall SM, Prochaska JJ. The Tobacco Status Project (TSP): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a Facebook smoking cessation intervention for young adults. BMC Public Health 2015;15:897. - PMC - PubMed

NCT02329249 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. NCT02329249. Pharmacological aids for interactive smoking cessation (NRT_2). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02329249 (first received 29 December 2014).

NCT02378766 {published data only}

1. 1. Cote J, Cossette S, Ramirez‐Garcia P, Pokomandy A, Worthington C, Gagnon MP, et al. Evaluation of a web‐based tailored intervention (TAVIE en santé) to support people living with HIV in the adoption of health promoting behaviours: an online randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1042. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2310-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. NCT02378766. Evaluation of web‐based interventions to support people living with HIV in the adoption of health behaviors (LHIVEHEALTHY). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02050308 (first received 17 February 2015).

NCT02585206 {published data only}

1. 1. Graham AL, Jacobs MA, Cohn AM, Cha S, Abroms LC, Papandonatos GD, Whittaker R. Optimising text messaging to improve adherence to web‐based smoking cessation treatment: a randomised control trial protocol. BMJ Open 2016;6(3):e010687. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010687] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

NCT02602730 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. NCT02602730. Internet‐based nonsmoking program for postpartum women (PostPartum_2). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02602730 (first received 2 January 2015).

Redfern 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Redfern J, Usherwood T, Harris MF, Rodgers A, Hayman N, Panaretto K, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a consumer‐focused e‐health strategy for cardiovascular risk management in primary care: the Consumer Navigation of Electronic Cardiovascular Tools (CONNECT) study protocol. BMJ Open 2014;4(2):e004523. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004523] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Westmaas 2013 {unpublished data only}

1. 1. Westmaas JL, Abroms L, Bontemps‐Jones J, Mellerson J. Tailored emails as a stand‐alone strategy for smoking cessation: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 19th Annual Meeting March 13‐16 Boston MA. 2013:174.

Wiers 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}

1. 1. Wiers R, Elfeddali I, Pronk TW, Bolman C, Vries H. Online attentional re‐training for smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;146:e22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.741] - DOI

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Civljak 2010

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