Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Water Extract Obtained from Dried Pine Needle (Pinus densiflora) - PubMed (original) (raw)

Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Water Extract Obtained from Dried Pine Needle (Pinus densiflora)

Joo-Shin Kim. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2018 Jun.

Abstract

Antioxidant activities of water extracts obtained from dried pine needle (Pinus densiflora) were measured at 0, 4, 20, 100, 500, 1,000, and 1,200 ppm and compared with those of phenolic compounds of butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, _tert_-butylhydroquinone, ferulic acid, and α-tocopherol. The activity was determined as the ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, reductive power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid system using the ferric thiocyanate method and thiobarbituric acid method, respectively. Pine needle water extract (PNWE) exhibited antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent mode at the same parameters mentioned above, and a significant difference (P<0.05) was observed at 1,000 ppm. The protective activity of PNWE as a potent antioxidant in a non-cellular system was compared with that of phenolics at 150.67 μg/mL in the two assays using biological cellular systems, namely 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-initiated hemolysis and Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation, using rat red blood cells and rat brain homogenate, respectively. The PNWE showed a strong power comparable to those of commercial phenolic compounds in biological systems. These results indicated that the protective activity of PNWE could be due to the presence of naturally-occurring phenolic compounds, which act as potent in vitro antioxidants in both non-cellular and cellular systems.

Keywords: Pinus densiflora; antioxidant activity; lipid peroxidation; phenolics; water extract.

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Conflict of interest statement

AUTHOR DISCLOSURE STATEMENT The author declares no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals at different concentrations of pine needle water extract (PNWE).

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

Reducing powers of pine needle water extract (PNWE) at different concentrations. Bars with different letters (a–e) are significantly different at P<0.05 (n=3).

Fig. 3

Fig. 3

The relationship between DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing capacity of pine needle water extract at different concentrations.

Fig. 4

Fig. 4

The relationship between H2O2 scavenging activity and reducing capacity of pine needle water extract at different concentrations.

Fig. 5

Fig. 5

Antioxidative activity at different concentrations of pine needle water extract (PNWE) against linoleic acid peroxidation as measured by the thiocyanate method.

Fig. 6

Fig. 6

Antioxidative activity at different concentrations of pine needle water extract (PNWE) as measured by thiobarbituric acid method. Bars with different letters (a–c) are significantly different at P<0.05 (n=3).

Fig. 7

Fig. 7

Comparison of scavenging activities between pine needle water extract (PNWE) and commercial phenol compounds against hydrogen peroxide. BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; TBHQ, _tert_-butyl hydroquinone; F.A, ferulic acid. Values with different letters (a–d) are significantly different (P<0.05).

Fig. 8

Fig. 8

Comparison of inhibition activities between pine needle water extract (PNWE) and commercial phenol compounds on hemolysis of rat red blood cells induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; TBHQ, _tert_-butyl hydroquinone; F.A, ferulic acid. Values with different letters (a–d) are significantly different (P< 0.05).

Fig. 9

Fig. 9

Comparison of inhibition activities between pine needle water extract (PNWE) and commercial phenol compounds by Fe2+/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate. BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; TBHQ, _tert_-butyl hydroquinone; F.A, ferulic acid. Values with different letters (a–c) are significantly different (P<0.05).

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