Switching obese mothers to a healthy diet improves fetal hypoxemia, hepatic metabolites, and lipotoxicity in non-human primates - PubMed (original) (raw)

Figure 1

Effect of maternal OB-WSD and OB-DR on fetal hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, lipogenic gene expression, and lipid profiles. (A) Liver triglyceride concentrations measured in fetuses from CON (blue bars), OB-DR (green bars), and OB-WSD (red bars) mothers. Bars with different letters are statistically different from each other. n = 21 CON (11 female, 10 male), 5 OB-DR (1 female, 4 male), and 28 OB-WSD (16 female, 22 male). (B) Lipid peroxidation measured by TBARs as marker of oxidative stress in fetal livers. CON, n = 5 (3 female, 2 male); OB-DR, n = 5 (1 female, 4 male); OB-WSD, n = 7 (2 female, 5 male) (C) Hepatic citrate synthase activity. n = 4 CON (2 female, 2 male), 5 OB-DR (1 female, 4 male), 13 OB-WSD (4 female, 9 male). (D) Expression of lipogenic genes in CON, OB-DR, and OB-WSD fetal livers. n = 13 CON (6 female, 7 male), 5 OB-DR (1 female, 4 male), 27 OB-WSD (12 female, 15 male). Bars with different letters represent significant differences between maternal diet groups (P < 0.05). (E–F) Fetal liver samples from CON, OB-DR, and OB-WSD maternal diet groups were subjected to targeted assays for diacylglyceride (DAG) and ceramide (CER) concentrations. The sum of 1,2-DAGs, 1,3-DAGs, and all DAGs (E) and the sum of dihydroceramides and non-dihydroceramides (F) are shown. CON, n = 5 (3 female, 2 male); OB-DR, n = 5 (1 female, 4 male); OB-WSD, n = 5 (2 female, 3 male). #P < 0.10 vs CON by Student's _t_-test. A-F) Data are represented as mean ± SEM. (G) PLS-DA was used to identify lipid with changes in abundance that defined separation of samples between the maternal diet groups; 2-dimensional blot is shown. Dashed arrow indicates shift in lipid profile with OB-DR. (H) Heat map of the 15 lipids with the highest variable importance in projection (VIP) scores. Each square is representative of the mean levels of that lipid. Row values are normalized for each lipid and quantitative changes are color coded from blue (low) to red (high). Lipid names are shown on right y-axis. (I) Fetal liver acylcarnitines showing sums of short, medium, and long chain, and all acylcarnitines. y-axis values x 1000. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. CON, n = 5 (4 female, 1 male); OB-DR, n = 5 (1 female, 4 male); OB-WSD, n = 5 (2 female, 3 male).