Gold nanoparticle surface engineering strategies and their applications in biomedicine and diagnostics - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Gold nanoparticle surface engineering strategies and their applications in biomedicine and diagnostics

Kuldeep Mahato et al. 3 Biotech. 2019 Feb.

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have found a wide range of biomedical and environmental monitoring applications (viz. drug delivery, diagnostics, biosensing, bio-imaging, theranostics, and hazardous chemical sensing) due to their excellent optoelectronic and enhanced physico-chemical properties. The modulation of these properties is done by functionalizing them with the synthesized AuNPs with polymers, surfactants, ligands, drugs, proteins, peptides, or oligonucleotides for attaining the target specificity, selectivity and sensitivity for their various applications in diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics. This review intends to highlight the contribution of such AuNPs in state-of-the-art ventures of diverse biomedical applications. Therefore, a brief discussion on the synthesis of AuNPs has been summarized prior to comprehensive detailing of their surface modification strategies and the applications. Here in, we have discussed various ways of AuNPs functionalization including thiol, phosphene, amine, polymer and silica mediated passivation strategies. Thereafter, the implications of these passivated AuNPs in sensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), bioimaging, drug delivery, and theranostics have been extensively discussed with the a number of illustrations.

Keywords: Biomedical applications; Gold nanoparticles; Surface functionalization strategies; Synthesis approaches.

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Conflict of interest statement

Compliance with ethical standardsAuthors report no conflict of interest in this work.

Figures

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Schematic representation of NP syntheses using (1) top-down and (2) bottom up approaches

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

The pictorial representation of thiol-stabilized AuNPs synthesis based on the phase extraction process using (1) tetraoctylammonium bromide [TOAB; (C8H17)4NBr] followed by the reduction with sodium borohydrite (NaBH4) (2) Particles are capped using dodecane thiol (C12H25SH)

Fig. 3

Fig. 3

Schematic representation of different types of secondary modification approaches for mixed-monolayer-passivated AuNP functionalization, (a) carbodiimide coupling at carboxylic end thiolated AuNPs (b) hydroxyl end thiol-stabilized AuNPs using RCOCl coupling reaction

Fig. 4

Fig. 4

Schematic representation of the polymer-stabilized AuNPs synthesis using (a) grafting-from, (b) grafting-to, and (c) post-synthetic modification techniques

Fig. 5

Fig. 5

Illustrations for different applications of functionalized AuNPs, where (a) shows the schematic of dipstick-type diagnostic device based on antibody-coated AuNPs for colorimetric detection (Reprinted with permission of Tanaka et al.; copyright Springer). b Shows functionalized AuNP–GDQ FRET pair-based detection of mecA gene sequence of Staphylococcus aureus (Reprinted with permission of Shi et al.; copyright Elsevier). c Shows functionalized AuNP-based SERS strategy for cell imaging (Reprinted with permission of Zhang et al.; copyright Springer). d Shows simultaneous detection and bio-imaging based on aptamer-based functionalized AuNPs (Reprinted with permission of Zhu et al.; copyright the American Chemical Society). e Shows co-functionalization of AuNPs and protein using polymers as nano-carrier for delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drug camptothecin (Reprinted with permission of Khandalia et al.; copyright the Royal Society of Chemistry). f Shows the anti-VEGF siRNA functionalized AuNP-based combinatorial theranostic strategies targeting early tumor cells (Reprinted with permission of Son et al.; copyright Theranostics)

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