Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease - PubMed (original) (raw)

Meta-Analysis

Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease

Emma L O'Lone et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019.

Abstract

Background: The anaemia seen in chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be exacerbated by iron deficiency. Iron can be provided through different routes, with advantages and drawbacks of each route. It remains unclear whether the potential harms and additional costs of intravenous (IV) compared with oral iron are justified. This is an update of a review first published in 2012.

Objectives: To determine the benefits and harms of IV iron supplementation compared with oral iron for anaemia in adults and children with CKD, including participants on dialysis, with kidney transplants and CKD not requiring dialysis.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 7 December 2018 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs in which IV and oral routes of iron administration were compared in adults and children with CKD.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed study eligibility, risk of bias, and extracted data. Results were reported as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes. For continuous outcomes the mean difference (MD) was used or standardised mean difference (SMD) if different scales had been used. Statistical analyses were performed using the random-effects model. Subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression were performed to investigate between study differences. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADE.

Main results: We included 39 studies (3852 participants), 11 of which were added in this update. A low risk of bias was attributed to 20 (51%) studies for sequence generation, 14 (36%) studies for allocation concealment, 22 (56%) studies for attrition bias and 20 (51%) for selective outcome reporting. All studies were at a high risk of performance bias. However, all studies were considered at low risk of detection bias because the primary outcome in all studies was laboratory-based and unlikely to be influenced by lack of blinding.There is insufficient evidence to suggest that IV iron compared with oral iron makes any difference to death (all causes) (11 studies, 1952 participants: RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.64, 1.94) (absolute effect: 33 participants per 1000 with IV iron versus 31 per 1000 with oral iron), the number of participants needing to start dialysis (4 studies, 743 participants: RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.41, 1.61) or the number needing blood transfusions (5 studies, 774 participants: RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.55, 1.34) (absolute effect: 87 per 1,000 with IV iron versus 101 per 1,000 with oral iron). These analyses were assessed as having low certainty evidence. It is uncertain whether IV iron compared with oral iron reduces cardiovascular death because the certainty of this evidence was very low (3 studies, 206 participants: RR 1.71, 95% CI 0.41 to 7.18). Quality of life was reported in five studies with four reporting no difference between treatment groups and one reporting improvement in participants treated with IV iron.IV iron compared with oral iron may increase the numbers of participants, who experience allergic reactions or hypotension (15 studies, 2607 participants: RR 3.56, 95% CI 1.88 to 6.74) (absolute harm: 24 per 1000 with IV iron versus 7 per 1000) but may reduce the number of participants with all gastrointestinal adverse effects (14 studies, 1986 participants: RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.66) (absolute benefit: 150 per 1000 with IV iron versus 319 per 1000). These analyses were assessed as having low certainty evidence.IV iron compared with oral iron may increase the number of participants who achieve target haemoglobin (13 studies, 2206 participants: RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.04) (absolute benefit: 542 participants per 1,000 with IV iron versus 317 per 1000 with oral iron), increased haemoglobin (31 studies, 3373 participants: MD 0.72 g/dL, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.05); ferritin (33 studies, 3389 participants: MD 224.84 µg/L, 95% CI 165.85 to 283.83) and transferrin saturation (27 studies, 3089 participants: MD 7.69%, 95% CI 5.10 to 10.28), and may reduce the dose required of erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) (11 studies, 522 participants: SMD -0.72, 95% CI -1.12 to -0.31) while making little or no difference to glomerular filtration rate (8 studies, 1052 participants: 0.83 mL/min, 95% CI -0.79 to 2.44). All analyses were assessed as having low certainty evidence. There were moderate to high degrees of heterogeneity in these analyses but in meta-regression, definite reasons for this could not be determined.

Authors' conclusions: The included studies provide low certainty evidence that IV iron compared with oral iron increases haemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin levels in CKD participants, increases the number of participants who achieve target haemoglobin and reduces ESA requirements. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether IV iron compared with oral iron influences death (all causes), cardiovascular death and quality of life though most studies reported only short periods of follow-up. Adverse effects were reported in only 50% of included studies. We therefore suggest that further studies that focus on patient-centred outcomes with longer follow-up periods are needed to determine if the use of IV iron is justified on the basis of reductions in ESA dose and cost, improvements in patient quality of life, and with few serious adverse effects.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Emma L O'Lone: none known
  2. Elisabeth M Hodson: none known
  3. Ionut Nistor: none known
  4. Davide Bolignano: none known
  5. Angela C Webster: none known
  6. Jonathan C Craig: none known

Figures

1

1

Flow diagram of studies included in the systematic review

2

2

Risk of bias graph: Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies

3

3

Risk of bias summary: Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study

4

4

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Patient‐centred outcomes.Outcome: 1.1 Death (all causes) Eggers test P = 0.25

5

5

Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Laboratory/pharmaceutical outcomes, outcome: 2.4 Transferrin saturation: Final or change [%]. Eggers test P = 0.00

1.1

1.1. Analysis

Comparison 1 Patient centred outcomes, Outcome 1 Death (all causes).

1.2

1.2. Analysis

Comparison 1 Patient centred outcomes, Outcome 2 Cardiovascular death.

1.3

1.3. Analysis

Comparison 1 Patient centred outcomes, Outcome 3 Quality of life.

1.4

1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1 Patient centred outcomes, Outcome 4 Number of non‐dialysis patients needing to commence dialysis.

1.5

1.5. Analysis

Comparison 1 Patient centred outcomes, Outcome 5 Number requiring transfusion.

1.6

1.6. Analysis

Comparison 1 Patient centred outcomes, Outcome 6 Type of adverse event.

2.1

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Laboratory/pharmaceutical outcomes, Outcome 1 Number achieving target haemoglobin or increase ≥ 1 g/dL.

2.2

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Laboratory/pharmaceutical outcomes, Outcome 2 Haemoglobin: final or change (all patients).

2.3

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Laboratory/pharmaceutical outcomes, Outcome 3 Ferritin: final or change (all patients).

2.4

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Laboratory/pharmaceutical outcomes, Outcome 4 Transferrin saturation: final or change.

2.5

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Laboratory/pharmaceutical outcomes, Outcome 5 Haematocrit.

2.6

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Laboratory/pharmaceutical outcomes, Outcome 6 End of treatment or change in ESA dose.

2.7

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Laboratory/pharmaceutical outcomes, Outcome 7 eGFR end or change.

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    1. Svara F, Sulkova S, Kvasnicka J, Polakovic V. Iron supplementation during erythropoietin therapy in patients on hemodialysis [Doplnovani zeleza pri lecbe erytropoetinem u hemodialyzovanych pacientu]. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 1996;42(12):849‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tsuchida 2010 HD {published data only}
    1. Tsuchida A, Paudyal B, Paudyal P, Ishii Y, Hiromura K, Nojima Y, et al. Effectiveness of oral iron to manage anemia in long‐term hemodialysis patients with the use of ultrapure dialysate. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine 2010;1(5):777‐81. [EMBASE: 2010419867] - PMC - PubMed
Van Wyck 2005 CKD {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wyck DB, Roppolo M, Martinez CO, Mazey RM, McMurray S, United States Iron Sucrose (Venofer) Clinical Trials Group. A randomized, controlled trial comparing IV iron sucrose to oral iron in anemic patients with nondialysis‐dependent CKD. Kidney International 2005;68(6):2846‐56. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Wyck DB, Roppolo M, Martinez CO, McMurray SD, Mazey R. A randomized controlled trial comparing IV iron sucrose to oral iron in anemic patients with non‐dialysis‐dependent CKD [abstract no: F‐FC051]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:49A. [CENTRAL: CN‐01657327] - PubMed
Wang 2003 HD {published data only}
    1. Wang L, Li G, Liao C, Wang F. The effects of oral vs venous iron supplement in treatment of iron deficiency of maintained patients with anemia [abstract no: PUB324]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(Nov):842A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00747318]
Warady 2002 HD {published and unpublished data}
    1. Warady BA, Kausz A, Lerner G, Brewer ED, Chadha V, Brugnara C, et al. Iron therapy in the pediatric hemodialysis population. Pediatric Nephrology 2004;19(6):655‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Warady BA, Kausz AT, Lerner G, Brewer ED, Chadha V, Brugnara C, et al. A comparison of intravenous and oral iron therapy in children receiving hemodialysis [abstract no: F‐PO789]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2002;13(Program & Abstracts):221A. [CENTRAL: CN‐01657600]
Winney 1977 HD {published data only}
    1. Winney RJ, Swainson CP, Parker A, Bone JM, Robson JS. Iron therapy in hemodialysis patients: Oral or parenteral? [abstract]. Kidney International 1977;12(1):88. [CENTRAL: CN‐00747346] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adhikary 2011 {published data only}
    1. Adhikary L, Acharya S. Efficacy of IV iron compared to oral iron for increment of haemoglobin level in anemic chronic kidney disease patients on erythropoietin therapy. Jnma, Journal of the Nepal Medical Association 2011;51(183):133‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Allegra 1991 {published data only}
    1. Allegra V, Mengozzi G, Vasile A. Iron deficiency in maintenance hemodialysis patients: Assessment of diagnosis criteria and of three different iron treatments. Nephron 1991;57(2):175‐82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Charytan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Charytan C, Bernardo MV, Koch TA, Butcher A, Morris D, Bregman DB. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus standard medical care in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized, active‐controlled, multi‐center study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(4):953‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
HEMATOCRIT 2012 {published data only}
    1. Barraclough KA, Brown F, Hawley CM, Leary D, Noble E, Campbell SB, et al. A randomized controlled trial of oral heme iron polypeptide versus oral iron supplementation for the treatment of anaemia in peritoneal dialysis patients: HEMATOCRIT trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(11):4146‐53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Barraclough KA, Noble E, Leary D, Brown B, Hawley CM, Campbell SB, et al. Rationale and design of the oral HEMe iron polypeptide Against Treatment with Oral Controlled Release Iron Tablets trial for the correction of anaemia in peritoneal dialysis patients (HEMATOCRIT trial). BMC Nephrology 2009;10:20. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lye 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lye WC, Chin S, Lee WT, Fan KS, Tan SY. Prospective randomised comparison of three routes of iron supplementation during erythropoietin (rHuEPO) therapy in hemodialysis patients [abstract no: A1334]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):264A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00677754]
    1. Lye WC, Chin S, Wong KC, Fan KS. A prospective randomised comparison of three routes of iron administration during erythropoietin (RHEUPO) therapy in dialysis patients [abstract no: P949]. Nephrology 1997;3(Suppl 1):S311. [CENTRAL: CN‐00520359]
    1. Lye WC, Chin S, Wong KC, Fan KS. Prospective randomised comparison of three routes of iron administration during erythropoietin (rHuEPO) therapy in hemodialysis patients [abstract no: A1018]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1997;8(Program & Abstracts):220A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00446509]

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References to other published versions of this review

Albaramki 2009
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