The evolutionary landscape of the Rab family in chordates - PubMed (original) (raw)
The evolutionary landscape of the Rab family in chordates
Ugo Coppola et al. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019 Oct.
Abstract
Intracellular traffic amongst organelles represents a key feature for eukaryotes and is orchestrated principally by members of Rab family, the largest within Ras superfamily. Given that variations in Rab repertoire have been fundamental in animal diversification, we provided the most exhaustive survey regarding the Rab toolkit of chordates. Our findings reveal the existence of 42 metazoan conserved subfamilies exhibiting a univocal intron/exon structure preserved from cnidarians to vertebrates. Since the current view does not capture the Rab complexity, we propose a new Rab family classification in three distinct monophyletic clades. The Rab complement of chordates shows a dramatic diversification due to genome duplications and independent gene duplications and losses with sharp differences amongst cephalochordates, tunicates and gnathostome vertebrates. Strikingly, the analysis of the domain architecture of this family highlighted the existence of chimeric calcium-binding Rabs, which are animal novelties characterized by a complex evolutionary history in gnathostomes and whose role in cellular metabolism is obscure. This work provides novel insights in the knowledge of Rab family: our hypothesis is that chordates represent a hotspot of Rab variability, with many events of gene gains and losses impacting intracellular traffic capabilities. Our results help to elucidate the role of Rab members in the transport amongst endomembranes and shed light on intracellular traffic routes in vertebrates. Then, since the predominant role of Rabs in the molecular communication between different cellular districts, this study paves to way to comprehend inherited or acquired human disorders provoked by dysfunctions in Rab genes.
Keywords: Amphioxus Branchiostoma; Ascidian Ciona; Calcium-binding Rab chimeras; Larvacean Oikopleura; Metazoan Rabs; Small GTPase superfamily.
Figures
Fig. 1
Rab phylogeny in Metazoa. The cladogram shows three monophyletic Rab clades highlighted with different colours (A green, B red and C blue) encompassing Rab proteins of Nematostella vectensis, Caenorhabditis elegans, Capitella teleta, Lottia gigantea, Saccoglossus kowalevskii, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Branchiostoma lanceolatum, Ciona robusta, Oikopleura dioica, Anolis carolinensis, Homo sapiens. Values at the branches represent replicates obtained using aLRT and aBayes methods
Fig. 2
Rab toolkit: gene duplications and losses shaped the extant metazoan Rab complement. The number of Rab members for each species is indicated in correspondence of the column (#); red numbers represent Rab genes considered to be LECA, according to the classification proposed by Elias et al. [22], plus the Ran gene and without RabTitan and Rab50. The colour of dots indicates the gene presence (black), gene absence (white), invertebrate lineage-specific duplications (orange), vertebrate whole-genome duplicates (green), vertebrate-specific gene duplicates (blue), reptile-specific duplicates (brown), mammalian-specific duplicates (magenta) and primate-specific duplicates (yellow)
Fig. 3
Rab intron code. Schematization of metazoan Rab gene structure showing the intron conservation code specific for each subfamily. Grey boxes represent the three canonical Rab domains: P-loop, Switch I and Switch II. The green, red and blue frames correspond to the three monophyletic clades resulted from the phylogenetic analysis. The intron/exon boundary of each Rab subfamily is shown by small vertical bars, in blue for intra-clade and in red for inter-clade conserved intron positions
Fig. 4
Modular domain organization. Distinct Rab domain architectures found in metazoans. a Most of Rabs contain “canonical” Rab domains made of P-Loop (bluebox), Switch I (pink box) and Switch II (green box). b The FALK stretch (in red) is exclusive of Rab32, Rab38, Rab32LO and Rab7L1. c Ran proteins possess a divergent amino acid composition in P-Loop, Switch I and Switch II domains (empty boxes). d One or two EF-Hand domains at N-terminus (orange and red pentagons) characterize the chimeras Rab (Rasef, EFcab4/Rab44, EFcab4, and Rab44). e The unique case of Rab40 protein, which contains an SOCS box at the C terminus (light orange box)
Fig. 5
Evolutionary history of Rab chimeras. a Phylogenetic three of Rab chimeras. EFcab4/Rab44 already present in invertebrates underwent two rounds of genome duplication in vertebrates generating Rab44, EFcab4A and Efcab4B. On the other hand, Rasef is a single-copy gene in both invertebrates and gnathostomes; Rab46 was excluded for their sequence divergence. First and second EF-Hand domains (orange and red pentagons, respectively) and Rab motifs (blue bar) are depicted. On the left, the ancestral organization of Rab chimeras is shown. Numbers at the branches are replicates obtained employing the ML estimation method. b Domain organization of invertebrate EFcab4/Rab44 and gnathostome EFcab4A and EFcab4B. EFcab4A in amphibians and mammals has lost the canonical Rab domain. Rab44 was excluded here for their variability in domain organization. c The orthology of gnathostome EFcab4A genes is demonstrated by the conserved neighbourhood on respective chromosomes
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