Differential Effects of Typical Korean Versus American-Style Diets on Gut Microbial Composition and Metabolic Profile in Healthy Overweight Koreans: A Randomized Crossover Trial - PubMed (original) (raw)

Randomized Controlled Trial

. 2019 Oct 14;11(10):2450.

doi: 10.3390/nu11102450.

Affiliations

Randomized Controlled Trial

Differential Effects of Typical Korean Versus American-Style Diets on Gut Microbial Composition and Metabolic Profile in Healthy Overweight Koreans: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Ji-Hee Shin et al. Nutrients. 2019.

Abstract

The Westernized diet has been associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, whereas a Korean diet has been reported to exert beneficial effects on health in several studies. However, the effects of Western and Korean diets on the gut microbiome and host metabolome are unclear. To examine the diet-specific effects on microbiome and metabolome, we conducted a randomized crossover clinical trial of typical Korean diet (TKD), typical American diet (TAD), and recommended American diet (RAD). The trial involved a 4-week consumption of an experimental diet followed by a 2-week interval before diet crossover. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis identified 16, 10, and 14 differential bacteria genera specific to TKD, RAD, and TAD, respectively. The Firmucutes-Bacteroidetes ratio was increased by TKD. Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolome profiling revealed that TKD enriched branched chain amino acid metabolism, whereas ketone body metabolism was evident in RAD and TAD. Microbiome and metabolome responses to the experimental diets varied with individual enterotypes. These findings provide evidence that the gut microbiome and host metabolome rapidly respond to different cultural diets. The findings will inform clarification of the diet-related communication networks of the gut microbiome and host metabolome in humans.

Keywords: American diet; Korean diet; enterotype; gut microbiota; metabolomics; randomized crossover trial.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1

Effects of three different dietary patterns on the diversity of gut microbiota. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses of gut microbiome were performed before and after typical Korean diet (TKD), recommended American diet (RAD), and typical American diet (TAD) interventions in crossover design. (A) Rarefaction curves of observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs). (B) Two-dimensional principle coordinate analysis based on the unweighted UniFrac distance of all sequenced samples before and after TKD, RAD, and TAD intervention. Each circle represents the profile of gut microbiome from each individual. Axes represent percentage of data explained by each coordinate dimension. (C) Changes in the diversity of intestinal bacterial communities determined by Shannon index. Paired comparison of before and after a dietary intervention was carried out and the significance was tested by Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test (* p < 0.05; ns, not significant).

Figure 2

Figure 2

Differential effects of Korean diet and American diets on profiles of intestinal bacterial communities. (A) Relative proportions of gut microbial phyla before and after three diet intervention. (B) The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes between before and after each diet intervention. (C) Venn diagram showing numbers of genera differentially changed in response to TKD, RAD, and TKD intervention (p < 0.05; Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test). (D) List of significant genera in comparison of before and after dietary intervention. Box plots of relative abundance show the fold change of after vs. before intervention in log2 scale. Green, purple, and orange color indicates TKD, RAD, and TAD, respectively.

Figure 3

Figure 3

Global profiling analysis of serum metabolites. Metabolomic profiles of serum samples were determined by 1H NMR. (A) Significantly changed metabolites between before and after dietary intervention using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Metabolites with raw p < 0.01 (−log10 of the _p_-value > 2) are labeled. (B) Significant metabolic pathways affected by diet intervention using Metaboanalyst pathway analysis. The color and size of the circles reflect the _p_-values and pathway impact values, respectively. (C) Alterations in the concentrations of metabolites. The vertical axis shows the alternation of metabolite concentration, which is the delta value between concentration of sample from before each diet and sample from after each diet (CAfter minus CBefore). _p_-value of significant differences between the levels before and after each dietary pattern were determined from the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. *, **, and *** indicate p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively.

Figure 4

Figure 4

Effect of enterotypes on the microbial and host responses to experimental diets. (A) Classification of enterotypes by principal coordinates analysis of 54 individuals based on the composition of the genus level relative abundance profiles. (B) Tukey box and whiskers plots of the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Prevotella in each enterotype. Asterisk represents statistical significance (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001; Kruskal–Wallis followed by a Dunn’s multiple comparisons test). (C) PCoA plot of the unweighted UniFarc distances of gut microbial composition from three enterotypes after TKD, RAD, and TAD intervention. (D) Changes in the relative abundance of genera from before to after intervention were evaluated by Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test in each enterotype. Enterotype-specific increased and decreased bacterial genera colored red and green, respectively. The x-axis indicates the −log10 of the _p_-value of each genus from Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test between before and after each dietary intervention in each enterotype. Metabolites changes in serum (E) and urine (F) according to enterotype after each diet intervention. The y-axis indicates changes of concentrations of the metabolites (CAfter minus CBefore). Significant differences between the levels before and after dietary intervention were determined by the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. * and ** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. Enterotype 1 (E1), enterotype 2 (E2), and enterotype 3 (E3) are shown in pink, blue, and orange, respectively.

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