Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays for Cardiovascular Stent Applications - PubMed (original) (raw)

Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays for Cardiovascular Stent Applications

Ita Junkar et al. ACS Omega. 2020.

Abstract

Efficient stent implantation among others depends on avoiding the aggregation of platelets in the blood vessels and appropriate proliferation of endothelial cells and controlled proliferation of smooth muscle cells, which reduces the development of pathology, such as neointimal hyperplasia, thrombosis, and restenosis. The current article provides an elegant solution for prevention of platelet and smooth muscle cell adhesion and activation on stent surfaces while obtaining surface conditions to support the growth of human coronary artery endothelial cells. This was achieved by surface nanostructuring and chemical activation of the surface. Specific nanotopographies of titanium were obtained by electrochemical anodization, while appropriate chemical properties were attained by treatment of titanium oxide nanotubes by highly reactive oxygen plasma. Surface properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Wettability was evaluated by measuring the water contact angle. The influence of nanostructured morphology and plasma modification on in vitro biological response with human coronary artery endothelia and smooth muscle cells as well as whole blood was studied. Our results show that a combination of nanostructuring and plasma modification of the surfaces is an effective way to achieve desired biological responses necessary for implantable materials such as stents.

Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1

SEM images of the top surface of Ti foil and TiO2 nanostructures of different diameters: nanotubes with 15 nm (NT15), 50 nm (NT50), and 100 nm (NT100) in diameter; Scale bars: 500 nm.

Figure 2

Figure 2

AFM images of pristine Ti foil and TiO2 nanostructures with different diameters: (a) Ti foil, (b) nanotubes with 15 nm (NT15), (c) 50 nm (NT50), and (d) 100 nm (NT100) in diameter.

Figure 3

Figure 3

Chemical composition of plain titanium foil (Ti foil) and nanotubes (NTs), which were analyzed by XPS immediately after fabrication (Fresh NT), 1 month after fabrication (Old NT), and after plasma treatment (NT+P).

Figure 4

Figure 4

Comparison of XPS survey spectra on fresh nanotubes with 15, 50, and 100 nm in diameter (Fresh NT15, Fresh NT50, and Fresh NT100).

Figure 5

Figure 5

High-resolution (a) C 1s, (b) O 1s, and (c) Ti 2p peaks for fresh nanotubes with 100 nm in diameter (Fresh NT100) and plasma-treated nanotubes with 100 nm in diameter (NT100+P).

Figure 6

Figure 6

SEM images of (a) Ti foil, (b) fresh, (c) 2 months old, and (d) plasma-treated NT15, NT50, and NT100 interacting with platelets (NT: nanotubes with 15, 50, and 100 nm in diameter). Scale bars: 10 μm.

Figure 7

Figure 7

SEM images of Ti foil, fresh NT50, 1 month old NT50, and plasma-treated NT50 samples interacting with platelets (NT: nanotubes with 15, 50, and 100 nm in diameter). Ti foil: platelets numerous and fully spread, very high adhesion; Fresh NT50: platelets mainly in dendritic form, medium adhesion; Old NT50: platelets fully spread, high adhesion; NT50+P: platelets rounded and dendritic, low adhesion. Scale bars: 1 μm.

Figure 8

Figure 8

Fluorescence microscopy images of HCAEC grown on Ti foil, fresh NT15, fresh NT50, fresh NT100, plasma-treated NT15, plasma-treated NT50, and plasma-treated NT100 (NT: nanotubes with 15, 50, and 100 nm in diameter). Green is phalloidin-FITC staining, and blue is DAPI.

Figure 9

Figure 9

Fluorescence microscopy images of HCAEC grown on Ti foil, fresh NT15, and plasma-treated NT15 (NT: nanotubes with 15, 50, and 100 nm in diameter) for 2 days in the presence of SAA in medium in the last 24 h. Tests were conducted with acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA). Green is phalloidin-FITC staining, and blue is DAPI.

Figure 10

Figure 10

Fluorescence microscopy images of SMC grown on Ti foil, fresh NT15, and plasma-treated NT15 (NT: nanotubes with 15 nm in diameter) for 2 days.

Figure 11

Figure 11

Fluorescence microscopy images of SMC grown on Ti foil, fresh NT15, and plasma-treated NT15 (NT: nanotubes with 15 nm in diameter) for 2 days. Tests were conducted with serum amyloid A (SAA 500 nM) addition in the cell culture media.

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