Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00694. eCollection 2020.

Nanjangud V Anil Kumar 2, Paolo Zucca 3, Elena Maria Varoni 4, Luciana Dini 5, Elisa Panzarini 5, Jovana Rajkovic 6, Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou 7, Elena Azzini 8, Ilaria Peluso 8, Abhay Prakash Mishra 9, Manisha Nigam 10, Youssef El Rayess 11, Marc El Beyrouthy 11, Letizia Polito 12, Marcello Iriti 13, Natália Martins 14 15, Miquel Martorell 16 17, Anca Oana Docea 18, William N Setzer 19, Daniela Calina 18, William C Cho 20, Javad Sharifi-Rad 21

Affiliations

Review

Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases

Mehdi Sharifi-Rad et al. Front Physiol. 2020.

Abstract

Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Long term exposure to increased levels of pro-oxidant factors can cause structural defects at a mitochondrial DNA level, as well as functional alteration of several enzymes and cellular structures leading to aberrations in gene expression. The modern lifestyle associated with processed food, exposure to a wide range of chemicals and lack of exercise plays an important role in oxidative stress induction. However, the use of medicinal plants with antioxidant properties has been exploited for their ability to treat or prevent several human pathologies in which oxidative stress seems to be one of the causes. In this review we discuss the diseases in which oxidative stress is one of the triggers and the plant-derived antioxidant compounds with their mechanisms of antioxidant defenses that can help in the prevention of these diseases. Finally, both the beneficial and detrimental effects of antioxidant molecules that are used to reduce oxidative stress in several human conditions are discussed.

Keywords: aging; antioxidant defense; cancer; cardiovascular diseases; natural antioxidants; neurological disorders; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species.

Copyright © 2020 Sharifi-Rad, Anil Kumar, Zucca, Varoni, Dini, Panzarini, Rajkovic, Tsouh Fokou, Azzini, Peluso, Prakash Mishra, Nigam, El Rayess, Beyrouthy, Polito, Iriti, Martins, Martorell, Docea, Setzer, Calina, Cho and Sharifi-Rad.

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Figures

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1

Schematic presentation of the sources of free radicals and their effects on the human body.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2

Schematic figure of the link between ROS, oxidative stress and their effects on the human body. Oxidative stress is the imbalance that occurs when there is an increased production of free radicals that exceeds the body’s ability to neutralize it. Alteration of chemical reactions at the cellular level leads to the appearance of free radicals and peroxides that affect the intracellular structures – proteins, lipids, DNA, with the disruption of intrinsic mechanisms at this level. Free radicals are normally produced in the body due to the influence of external factors, such as pollution, cigarette smoke, or internal, due to intracellular metabolism when antioxidant mechanisms are exceeded.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3

Primary enzymes (SOD or peroxidases) act directly in scavenging ROS. Secondary enzymes, such as glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, support the action of primary enzymes regenerating NAPDH and reduced glutathione.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4

Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide with an active –SH function. GSH undergoes a redox cycle, dimerizing with a disulfide bridge formation.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5

Chemical structures of Lipoic acid, Melatonin, Coenzyme Q10.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6

Chemical structures of Vitamin C, Curcumin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, Vitamin E, β-carotene, Lycopene.

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