The hidden burden of eating disorders: an extension of estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 - PubMed (original) (raw)
The hidden burden of eating disorders: an extension of estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Damian F Santomauro et al. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Apr.
Abstract
Background: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the only eating disorders included in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, yet binge-eating disorder and other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) are more prevalent. This study sought to estimate the prevalence and burden of binge-eating disorder and OSFED globally and present a case for their inclusion in GBD.
Methods: We sourced studies from the GBD 2019 anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa epidemiological databases, two systematic reviews that included studies with epidemiological estimates of binge-eating disorder and OSFED, and experts in the field. Studies, published between Jan 1, 1998, and March 1, 2019, were included if they reported non-zero prevalence of two or more eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, or OSFED) and diagnosed cases according to DSM-IV or DSM-5. The proportions of total eating disorder cases that met diagnostic criteria for each individual eating disorder were estimated via network meta-regression and simulation using studies reporting eating disorder prevalence. The global cases unrepresented in GBD 2019 were estimated using the proportions from the simulation and the GBD 2019 eating disorder prevalence. Disability weights for binge-eating disorder and OSFED were then estimated along with disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
Findings: 54 studies, of which 36 were from high-income countries, were included in the analysis. The number of global eating disorder cases in 2019 that were unrepresented in GBD 2019 was 41·9 million (95% UI 27·9-59·0), and consisted of 17·3 million (11·3-24·9) people with binge-eating disorder and 24·6 million (14·7-39·7) people with OSFED (vs 13·6 million [10·2-17·5] people with eating disorders in GBD 2019). Together, binge-eating disorder and OSFED caused 3·7 million (95% UI 2·0-6·5) DALYs globally, bringing the total eating disorder DALYs to 6·6 million (3·8-10·6) in 2019.
Interpretation: Binge-eating disorder and OSFED accounted for the majority of eating disorder cases and DALYs globally. These findings warrant the inclusion of binge-eating disorder and OSFED in future iterations of GBD, which will bring the burden experienced by people living with these disorders to the attention of policy makers with the means to target this burden.
Funding: Queensland Health, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Figures
Figure 1
Process of study identification GBD=Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study.
Figure 2
Global prevalence by eating disorder diagnosis, sex, and age in 2019 OSFED=other specified feeding or eating disorder. Shaded areas denote 95% uncertainty intervals.
Figure 3
Global DALYs by eating disorder, sex, and age in 2019 DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years. OSFED=other specified feeding or eating disorder.
Comment in
- The hidden burden of eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Zipfel S, Schmidt U, Giel KE. Zipfel S, et al. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022 Jan;9(1):9-11. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00435-1. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022. PMID: 34921799 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Similar articles
- Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022 Feb;9(2):137-150. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3. Epub 2022 Jan 10. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022. PMID: 35026139 Free PMC article. - Trends in the prevalence and disability-adjusted life years of eating disorders from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.
Wu J, Liu J, Li S, Ma H, Wang Y. Wu J, et al. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020 Dec 7;29:e191. doi: 10.1017/S2045796020001055. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020. PMID: 33283690 Free PMC article. - Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.
Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Flaxman AD, Johns N, Burstein R, Murray CJ, Vos T. Whiteford HA, et al. Lancet. 2013 Nov 9;382(9904):1575-86. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6. Epub 2013 Aug 29. Lancet. 2013. PMID: 23993280 Review. - The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators. GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Dec;5(12):987-1012. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30337-7. Epub 2018 Nov 1. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018. PMID: 30392731 Free PMC article. - There is nothing as inconsistent as the OSFED diagnostic criteria.
Krug I, Dang AB, Hughes EK. Krug I, et al. Trends Mol Med. 2024 Apr;30(4):403-415. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.01.006. Epub 2024 Feb 22. Trends Mol Med. 2024. PMID: 38395717 Review.
Cited by
- Early intervention for eating disorders.
Mills R, Hyam L, Schmidt U. Mills R, et al. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2024 Nov 1;37(6):397-403. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000963. Epub 2024 Sep 18. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2024. PMID: 39146555 Free PMC article. Review. - Co-occurring psychiatric disorders in young people with eating disorders: An multi-state and real-time analysis of real-world administrative data.
Lin BY, Liu A, Xie H, Eddington S, Moog D, Xu KY. Lin BY, et al. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2024 Sep-Oct;90:30-34. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.06.009. Epub 2024 Jun 15. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2024. PMID: 38924971 Free PMC article. - Moving between positions: a qualitative study of mentoring relationships in chronic eating disorders.
Elran-Barak R, Elmalah-Alon S. Elran-Barak R, et al. J Eat Disord. 2024 May 16;12(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s40337-024-01007-x. J Eat Disord. 2024. PMID: 38755674 Free PMC article. - Effectiveness of a Web-Based Cognitive Behavioral Self-Help Intervention for Binge Eating Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Pruessner L, Timm C, Barnow S, Rubel JA, Lalk C, Hartmann S. Pruessner L, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 May 1;7(5):e2411127. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.11127. JAMA Netw Open. 2024. PMID: 38753330 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial. - The Cultural Formulation Interview as a clinical tool in the assessment of eating disorders: a pilot study.
Strand M, Welch E, Bäärnhielm S. Strand M, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2024 Apr 12;15:1371339. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1371339. eCollection 2024. Front Psychiatry. 2024. PMID: 38680782 Free PMC article.
References
- American Psychiatric Association . 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association Publishing; Arlington, VA: 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)
- Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS. Eating disorders during adolescence and the risk for physical and mental disorders during early adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:545–552. - PubMed
- Harris EC, Barraclough B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173:11–53. - PubMed
- Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:724–731. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Miscellaneous