Diet-Related Alterations of Gut Bile Salt Hydrolases Determined Using a Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Microbiome - PubMed (original) (raw)

Meta-Analysis

Baolei Jia et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2021.

Abstract

The metabolism of bile acid by the gut microbiota is associated with host health. Bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) play a crucial role in controlling microbial bile acid metabolism. Herein, we conducted a comparative study to investigate the alterations in the abundance of BSHs using data from three human studies involving dietary interventions, which included a ketogenetic diet (KD) versus baseline diet (BD), overfeeding diet (OFD) versus underfeeding diet, and low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) versus BD. The KD increased BSH abundance compared to the BD, while the OFD and LCD did not change the total abundance of BSHs in the human gut. BSHs can be classified into seven clusters; Clusters 1 to 4 are relatively abundant in the gut. In the KD cohort, the levels of BSHs from Clusters 1, 3, and 4 increased significantly, whereas there was no notable change in the levels of BSHs from the clusters in the OFD and LCD cohorts. Taxonomic studies showed that members of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria predominantly produced BSHs. The KD altered the community structure of BSH-active bacteria, causing an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and decrease in Actinobacteria. In contrast, the abundance of BSH-active Bacteroidetes decreased in the OFD cohort, and no significant change was observed in the LCD cohort. These results highlight that dietary patterns are associated with the abundance of BSHs and community structure of BSH-active bacteria and demonstrate the possibility of manipulating the composition of BSHs in the gut through dietary interventions to impact human health.

Keywords: dietary pattern; gut microbiome; human health; metagenomic cohorts; secondary bile acids.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1

Changes in the total abundance of bile salt hydrolases in the human gut microbiome in (a) the baseline diet (BD) versus ketogenetic diet (KD) cohort, (b) underfeeding diet (UFD) versus overfeeding diet (OFD) cohort, and (c) BD versus low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) cohort. Statistical significance was calculated using the paired Wilcoxon test. The fold-change is shown in brackets after the p value.

Figure 2

Figure 2

Classification of bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) and their abundance in each cluster in the human gut. (a) Classification and evolutionary relationships of BSHs. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree for the BSHs listed in the Supplementary dataset S1 were generated using MEGA X. BSHs from different clusters were painted by the presented color. The abundance of the BSHs of Clusters 1 to 4 from the datasets of the baseline diet (BD) versus ketogenetic diet (KD) cohort (b), underfeeding diet (UFD) versus overfeeding diet (OFD) cohort (c), and BD versus low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) cohort (d) were further compared. The paired Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis. The fold-change is shown in the brackets after the p value if p < 0.05.

Figure 3

Figure 3

Taxonomic classification at the phylum level and relative abundance of bacteria with bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) in the human gut microbiome. (a) Taxonomic distribution of BSH-active bacteria at the phylum level in subjects of the baseline diet (BD) and ketogenetic diet (KD), underfeeding diet (UFD) and overfeeding diet (OFD), and BD and low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) after 3, 7, and 14 days (LCD-3d, LCD-7d, and LCD-14d). The abundance of the bacteria producing BSHs from Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were further compared as the BD versus KD cohort (b), UFD versus OFD cohort (c), and BD versus LCD cohort (d). Statistical significance was calculated using the paired Wilcoxon test. The fold-change is shown in the brackets after the p value.

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