Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload - PubMed (original) (raw)

Meta-Analysis

Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload

Maria Nieves Garcia-Casal et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021.

Abstract

Background: Reference standard indices of iron deficiency and iron overload are generally invasive, expensive, and can be unpleasant or occasionally risky. Ferritin is an iron storage protein and its concentration in the plasma or serum reflects iron stores; low ferritin indicates iron deficiency, while elevated ferritin reflects risk of iron overload. However, ferritin is also an acute-phase protein and its levels are elevated in inflammation and infection. The use of ferritin as a diagnostic test of iron deficiency and overload is a common clinical practice.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of ferritin concentrations (serum or plasma) for detecting iron deficiency and risk of iron overload in primary and secondary iron-loading syndromes.

Search methods: We searched the following databases (10 June 2020): DARE (Cochrane Library) Issue 2 of 4 2015, HTA (Cochrane Library) Issue 4 of 4 2016, CENTRAL (Cochrane Library) Issue 6 of 12 2020, MEDLINE (OVID) 1946 to 9 June 2020, Embase (OVID) 1947 to week 23 2020, CINAHL (Ebsco) 1982 to June 2020, Web of Science (ISI) SCI, SSCI, CPCI-exp & CPCI-SSH to June 2020, POPLINE 16/8/18, Open Grey (10/6/20), TRoPHI (10/6/20), Bibliomap (10/6/20), IBECS (10/6/20), SCIELO (10/6/20), Global Index Medicus (10/6/20) AIM, IMSEAR, WPRIM, IMEMR, LILACS (10/6/20), PAHO (10/6/20), WHOLIS 10/6/20, IndMED (16/8/18) and Native Health Research Database (10/6/20). We also searched two trials registers and contacted relevant organisations for unpublished studies.

Selection criteria: We included all study designs seeking to evaluate serum or plasma ferritin concentrations measured by any current or previously available quantitative assay as an index of iron status in individuals of any age, sex, clinical and physiological status from any country.

Data collection and analysis: We followed standard Cochrane methods. We designed the data extraction form to record results for ferritin concentration as the index test, and bone marrow iron content for iron deficiency and liver iron content for iron overload as the reference standards. Two other authors further extracted and validated the number of true positive, true negative, false positive, false negative cases, and extracted or derived the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for each threshold presented for iron deficiency and iron overload in included studies. We assessed risk of bias and applicability using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)-2 tool. We used GRADE assessment to enable the quality of evidence and hence strength of evidence for our conclusions.

Main results: Our search was conducted initially in 2014 and updated in 2017, 2018 and 2020 (10 June). We identified 21,217 records and screened 14,244 records after duplicates were removed. We assessed 316 records in full text. We excluded 190 studies (193 records) with reasons and included 108 studies (111 records) in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. There were 11 studies (12 records) that we screened from the last search update and appeared eligible for a future analysis. We decided to enter these as awaiting classification. We stratified the analysis first by participant clinical status: apparently healthy and non-healthy populations. We then stratified by age and pregnancy status as: infants and children, adolescents, pregnant women, and adults. Iron deficiency We included 72 studies (75 records) involving 6059 participants. Apparently healthy populations Five studies screened for iron deficiency in people without apparent illness. In the general adult population, three studies reported sensitivities of 63% to 100% at the optimum cutoff for ferritin, with corresponding specificities of 92% to 98%, but the ferritin cutoffs varied between studies. One study in healthy children reported a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 77%. One study in pregnant women reported a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100%. Overall confidence in these estimates was very low because of potential bias, indirectness, and sparse and heterogenous evidence. No studies screened for iron overload in apparently healthy people. People presenting for medical care There were 63 studies among adults presenting for medical care (5042 participants). For a sample of 1000 subjects with a 35% prevalence of iron deficiency (of the included studies in this category) and supposing a 85% specificity, there would be 315 iron-deficient subjects correctly classified as having iron deficiency and 35 iron-deficient subjects incorrectly classified as not having iron deficiency, leading to a 90% sensitivity. Thresholds proposed by the authors of the included studies ranged between 12 to 200 µg/L. The estimated diagnostic odds ratio was 50. Among non-healthy adults using a fixed threshold of 30 μg/L (nine studies, 512 participants, low-certainty evidence), the pooled estimate for sensitivity was 79% with a 95% confidence interval of (58%, 91%) and specificity of 98%, with a 95% confidence interval of (91%, 100%). The estimated diagnostic odds ratio was 140, a relatively highly informative test. Iron overload We included 36 studies (36 records) involving 1927 participants. All studies concerned non-healthy populations. There were no studies targeting either infants, children, or pregnant women. Among all populations (one threshold for males and females; 36 studies, 1927 participants, very low-certainty evidence): for a sample of 1000 subjects with a 42% prevalence of iron overload (of the included studies in this category) and supposing a 65% specificity, there would be 332 iron-overloaded subjects correctly classified as having iron overload and 85 iron-overloaded subjects incorrectly classified as not having iron overload, leading to a 80% sensitivity. The estimated diagnostic odds ratio was 8.

Authors' conclusions: At a threshold of 30 micrograms/L, there is low-certainty evidence that blood ferritin concentration is reasonably sensitive and a very specific test for iron deficiency in people presenting for medical care. There is very low certainty that high concentrations of ferritin provide a sensitive test for iron overload in people where this condition is suspected. There is insufficient evidence to know whether ferritin concentration performs similarly when screening asymptomatic people for iron deficiency or overload.

Copyright © 2021 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Disclaimer: Juan Pablo Peña‐Rosas and Maria Nieves Garcia‐Casal are full‐time staff members of the World Health Organization. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the World Health Organization. WHO gratefully acknowledges the financial contribution of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Nutrition International, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the US Agency for International Development (USAID), towards the work in the area of biomarkers of nutrition.

Sant‐Rayn Pasricha has received an unrestricted research grant as a co‐investigator from Vifor Pharma Ltd and has served as a consultant to the Australian Red Cross Blood Service. Dr Pasricha received partial financial support from the Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization for this work.

Ricardo X. Martinez is a consultant at WHO. He received partial financial support from the Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization for this work.

Lucero D. Lopez‐Perez is an independent consultant with no known conflicts of interest. She received partial financial support from the Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization for this work.

Figures

1

Clinical pathway for iron deficiency

2

Clinical pathway for iron overload

3

Study flow diagram for iron deficiency and risk of iron overload

4

Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across included studies

5

Funnel plot for all iron‐deficiency included studies (n = 72) and the corresponding effective sample size (ESS) weighted regression test of asymmetry

6

Funnel plot for all iron‐overload included studies (n = 36) and the corresponding effective sample size (ESS) weighted regression test of asymmetry

1. Test

Iron deficiency apparently healthy (All)

2. Test

Iron deficiency apparently healthy (*adults)

3. Test

Iron deficiency non‐healthy (All)

4. Test

Iron deficiency non‐healthy (infants and children)

5. Test

Iron deficiency non‐healthy (*adults)

6. Test

Iron deficiency non‐healthy (adults, pregnant women)

7. Test

Iron overload (All)

8. Test

Iron overload (All: threshold per gender: males/females)

Update of

• doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011817

Similar articles

• Folic acid supplementation and malaria susceptibility and severity among people taking antifolate antimalarial drugs in endemic areas.
  Crider K, Williams J, Qi YP, Gutman J, Yeung L, Mai C, Finkelstain J, Mehta S, Pons-Duran C, Menéndez C, Moraleda C, Rogers L, Daniels K, Green P. Crider K, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 1;2(2022):CD014217. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014217. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PMID: 36321557 Free PMC article.
• Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations.
  Garcia-Casal MN, Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gwirtz JA, Pasricha SR. Garcia-Casal MN, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 22;12(12):CD010187. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010187.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. PMID: 30577080 Free PMC article.
• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency.
  Hombali AS, Solon JA, Venkatesh BT, Nair NS, Peña-Rosas JP. Hombali AS, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 May 10;5(5):CD010068. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010068.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31074495 Free PMC article.
• Regional cerebral blood flow single photon emission computed tomography for detection of Frontotemporal dementia in people with suspected dementia.
  Archer HA, Smailagic N, John C, Holmes RB, Takwoingi Y, Coulthard EJ, Cullum S. Archer HA, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 23;2015(6):CD010896. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010896.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015. PMID: 26102272 Free PMC article. Review.
• Doppler trans-thoracic echocardiography for detection of pulmonary hypertension in adults.
  Tsujimoto Y, Kumasawa J, Shimizu S, Nakano Y, Kataoka Y, Tsujimoto H, Kono M, Okabayashi S, Imura H, Mizuta T. Tsujimoto Y, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 9;5(5):CD012809. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012809.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PMID: 35532166 Free PMC article. Review.

Cited by

• Iron Deficiency and Internalizing Symptoms Among Adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
  Fiani D, Engler S, Ni Y, Fields S, Calarge C. Fiani D, et al. Nutrients. 2024 Oct 26;16(21):3643. doi: 10.3390/nu16213643. Nutrients. 2024. PMID: 39519476 Free PMC article.
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children and Adolescents: Recommendations of the Polish Pediatric Society, the Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, the Polish Society of Neonatology, and the Polish Society of Family Medicine.
  Chaber R, Helwich E, Lauterbach R, Mastalerz-Migas A, Matysiak M, Peregud-Pogorzelski J, Styczyński J, Szczepański T, Jackowska T. Chaber R, et al. Nutrients. 2024 Oct 25;16(21):3623. doi: 10.3390/nu16213623. Nutrients. 2024. PMID: 39519457 Free PMC article.
• Evaluation of Known Markers of Ferroptosis in Semen of Patients with Different Reproductive Pathologies and Fertile Men.
  Moretti E, Signorini C, Liguori L, Corsaro R, Nerucci F, Fiorini M, Menchiari S, Collodel G. Moretti E, et al. Cells. 2024 Sep 5;13(17):1490. doi: 10.3390/cells13171490. Cells. 2024. PMID: 39273059 Free PMC article.
• Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.
  Finkelstein JL, Cuthbert A, Weeks J, Venkatramanan S, Larvie DY, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN. Finkelstein JL, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Aug 15;8(8):CD004736. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub6. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024. PMID: 39145520 Review.
• Ferritin Cutoffs and Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in Primary Care.
  Jäger L, Rachamin Y, Senn O, Burgstaller JM, Rosemann T, Markun S. Jäger L, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Aug 1;7(8):e2425692. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.25692. JAMA Netw Open. 2024. PMID: 39102268 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Aguilar 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Aguilar R, Moraleda C, Quintó L, Renom M, Mussacate L, Macete E, et al. Challenges in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children exposed to high prevalence of infections. PLOS One 2012;7(11):e50584. - PMC - PubMed

Ali 1978 {published data only}

1. 1. Ali M, Luxton A, Walker W. Serum ferritin concentration and bone marrow iron stores: a prospective study. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1978;118(8):945-6. - PMC - PubMed

Baillie 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Baillie FJ, Morrison AE, Fergus I. Soluble transferrin receptor: a discriminating assay for iron deficiency. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 2003;25(6):353-7. - PubMed

Balaban 1993 {published data only}

1. 1. Balaban EP, Sheehan RG, Demian SE, Cox JV, Frenkel EP. Evaluation of bone marrow iron stores in anemia associated with chronic disease: a comparative study of serum and red cell ferritin. American Journal of Hematology 1993;42(2):177-81. - PubMed

Barron 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Barron BA, Hoyer JD, Tefferi A. A bone marrow report of absent stainable iron is not diagnostic of iron deficiency. Annals of Hematology 2001;80(3):166-9. - PubMed

Bârsan 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Bârsan L, Stanciu A, Stancu S, Căpuşă C, Brătescu L, Mandache E, et al. Bone marrow iron distribution, hepcidin, and ferroportin expression in renal anemia. Hematology 2015;20(9):543-52. - PubMed

Baumann Kurer 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Baumann Kurer SB, Seifert B, Michel B, Ruegg R, Fehr J. Prediction of iron deficiency in chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease anaemia. British Journal of Haematology 1995;91(4):820-6. - PubMed

Brink 1982 {published data only}

1. 1. Brink S, Van Schalkwyk DJ. Serum ferritin and mean corpuscular volume as predictors of bone marrow iron stores. South African Medical Journal 1982;61(12):432-4. - PubMed

Brown 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Brown RD, Benfatto J, Gibson J, Kronenberg H. Red cell ferritin and iron stores in patients with chronic disease. European Journal of Haematology 1988;40(2):136-41. - PubMed

Burns 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Burns E, Goldberg N, Lawrence C, Wenz B. Clinical utility of serum tests for iron deficiency in hospitalized patients. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1990;93(2):240-5. - PubMed

Chang 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Chang J, Bird R, Clague A, Carter A. Clinical utility of serum soluble transferrin receptor levels and comparison with bone marrow iron stores as an index for iron-deficient erythropoiesis in a heterogeneous group of patients. Pathology 2007;39(3):349-53. - PubMed

Chapman 1982 {published data only}

1. 1. Chapman RW, Morgan MY, Laulicht M, Hoffbrand AV, Sherlock S. Hepatic iron stores and markers of iron overload in alcoholics and patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1982;27(10):909-16. - PubMed

Cippa 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Cippà PE, Boucsein I, Adams H, Krayenbuehl PA. Estimating iron overload in patients with suspected liver disease and elevated serum ferritin. American Journal of Medicine 2014;127(10):1011.e1–1011.e3. - PubMed

Coenen 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Coenen JL, Van Dieijen-Visser MP, Van Pelt J, Van Deursen CT, Fickers MM, Van Wersch JW, et al. Measurements of serum ferritin used to predict concentrations of iron in bone marrow in anemia of chronic disease. Clinical Chemistry 1991;37(4):560-3. - PubMed

Forman 1980 {published data only}

1. 1. Forman D, Malcom V. Immunoradiometric serum ferritin concentration compared with stainable bone-marrow iron as indices to iron stores. Clinical Chemistry 1980;26(1):145-7. - PubMed

Guyader 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Guyader D, Thirouard AS, Erdtmann L, Rakba N, Jacquelinet S, Danielou H, et al. Liver iron is a surrogate marker of severe fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology 2007;46(4):587-95. - PubMed

Guyatt 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Guyatt GH, Patterson C, Ali M, Singer J, Levine M, Turpie I, et al. Diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in the elderly. American Journal of Medicine 1990;88(3):205-9. - PubMed

Hagström 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Hagström H, Nasr P, Bottai M, Ekstedt M, Kechagias S, Hultcrantz R, et al. Elevated serum ferritin is associated with increased mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease after 16 years of follow-up. Liver International 2016;36(11):1688-95. - PubMed

Hallberg 1993 {published data only}

1. 1. Hallberg L, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Hulten L. Screening for iron deficiency: an analysis based on bone-marrow examinations and serum ferritin determinations in a population sample of women. British Journal of Haematology 1993;85(4):787-98. - PubMed
2. 1. Hallberg L, Hulthen L, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Lindstedt G. Iron balance in menstruating women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;49(3):200-7. - PubMed

Halliday 1977 {published data only}

1. 1. Halliday JW, Russo AM, Cowlishaw JL, Powell LW. Serum-ferritin in diagnosis of haemochromatosis. A study of 43 families. Lancet 1977;2(8039):621-4. - PubMed

Hansen 1983 {published data only}

1. 1. Hansen TM, Hansen NE, Birgens HS, Holund B, Lorenzen I. Serum ferritin and the assessment of iron deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1983;12(4):353-9. - PubMed

Harada 1992 {published data only}

1. 1. Harada M, Hirai K, Sakisaka S, Ueno T, Abe H, Tanikawa K. Comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and histology in the assessment of liver iron overload. Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 1992;31(2):180-4. - PubMed

Harju 1984 {published data only}

1. 1. Harju E, Pakarinen A, Larmi T. A comparison between serum ferritin concentration and the amount of bone marrow stainable iron. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1984;44(6):555-6. - PubMed

Holmström 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Holmström P, Marmur J, Eggertsen G, Gåfvels M, Stål P. Mild iron overload in patients carrying the HFE S65C gene mutation: a retrospective study in patients with suspected iron overload and healthy controls. Gut 2002;51(5):723-30. - PMC - PubMed

Holyoake 1993 {published data only}

1. 1. Holyoake TL, Stott DJ, McKay PJ, Hendry A, MacDonald JB, Lucie NP. Use of plasma ferritin concentration to diagnose iron deficiency in elderly patients. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1993;46(9):857-60. - PMC - PubMed

Intragumtornchai 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Intragumtornchai T, Rojnukkarin P, Swasdikul D, Israsena S. The role of serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia in patients with liver cirrhosis. Journal of Internal Medicine 1998;243(3):233-41. - PubMed

Isa 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Isa L, Jean G, Silvani A, Arosio P, Taccagni GL. Evaluation of iron stores in patients with alcoholic liver disease: role of red cell ferritin. Acta Haematologica 1988;80(2):85-8. - PubMed

Jensen 1994 {published data only}

1. 1. Jensen PD, Peterslund NA, Poulsen JH, Jensen FT, Christensen T, Ellegaard J. The effect of iron overload and iron reductive treatment on the serum concentration of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. British Journal of Haernatology 1994;88(1):56-63. - PubMed

Jonker 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Jonker FAM, Calis JCJ, Phiri K, Kraaijenhagen RJ, Brabin BJ, Faragher B, et al. Low hepcidin levels in severely anemic Malawian children with high incidence of infectious diseases and bone marrow iron deficiency. PLOS ONE 2013;8(12):e78964. - PMC - PubMed

Jonker 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Jonker FAM, Boele Van Hensbroek M, Leenstra T, Vet RJWM, Brabin BJ, Maseko N, et al. Conventional and novel peripheral blood iron markers compared against bone marrow in Malawian children. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2014;67(8):717-23. - PubMed

Joosten 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Joosten E, Van Loon R, Billen J, Blanckaert N, Fabri R, Pelemans W. Serum transferrin receptor in the evaluation of the iron status in elderly hospitalized patients with anemia. American Journal of Hematology 2002;69(1):1-6. - PubMed

Kalantar‐Zadeh 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Höffken B, Wünsch H, Fink H, Kleiner M, Luft FC. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in renal failure patients during the post-erythropoietin era. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1995;26(2):292-9. - PubMed

Kaltwasser 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Kaltwasser JP, Gottschalk R, Schalk KP, Hartl W. Non-invasive quantitation of liver iron-overload by magnetic resonance imaging. British Journal of Haematology 1990;74(3):360-3. - PubMed

Karlsson 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Karlsson T. Plasma soluble transferrin receptor assay when screening for iron-deficiency in an unselected population of elderly anaemic patients. Journal of Internal Medicine 2010;267(3):331-4. - PubMed

Karlsson 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Karlsson T. Mass spectrometry evaluation of the hepcidin-25 assay in the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia with concurrent inflammation and anaemia of inflammation in elderly patients. European Journal of Haematology 2015;95(5):467-71. - PubMed

Kim 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Kim SS, Park W, Bae SK, Lee YH, Song JS, Choi JW, et al. The usefulness of serum transferrin receptor in anemia with rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with bone marrow iron store. Journal of the Korean Rheumatism Association 2000;7(4):360-9.
2. 1. Song JS, Park W, Bae SK, Kim SS, Lee YH, Choi JW, et al. The usefulness of serum transferrin receptor and ferritin for assessing anemia in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with bone marrow iron study. Rheumatology International 2001;21(1):24-9. - PubMed

Kis 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Kis AM, Carnes M. Detecting iron deficiency in anemic patients with concomitant medical problems. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1998;13(7):455-61. - PMC - PubMed

Kotru 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Kotru M, Rusia U, Sikka M, Chaturvedi S, Jain AK. Evaluation of serum ferritin in screening for iron deficiency in tuberculosis. Annals of Hematology 2004;83(2):95-100. - PubMed

Krause 1980 {published data only}

1. 1. Krause JR, Stolc V. Serum ferritin and bone marrow biopsy iron stores. II. Correlation with low serum iron and Fe/TIBC ratio less than 15%. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1980;74(4):461-4. - PubMed

Lawrence 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Lawrence SP, Caminer SJ, Yavorski RT, Borosky BD, Rak KM, Merenich JA, et al. Correlation of liver density by magnetic resonance imaging and hepatic iron levels. A noninvasive means to exclude homozygous hemochromatosis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 1996;23(2):113-7. - PubMed

Leggett 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Leggett BA, Halliday JW, Brown NN, Bryant S, Powell LW. Prevalence of haemochromatosis amongst asymptomatic Australians. British Journal of Haematology 1990;74(4):525-30. - PubMed

Lewis 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Lewis DK, Whitty CJM, Epino H, Letsky EA, Mukiibi JM, Van den Broek NR. Interpreting tests for iron deficiency among adults in a high HIV prevalence African setting: routine tests may lead to misdiagnosis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 2007;101(6):613-7. - PubMed

Lim 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Lim EM, Rossi E, De Boer WB, Reed WD, Jeffrey GP. Hepatic iron loading in patients with compound heterozygous HFE mutations. Liver International 2004;24(6):631-6. - PubMed

Lindstedt 1980 {published data only}

1. 1. Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Bjorn-Rasmussen E, Magnussen B. Serum-ferritin and iron-deficiency anaemia in hospital patients. Lancet 1980;1(8161):205-6. - PubMed

Lombard 1989 {published data only}

1. 1. Lombard M, Bomford A, Hynes M, Naoumov NV, Roberts S, Crowe J, et al. Regulation of the hepatic transferrin receptor in hereditary hemochromatosis. Hepatology 1989;9(1):1-5. - PubMed

Lough 1989 {published data only}

1. 1. Lough M, Egan EL, O'Cearbhaill HG. Diagnosing iron deficiency in a hospital population. Journal of Medical Science 1989;158(5):108-9. - PubMed

Macfarlane 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Macfarlane JD, Vreugdenhil GR, Doornbos J, Van der Voet GB. Idiopathic haemochromatosis: magnetic resonance signal intensity ratios permit non-invasive diagnosis of low levels of iron overload. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 1995;47(2):49-53. - PubMed

Maliken 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Maliken BD, Avrin WF, Nelson JE, Mooney J, Kumar S, Kowdley KV. Room-temperature susceptometry predicts biopsy-determined hepatic iron in patients with elevated serum ferritin. Annals of Hepatology 2012;11(1):77-84. - PMC - PubMed

Martin‐Cabrera 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Martin-Cabrera P, Hung M, Ortmann E, Richards T, Ghosh M, Bottrill F, et al. Clinical use of low haemoglobin density, transferrin saturation, bone marrow morphology, Perl's stain and other plasma markers in the identification of treatable anaemia presenting for cardiac surgery in a prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2015;68(11):923-30. - PubMed

Mast 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Mast AE, Blinder MA, Gronowski AM, Chumley C, Scott MG. Clinical utility of the soluble transferrin receptor and comparison with serum ferritin in several populations. Clinical Chemistry 1998;44(1):45-51. - PubMed

Mast 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Mast AE, Blinder MA, Lu Q, Flax S, Dietzen DJ. Clinical utility of the reticulocyte hemoglobin content in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood 2002;99(4):1489-91. - PubMed

Mazza 1978 {published data only}

1. 1. Mazza J, Barr RM, McDonald JW, Valberg LS. Usefulness of the serum ferritin concentration in the detection of iron deficiency in a general hospital. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1978;119(8):884-6. - PMC - PubMed

Means 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Means RTJ, Allen J, Sears DA, Schuster SJ. Serum soluble transferrin receptor and the prediction of marrow aspirate iron results in a heterogeneous group of patients. Clinical & Laboratory Haematology 1999;21(3):161-7. - PubMed

Meira 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Meira DG, Lorand-Metze I, Toro ADC, Silva MTN, Vilela MMS. Bone marrow features in children with HIV infection and peripheral blood cytopenias. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2005;51(2):114-9. - PubMed

Milman 1983 {published data only}

1. 1. Milman N, Bangsboll S, Strandberg Pedersen N, Visfeldt J. Serum ferritin in non-dialysis patients with chronic renal failure: relation to bone marrow iron stores. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 1983;30(4):337-44. - PubMed

Mulherin 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Mulherin D, Skelly M, Saunders A, McCarthy D, O'Donoghue D, Fitzgerald O, et al. The diagnosis of iron deficiency in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and anemia: an algorithm using simple laboratory measures. Journal of Rheumatology 1996;23(2):237-40. - PubMed

Nadeem 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Nadeem S, Shah S, Iqbal T, Iqbal Z, Hanif E. Serum transferrin receptor, serum ferritin and serum transferrin receptor-ferritin index in adults with iron deficiency anaemia. Journal of Ayub Medical College (Abbottabad) 2011;23(3):44-6. - PubMed

Nanas 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Nanas JN, Matsouka C, Karageorgopoulos D, Leonti A, Tsolakis E, Drakos SG, et al. Etiology of anemia in patients with advanced heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006;48(12):2485-9. - PubMed

Nelson 1978 {published data only}

1. 1. Nelson R, Chawla M, Connolly P, LaPorte J. Ferritin as an index of bone marrow iron stores. Southern Medical Journal 1978;71(12):1482-4. - PubMed

Niederau 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Niederau C, Niederau CM, Lange S, Littauer A, Abdel-Jalil N, Maurer M, et al. Screening for hemochromatosis and iron deficiency in employees and primary care patients in Western Germany. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998;128(5):337-45. - PubMed

Nielsen 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Nielsen OJ, Andersen LS, Hansen NE, Hansen TM. Serum transferrin receptor levels in anaemic patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation 1994;54(1):75-82. - PubMed
2. 1. Nielsen OJ, Andersen LS, Ludwigsen E, Bouchelouche P, Hansen TM, Birgens H, et al. Anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis: serum erythropoietin concentrations and red cell distribution width in relation to iron status. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1990;49(6):349-53. - PMC - PubMed

North 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. North M, Dallalio G, Donath AS, Melink R, Means RT Jr. Serum transferrin receptor levels in patients undergoing evaluation of iron stores: correlation with other parameters and observed versus predicted results. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 1997;19(2):93-7. - PubMed

Oluboyede 1980 {published data only}

1. 1. Oluboyede OA. Iron studies in pregnant and non-pregnant women with haemoglobin SS or SC disease. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1980;87(11):989-96. - PubMed

Olynyk 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Olynyk JK, Cullen DJ, Aquilia S, Rossi E, Summerville L, Powell LW. A population-based study of the clinical expression of the hemochromatosis gene. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;341(10):718-24. - PubMed

Ong 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Ong KH, Tan HL, Lai HC, Kuperan P. Accuracy of various iron parameters in the prediction of iron deficiency in an acute care hospital. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2005;34(7):437-40. - PubMed

Ortega 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Ortega L, Ladero JM, Carreras MP, Alvarez T, Taxonera C, Oliván MP, et al. A computer-assisted morphometric quantitative analysis of iron overload in liver biopsies. A comparison with histological and biochemical methods. Pathology, Research & Practice 2005;201(10):673-5. - PubMed

Pascoe 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Pascoe A, Kerlin P, Steadman C, Clouston A, Jones D, Powell L, et al. Spur cell anaemia and hepatic iron stores in patients with alcoholic liver disease undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Gut 1999;45(2):301-5. - PMC - PubMed

Patterson 1985 {published data only}

1. 1. Patterson C, Turpie ID, Benger AM. Assessment of iron stores in anemic geriatric patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1985;33(11):764-7. - PubMed

Phatak 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Phatak PD, Sham RL, Raubertas RF, Dunnigan K, O'Leary MT, Braggins C, et al. Prevalence of hereditary hemochromatosis in 16031 primary care patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998;129(11):954-61. - PubMed

Phiri 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Phiri KS, Calis JC, Siyasiya A, Bates I, Brabin B, Van Hensbroek MB. New cut-off values for ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor for the assessment of iron deficiency in children in a high infection pressure area. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2009;62(12):1103-6. - PMC - PubMed

Pietrangelo 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Pietrangelo A, Montosi G, Totaro A, Garuti C, Conte D, Cassanelli S, et al. Hereditary hemochromatosis in adults without pathogenic mutations in the hemochromatosis gene. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;341(10):725-32. - PubMed

Porter 1994 {published data only}

1. 1. Porter DR, Sturrock RD, Capell HA. The use of serum ferritin estimation in the investigation of anaemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology 1994;12(2):179-82. - PubMed

Punnonen 1994 {published data only}

1. 1. Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamäki A. Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with high concentrations of transferrin receptor in serum. Clinical Chemistry 1994;40(5):774-6. - PubMed

Punnonen 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamäki A. Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood 1997;89(3):1052-7. - PubMed

Punnonen 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamäki A. Serum transferrin receptor, ferritin and TfR-F index in identification of latent iron deficiency. European Journal of Haematology 1998;60(2):135-7. - PubMed

Puolakka 1980 {published data only}

1. 1. Puolakka J, Jänne O, Pakarinen A, Vihko R. Serum ferritin in diagnosis of anemia during pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1980;95(Suppl):57-63. - PubMed

Rao 1984 {published data only}

1. 1. Rao KR, Patel AR, McGinnis P, Patel MK. Iron stores in adults with sickle cell anemia. Journal of Laboratory & Clinical Medicine 1984;103(5):792-7. - PubMed

Ravindran 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Ravindran V, Jain S, Mathur DS. The differentiation of anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: parameters of iron-deficiency in an Indian rheumatoid arthritis population. Rheumatology International 2008;28(6):507-11. - PubMed

Rowe 1977 {published data only}

1. 1. Rowe JW, Wands JR, Mezey E, Waterbury LA, Wright JR, Tobin J, et al. Familial hemochromatosis: characteristics of the precirrhotic stage in a large kindred. Medicine 1977;56(3):197-211. - PubMed

Ruivard 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Ruivard M, Boursiac M, Mareynat G, Sapin AF, Gerbaud L, Derumeaux H, et al. Ratio serum transferrin receptor/serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency [Diagnostic de la carence en fer: evaluation du rapport 'recepteur soluble de la transferrine/ferritine]. Revue de Medecine Interne 2000;21(10):837-43. - PubMed

Schöniger‐Hekele 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Schöniger-Hekele M, Müller C, Polli C, Wrba F, Penner E, Ferenci P. Liver pathology in compound heterozygous patients for hemochromatosis mutations. Liver 2002;22(4):295-301. - PubMed

Sebastiani 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Sebastiani G, Vario A, Ferrari A, Pistis R, Noventa F, Alberti A. Hepatic iron, liver steatosis and viral genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2006 Mar;13(3):199-205. - PubMed

Sebastinani 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Sebastiani G, Tempesta D, Alberti A. Hepatic iron overload is common in chronic hepatitis B and is more severe in patients coinfected with hepatitis D virus. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2012;19(2):170-6. - PubMed

Sham 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Sham RL, Ou CY, Cappuccio J, Braggins C, Dunnigan K, Phatak PD. Correlation between genotype and phenotype in hereditary hemochromatosis: analysis of 61 cases. Blood Cells Molecules & Diseases 1997;23(2):314-20. - PubMed

Sharma 1984 {published data only}

1. 1. Sharma JC, Roy SN. Value of serum ferritin as an index of iron deficiency in elderly anaemic patients. Age & Ageing 1984;13(4):248-50. - PubMed

Shroff 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Shroff K, Gaiha M, Singh T, Sharma SK. Iron status in patients of rheumatoid arthritis with special reference to serum ferritin levels. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 1991;39(9):675-7. - PubMed

Smith 1977 {published data only}

1. 1. Smith RJ, Davis P, Thomson AB, Wadsworth LD, Fackre P. Serum ferritin levels in anemia of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 1977;4(4):389-92. - PubMed

Smith 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Smith BN, Kantrowitz W, Grace ND, Greenberg MS, Patton TJ, Ookubo R, et al. Prevalence of hereditary hemochromatosis in a Massachusetts corporation: is Celtic origin a risk factor? Hepatology 1997;25(6):1439-46. - PubMed

Solomon 1981 {published data only}

1. 1. Solomon LR, Hillman RS, Finch CA. Serum ferritin in refractory anemias. Acta Haematologica 1981;66(1):1-5. - PubMed

Sorbie 1975 {published data only}

1. 1. Sorbie J, Valberg LS, Corbett WE, Ludwig J. Serum ferritin, cobalt excretion and body iron status. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1975;112(10):1173-8. - PMC - PubMed

Summers 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Summers KM, Halliday JW, Powell LW. Identification of homozygous hemochromatosis subjects by measurement of hepatic iron index. Hepatology 1990;12(1):20-5. - PubMed

Suominen 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Suominen P, Mottonen T, Rajamaki A, Irjala K. Single values of serum transferrin receptor and transferrin receptor ferritin index can be used to detect true and functional iron deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis patients with anemia. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2000;43(5):1016-20. - PubMed

Szurowska 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Szurowska E, Sikorska K, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Nowicki T, Romanowski T, Bielawski KP, et al. The role of MR imaging in detection of hepatic iron overload in patients with cirrhosis of different origins. BMC Gastroenterology 2010;10(13):1-14. - PMC - PubMed

Terrovitis 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Terrovitis J, Kaldara E, Ntalianis A, Kapelios C, Sventzouri S, Vakrou S, et al. An easily applicable in everyday clinical practice diagnostic algorithm for the detection of iron deficiency in heart failure. European Heart Journal 2011;32:918.

Thompson 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Thompson WG, Meola T, Lipkin M Jr, Freedman ML. Red cell distribution width, mean corpuscular volume, and transferrin saturation in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Archives of Internal Medicine 1988;148(10):2128-30. - PubMed

Thomsen 1992 {published data only}

1. 1. Thomsen C, Wiggers P, Ring-Larsen H, Christiansen E, Dalhøj J, Henriksen O, et al. Identification of patients with hereditary haemochromatosis by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and spectroscopic relaxation time measurements. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1992;10(6):867-79. - PubMed

Thorburn 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Thorburn D, Curry G, Spooner R, Spence E, Oien K, Halls D, et al. The role of iron and haemochromatosis gene mutations in the progression of liver disease in chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2002;50(2):248-52. - PMC - PubMed

Valberg 1978 {published data only}

1. 1. Valberg LS, Ghent CN, Lloyd DA, Frei JV, Chamberlain MJ. Diagnostic efficacy of tests for the detection of iron overload in chronic liver disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1978;119(3):229-36. - PMC - PubMed

Van den Broek 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Van den Broek NR, Letsky EA, White SA, Shenkin A. Iron status in pregnant women: which measurements are valid? British Journal of Haematology 1998;103(3):817-24. - PubMed

Van Tellingen 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Van Tellingen A, Kuenen JC, De Kieviet W, Van Tinteren H, Kooi ML, Vasmel WL. Iron deficiency anaemia in hospitalised patients: value of various laboratory parameters. Differentiation between IDA and ACD. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 2001;59(6):270-9. - PubMed

Van Zeben 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Van Zeben D, Bieger R, Van Wermeskerken RK, Castel A, Hermans J. Evaluation of microcytosis using serum ferritin and red blood cell distribution width. European Journal of Haematology 1990;44(2):106-9. - PubMed

Villeneuve 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Villeneuve JP, Bilodeau M, Lepage R, Côté J, Lefebvre M. Variability in hepatic iron concentration measurement from needle-biopsy specimens. Hepatology 1996;25(2):172-7. - PubMed

Vreugdenhil 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Vreugdenhil G, Baltus C, Van Eijk H, Swaak A. Anaemia of chronic disease: diagnostic significance of erythrocyte and serological parameters in iron deficient rheumatoid arthritis patients.. British Journal of Rheumatology 1990;29(2):105-10. - PubMed

Walsh 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Walsh A, Dixon JL, Ramm GA, Hewett DG, Lincoln DJ, Anderson GH, et al. The clinical relevance of compound heterozygosity for the C282Y and H63D substitutions in hemochromatosis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2006;4(11):1403–10. - PubMed

Wands 1976 {published data only}

1. 1. Wands JR, Rowe JA, Mezey SE, Waterbury LA, Wright JR, Halliday JW, et al. Normal serum ferritin concentrations in precirrhotic hemochromatosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1976;294(6):302-5. - PubMed

Witte 1986 {published data only}

1. 1. Witte DL, Kraemer DF, Johnson GF, Dick FR, Hamilton H. Prediction of bone marrow iron findings from tests performed on peripheral blood. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1986;85(2):202-6. - PubMed

Witte 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Witte DL, Angstadt DS, Davis SH, Schrantz RD. Predicting bone marrow iron stores in anemic patients in a community hospital using ferritin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1988;90(1):85-7. - PubMed

Wong 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Wong K, Adams P. The diversity of liver diseases among outpatient referrals for elevated serum ferritin. Canada Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;20:467-70. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ang 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Ang AL, Le TT, Tan RS. HbH Constant Spring disease has lower serum ferritin relative to liver iron concentration (LIC): importance of LIC measurement and potential impact on serum ferritin thresholds for iron chelation. British Journal of Haematology 2017;176(6):986-8. - PubMed

Bafna 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Bafna V, Chandrashekhar B, Nataraj KS, Shobha B, Bhat S, Nataraj KS, et al. Quantification of liver iron overload: correlation of MRI versus liver tissue biopsy in thalassemia patients undergoing bone marrow transplant. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 2016;32:S380. - PMC - PubMed

Bardou‐Jacquet 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Bardou-Jacquet E, Lainé F, Morcet J, Perrin M, Guyader D, Deugnier Y. Long-term course after initial iron removal of iron excess in patients with dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2014;26(4):418-21. - PubMed

Barsan 2015a {published data only}

1. 1. Barsan L, Stanciu A, Stancu S, Capusa C, Bratescu L, Mandache E, et al. Bone marrow iron distribution, hepcidin, and ferroportin expression in renal anemia. Hematology 2015;20(9):543-52. - PubMed

Braga 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Braga F, Infusino I, Dolci A, Panteghini M. Soluble transferrin receptor in complicated anemia. Clinica Chimica Acta 2014;431:143-7. - PubMed

Busti 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Busti F, Campostrini N, Badar S, Ferrarini A, Xumerle L, Giuffrida AC, et al. Toward better pathophysiological characterization and therapeutic solution in beta-thalassemia trait patients with iron overload. Preliminary reports from an ongoing study (E1487). American Journal of Hematology (2015 BioIron Meeting Abstracts) 2016;91:E84.

Cancado 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Cancado R, Watman NP, Lobo C, Chona Z, Manzur F, Traina F, et al. Assessment of liver and cardiac iron overload using MRI in patients with chronic anemias in Latin American countries: results from ASIMILA study. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2018;23(9):1-7. - PubMed

Cazzola 1983 {published data only}

1. 1. Cazzola M, Dezza L, Bergamaschi G, Barosi G, Bellotti V, Caldera D, et al. Biologic and clinical significance of red cell ferritin. Blood 1983;62(5):1078-87. - PubMed

Cecchin 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Cecchin E, De Marchi S, Querin F, Marin MG, Fiorentino R, Tesio F. Efficacy of hepatic computed tomography to detect iron overload in chronic hemodialysis. Kidney International 1990;37(3):943-50. - PubMed

Chin 2019 {published data only}

1. 1. Chin J, Powell LW, Ramm LE, Ayonrinde OT, Ramm GA, Olynyk JK. Utility of hepatic or total body iron burden in the assessment of advanced hepatic fibrosis in HFE hemochromatosis. Scientific Reports 2019;9(1):20234. - PMC - PubMed

Costa‐Matos 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Costa-Matos L, Batista P, Monteiro N, Henriques P, Girão F, Carvalho A. Hfe mutations and iron overload in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 2013;50(1):35-41. - PubMed

Davidson 1984 {published data only}

1. 1. Davidson A, Van der Weyden MB, Fong H, Breidahl MJ, Ryan PF. Red cell ferritin content: a re-evaluation of indices for iron deficiency in the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis. British Medical Journal, Clinical Research Edition 1984;289(6446):648-50. - PMC - PubMed

Deugnier 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Deugnier Y, Turlin B, Dong V, Giannone V, Zhang Y, Griffer L, et al. Deferasirox improves liver pathology in beta-thalassemia patients with transfusional iron overload. Blood 2010;116:4274.
2. 1. Deugnier Y, Turlin B, Ropert M, Cappellini D, Porter JB, Giannone V, et al. Improvement in liver pathology of patients with b-Thalassemia treated with deferasirox for at least 3 years. Gastroenterology 2011;141(4):1202–11. - PubMed

Duport 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Duport N, Preziosi P, Boutron-Ruault M, Bertrais S, Galan P, Favier A, et al. Consequences of iron depletion on health in menstruating women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;57(9):1169–75. - PubMed

Elalfy 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Elalfy MS, Adly AM, Wali Y, Tony S, Samir A, Elhenawy YI. Efficacy and safety of a novel combination of two oral chelators deferasirox/deferiprone over deferoxamine/deferiprone in severely iron overloaded young beta thalassemia major patients. European Journal of Haematology 2015;95(5):411-20. - PubMed

Feld 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Feld JJ, Kato GJ, Koh C, Shields T, Hildesheim M, Kleiner DE, et al. Liver injury is associated with mortality in sickle cell disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2015;42(7):912-21. - PMC - PubMed

Fernandez Salazar 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Fernandez Salazar LI, Alvarez Gago T, Aller de la Fuente R, Orduna Domingo A, Arranz Santos T, la Calle Valverde F, et al. Iron overload and genotype 3 are associated with liver steatosis in chronic hepatitis C. Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas 2004;96(12):818-28. - PubMed

Finch 1986 {published data only}

1. 1. Finch CA, Bellotti V, Stray S, Lipschitz DA, Cook JD, Pippard MJ, et al. Plasma ferritin determination as a diagnostic tool. Western Journal of Medicine 1986;145(5):657-63. - PMC - PubMed

Fleming 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Fleming LW, Hopwood D, Shepherd AN, Stewart WK. Hepatic iron in dialysed patients given intravenous iron dextran. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1990;43(2):119-24. - PMC - PubMed

Gallego 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Gallego CJ, Burt A, Sundaresan AS, Ye Z, Shaw C, Crosslin D, et al. Penetrance of hemochromatosis in HFE genotypes resulting in p.Cys282Tyr and p.Cys282Tyr; His63Asp in the eMERGE Network. American Journal of Human Genetics 2015;97(4):512-20. - PMC - PubMed

Greni 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Greni F, Valenti L, Mariani R, Pelloni I, Rametta R, Busti F, et al. GNPAT rs11558492 is not a major modifier of iron status: study of Italian hemochromatosis patients and blood donors. Annals of Hepatology 2017;16(3):451-6. - PubMed

Gupta 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Gupta M, Kannan M, Gupta S, Saxena R. Contribution of iron deficiency to anemia in chronic renal failure. Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology 2003;46(4):563-4. - PubMed

Gupta 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Gupta S, Uppal B, Pawar B. Is soluble transferrin receptor a good marker of iron deficiency anemia in chronic kidney disease patients. Indian Journal of Nephrology 2009;19(3):96-100. - PMC - PubMed

Guyatt 1992a {published data only}

1. 1. Guyatt G. Transferrin as a predictor of iron deficiency. American Journal of Medicine 1992;92(4):453. - PubMed
2. 1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Ali M, Willan A, McIlroy W, Patterson C. Laboratory diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia: an overview. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1992;7(2):145-53. - PubMed

Hagve 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Hagve TA, Lilleholt K, Svendsen M. Iron deficiency anaemia - interpretation of biochemical and haematological findings [Jernmangelanemi – tolking av biokjemiske og hematologiske funn]. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 2013;133(2):161-4. - PubMed

Hallberg 1993b {published data only}

1. 1. Hallberg L, Hulten L, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Mark A, Purens J, et al. Prevalence of iron deficiency in Swedish adolescents. Pediatric Research 1993;34(5):680-7. - PubMed

Hallberg 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Hallberg L. Perspectives on nutritional iron deficiency. Annual Review of Nutrition 2001;21:1-21. - PubMed

Hallberg 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Hallberg L, Hulthen L. Perspectives on iron absorption. Blood Cells Molecules & Diseases 2002;29(3):562-73. - PubMed

Halonen 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Halonen P, Mattila J, Suominen P, Ruuska T, Salo MK, Mäkipernaa A. Iron overload in children who are treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia estimated by liver siderosis and serum iron parameters. Pediatrics 2003;111(1):91-6. - PubMed

Hamedani 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Hamedani P, Raza R, Bachand R, Manji M, Hashml K. Laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency in a developing country, Pakistan. Journal of International Medical Research 1991;19(1):19-23. - PubMed

Hamidieh 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Hamidieh AA, Moeininia F, Tayebi S, Shamshiri AR, Behfar M, Jalili M, et al. Efficacy of hepatic T2*MRI values and serum ferritin concentration in predicting thalassemia major classification for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation 2015;19(3):301-6. - PubMed

Handelman 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Handelman GJ, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404. - PubMed

Hanif 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Hanif E, Ayyub M, Anwar M, Ali W, Bashir M. Evaluation of serum transferrin receptor concentration in diagnosing and differentiating iron deficiency anaemia from anaemia of chronic disorders. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2005;55(1):13-6. - PubMed

Hankins 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Hankins JS, McCarville MB, Hillenbrand CM, Loeffler RB, Ware RE, Song R, et al. Ventricular diastolic dysfunction in sickle cell anemia is common but not associated with myocardial iron deposition. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 2010;55(3):495-500. - PMC - PubMed

Haque 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Haque S, Chandra B, Gerber MA, Lok AS. Iron overload in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a clinicopathologic study. Human Pathology 1996;27(12):1277-81. - PubMed

Harmatz 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Harmatz P, Butensky E, Quirolo K, Williams R, Ferrell L, Moyer T, et al. Severity of iron overload in patients with sickle cell disease receiving chronic red blood cell transfusion therapy. Blood 2000;96(1):76-9. - PubMed

Heinrich 1977 {published data only}

1. 1. Heinrich HC, Bruggemann J, Gabbe EE, Glaser M. Correlation between diagnostic 59Fe2+-absorption and serum ferritin concentration in man. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung (Section C Journal of Biosciences) 1977;32(11-12):1023-5. - PubMed

Heinrich 1980 {published data only}

1. 1. Heinrich HC. Limited value of serum ferritin in the differential diagnosis of hypoferremia. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1980;105(49):1724. - PubMed

Hellerbrand 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Hellerbrand C, Pöppl A, Hartmann A, Schölmerich J, Lock G. HFE C282Y heterozygosity in hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence for an increased prevalence. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2003;1(4):279-84. - PubMed

Hernandez 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Hernandez RJ, Sarnaik SA, Lande I, Aisen AM, Glazer GM, Chenevert T, et al. MR evaluation of liver iron overload. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 1988;12(1):91-4. - PubMed

Ho 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Ho CH. The differential diagnostic values of serum transferrin receptor, serum ferritin and related parameters in the patients with various causes of anemia. Haematologica 2001;86(2):206-7. - PubMed

Hod 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Hod EA, Francis RO, Spitalnik SL, Winters A, Cooke KS, Sasu BJ. Validation and preclinical correlation of a new sandwich ELISA for measuring murine hepcidin. Blood Journal by the American Society of Hematology, ASH 2012;120(21):2100.

Hofer 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Hofer H, Osterreicher C, Jessner W, Penz M, Steindl-Munda P, Wrba F, et al. Hepatic iron concentration does not predict response to standard andpegylated-IFN/ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology 2004;40(6):1018–22. - PubMed

Hussain 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Hussain A. Serum ferritin: an indicator of bone marrow iron stores in haemodialysed patient. Professional Medical Journal 1998;5(3):352-6.

Hyman 1983 {published data only}

1. 1. Hyman ES. Acquired iron-deficiency anaemia due to impaired iron transport. Lancet 1983;1(8316):91-5. - PubMed

Infusino 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Infusino I, Braga F, Dolci A, Panteghini M. Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR/log ferritin index for the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia. A meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2012;138(5):642-9. - PubMed

Inthawong 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Inthawong K, Charoenkwan P, Silvilairat S, Tantiworawit A, Phrommintikul A, Choeyprasert W, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia: correlation with clinical parameters, liver iron concentration, and non-transferrin-bound iron. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2015;20(10):610-7. - PubMed

Invernizzi 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Invernizzi R, Cazzola M, De Fazio P, Rosti V, Ruggeri G, Arosio P. Immunocytochemical detection of ferritin in human bone marrow and peripheral blood cells using monoclonal antibodies specific for the H and L subunit. British Journal of Haematology 1990;76(3):427-32. - PubMed

Isa 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Isa HM, Mohamed AM. Neonatal hemochromatosis. Case series from Bahrain. Saudi Medical Journal 2013;34(12):1274-80. - PubMed

Isokawa 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Isokawa M, Kimura F, Matsuki T, Omoto E, Otsuka K, Kurokawa H, et al. Evaluation of bone marrow iron by magnetic resonance imaging. Annals of Hematology 1997;74(6):269-74. - PubMed

Jacobs 1972 {published data only}

1. 1. Jacobs A, Miller F, Worwood M, Beamish M, Wardrop C. Ferritin in the serum of normal subjects and patients with iron deficiency and iron overload. British Medical Journal 1972;4(5834):206-8. - PMC - PubMed

Jacobs 1975 {published data only}

1. 1. Jacobs A, Worwood M. Ferritin in serum. Clinical and biochemical implications. New England Journal of Medicine 1975;292(18):951-6. - PubMed

Jacobs 1979 {published data only}

1. 1. Jacobs J. Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. South African Medical Journal 1979;56(4):123-5. - PubMed

Jacobs 1982 {published data only}

1. 1. Jacobs P, Dommisse J. The plasma ferritin level as a reliable index of body iron stores following intravenous iron dextran. Journal of Medicine 1982;13(4):309-21. - PubMed

Jankowska 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Jankowska EA, Suchocki T, Wojtas K, Mazur G, Butrym A, Rybinska I, et al. High soluble transferrin receptor in patients with systolic heart failure: a measure of iron deficiency and a strong predictor of mortality. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2013;61(10 (suppl S)):Poster E749.

Jensen 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Jensen NM, Brandsborg M, Boesen AM, Yde H, Dahlerup JF. Low-dose oral iron absorption test in anaemic patients with and without iron deficiency determined by bone marrow iron content. European Journal of Haematology 1999;63(2):103-11. - PubMed

Jitani 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Jitani A, Khonglah Y, Athar R, Raphae V, Pal A. Clinico-hematologic and biochemical profile of dimorphic anemia with bone marrow study. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 2011;27(4):252.

Jolobe 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Jolobe OMP. How to interpret and pursue an abnormal complete blood cell count in adults. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2005;80(10):1389-90. - PubMed

Junca 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Junca J, Fernández-Avilés F, Oriol A, Navarro JT, Milla F, Sancho JM, et al. The usefulness of the serum transferrin receptor in detecting iron deficiency in the anemia of chronic disorders. Haematologica 1998;83(8):676-80. - PubMed

Junca 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Junca J. A diagnostic algorithm for ferropenia. Medicina Clinica 2001;116(4):146-9. - PubMed

Just 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Just IM, Suner S, Schaumberger R, Renke C, Gabriel C. Evaluation of low red blood cell mean corpuscular volume is useful in the detection of iron deficiency in a whole blood donor population. Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 2011;38:35-6.

Kaldara 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Kaldara E, Terrovitis J, Ntalianis A, Kapelios C, Vakrou S, Sventzouri S, et al. A simple diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for anemia in end stage heart failure patients. Circulation: American Heart Association 2011;124(Suppl 21):A14653.

Kaltwasser 1977a {published data only}

1. 1. Kaltwasser JP, Werner E. Ferritin. Radioimmunological determination in serum and clinical significance [Die radioimmunologische meassung von ferritin im serum und ihre klinishe bedeutung]. Klinische Wochenschrift 1977;55(22):1103-7. - PubMed

Kaltwasser 1977b {published data only}

1. 1. Kaltwasser JP, Werner E, Becker H. Serum ferritin as a control parameter for oral iron therapy. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1977;102(32):1150-5. - PubMed

Karam 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Karam LB, Disco D, Jackson SM, Lewin D, McKie V, Baker RD, et al. Liver biopsy results in patients with sickle cell disease on chronic transfusions: poor correlation with ferritin levels. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 2008;50(1):62-5. - PubMed

Karimi 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Karimi M, Amirmoezi F, Haghpanah S, Ostad S, Lotfi M, Sefidbakht S, et al. Correlation of serum ferritin levels with hepatic MRI T2 and liver iron concentration in nontransfusion beta-thalassemia intermediate patients: a contemporary issue. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 2017;34(5):292-7. - PubMed

Karlsson 2015a {published data only}

1. 1. Karlsson T. Mass spectrometry evaluation of the hepcidin-25 assay in the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia with concurrent inflammation and anaemia of inflammation in elderly patients. European Journal of Haematology 2015;95(5):467-71. - PubMed

Karlsson 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Karlsson T. Evaluation of a competitive hepcidin ELISA assay in the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia with concurrent inflammation and anaemia of inflammation in elderly patients. Journal of Inflammation (London, England) 2017;14:21. - PMC - PubMed

Kerlin 1979 {published data only}

1. 1. Kerlin P, Reiner R, Davies M, Sage RE, Grant AK. Iron deficiency anaemia - a prospective study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1979;9(4):402-7. - PubMed

Kim 1984 {published data only}

1. 1. Kim I, Pollitt E, Leibel RL, Viteri FE, Alvarez E. Application of receiver-operator analysis to diagnostic tests of iron deficiency in man. Pediatric Research 1984;18(9):916-20. - PubMed

Kimber 1983 {published data only}

1. 1. Kimber RJ, Rudzki Z, Blunden RW. Iron deficiency and iron overload: serum ferritin and serum iron in clinical medicine. Pathology 1983;15(4):497-503. - PubMed

Koca 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Koca E, Cetiner DA, Buyukasik Y, Uner A, Sayinalp N, Haznedaroglu IC, et al. Bone marrow iron staining is a reliable test for elimination of iron deficiency anemia rather than its diagnosis [Kemik iligi Demir Boyasi Demir Eksikligi Anemisinin Teflhisinden Cok Difllanmasi Icin Guvenilir Bir Yontemdir]. Uluslararasi Hematoloji-Onkoloji Dergisi 2013;23(4):260-3.

Koulaouzidis 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Koulaouzidis A, Tseung A. New diagnostic approaches to iron deficiency anaemia: from ferritin to ZnPP and sTfR and back to ferritin again. CME Journal Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition 2007;8(1):10-3.

Koulaouzidis 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Koulaouzidis A, Said E, Cottier R, Saeed AA. Soluble transferrin receptors and iron deficiency, a step beyond ferritin. A systematic review. Journal of Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases 2009;18(3):345-52. - PubMed

Kowdley 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Kowdley KV, Trainer TD, Saltzman JR, Pedrosa M, Krawitt EL, Knox TA et al. Utility of hepatic iron index in American patients with hereditary hemochromatosis: a multicenter study. Gastroenterology 1997;113(4):1270-7. - PubMed

Kowdley 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Kowdley KV, Belt P, Wilson LA, Yeh MM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Chalasani N, et al. Serum ferritin is an independent predictor of histologic severity and advanced fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2012;55(1):77-85. - PMC - PubMed

Kreeftenberg 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Kreeftenberg HG Jr, Mooyaart EL, Huizenga JR, Sluiter WJ. Quantification of liver iron concentration with magnetic resonance imaging by combining T1-, T2-weighted spin echo sequences and a gradient echo sequence. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 2000;56(4):133–7. - PubMed

Krittayaphong 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Krittayaphong R, Viprakasit V, Saiviroonporn P, Wangworatrakul W, Wood JC. Serum ferritin in the diagnosis of cardiac and liver iron overload in thalassaemia patients real-world practice: a multicentre study. British Journal of Haematology 2018;182(2):301-5. - PubMed

Labbe 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Labbe RF, Dewanji A. Iron assessment tests: transferrin receptor vis-a-vis zinc protoporphyrin. Clinical Biochemistry 2004;37(3):165-74. - PubMed

Lebray 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Lebray P, Zylberberg H, Hue S, Poulet B, Carnot F, Martin S, et al. Influence of HFE gene polymorphism on the progression and treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2004;11(2):175-82. - PubMed

Lee 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Lee DH, Jacobs DR Jr. Serum markers of stored body iron are not appropriate markers of health effects of iron: a focus on serum ferritin. Medical Hypotheses 2004;62(3):442-5. - PubMed

Legros 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Legros L, Bardou-Jacquet E, Latournerie M, Guillygomarc'h A, Turlin B, Le Lan C, et al. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in C282Y homozygous HFE hemochromatosis. Liver International 2015;35(6):1731-8. - PubMed

Leitch 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Leitch HA, Chase J, Vickars L. Red blood cell transfusion independence following the initiation of Iron chelation therapy in myelodysplastic syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Haematologica 2009;94:539. - PMC - PubMed

Leitch 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Leitch HA, Chan C, Leger CS, Foltz LM, Ramadan KM, Vickars LM. Improved survival with iron chelation therapy for red blood cell transfusion dependent lower IPSS risk MDS may be more significant in patients with a non-RARS diagnosis. Leukemia Research 2012;36(11):1380-6. - PubMed

Lewis 1982 {published data only}

1. 1. Lewis GJ. Do women with menorrhagia need iron? British Medical Journal, Clinical Research Edition 1982;284(6323):1158. - PMC - PubMed

Leyland 1975 {published data only}

1. 1. Leyland MJ, Ganguli PC, Blower D, Delamore IW. Immunoradiometric assay for ferritin in human serum. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 1975;14(5):385-92. - PubMed

Li 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Li CK, Chik KW, Lam CW, To KF, Yu SC, Lee BV, et al. Liver disease in transfusion dependent thalassaemia major. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2002;86(5):344-7. - PMC - PubMed

Licata 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Licata A, Nebbia ME, Cabibbo G, Lo Iacono G, Barbaria F, Brucato V, et al. Hyperferritinemia is a risk factor for steatosis in chronic liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009;15(17):2132-8. - PMC - PubMed

Linkesch 1978 {published data only}

1. 1. Linkesch W. Serum ferritin - diagnostic and clinical significance [Serumferritin - diagnostische und klinische bedeutung]. Acta Medica Austriaca 1978;5(4-5):169-71. - PubMed

Lipschitz 1974 {published data only}

1. 1. Lipschitz DA, Cook JD, Finch CA. A clinical evaluation of serum ferritin as an index of iron stores. New England Journal of Medicine 1974;290(22):1213-6. - PubMed

Lu 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Lu W, Zhao M, Rajbhandary S, Xie F, Chai X, Mu J, et al. Free iron catalyzes oxidative damage to hematopoietic cells/mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and suppresses hematopoiesis in iron overload patients. European Journal of Haematology 2013;91(3):249-61. - PubMed

Luxton 1977 {published data only}

1. 1. Luxton AW, Walker WH, Gauldie J, Ali AM, Pelletier C. A radioimmunoassay for serum ferritin. Clinical Chemistry 1977;23(4):683-9. - PubMed

Macdougall 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Macdougall IC. What is the most appropriate strategy to monitor functional iron deficiency in the dialysed patient on rhEPO therapy? Merits of percentage hypochromic red cells as a marker of functional iron deficiency. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1998;13(4):847-9. - PubMed

Machado 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Machado MV, Ravasco P, Martins A, Almeida MR, Camilo ME, Cortez-Pinto H. Iron homeostasis and H63D mutations in alcoholics with and without liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009;15(1):106-111. - PMC - PubMed

Maliken 2012a {published data only}

1. 1. Maliken BD, Avrin WF, Nelson JE, Mooney J, Kumar S, Kowdley KV. Room-temperature susceptometry predicts biopsy-determined hepatic iron in patients with elevated serum ferritin. Annals of Hepatology 2012;11(1):77-84. - PMC - PubMed

Martinelli 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Martinelli AL, Franco RF, Villanova MG, Figueiredo JF, Secaf M, Tavella MH, et al. Are haemochromatosis mutations related to the severity of liver disease in hepatitis C virus infection? Acta Haematologica 2000;102(3):152-6. - PubMed

Martinelli 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Martinelli AL, Filho AB, Franco RF, Tavella MH, Ramalho LN, Zucoloto S, et al. Liver iron deposits in hepatitis B patients: association with severity of liver disease but not with hemochromatosis gene mutations. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2004;19(9):1036-41. - PubMed

Massawe 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Massawe SN, Urassa EN, Mmari M, Ronquist G, Lindmark G, Nystrom L. The complexity of pregnancy anemia in Dar-es-Salaam. Gynecologic & Obstetric Investigation 1999;47(2):76-82. - PubMed

Massey 1992 {published data only}

1. 1. Massey AC. Microcytic anemia. Differential diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia. Medical Clinics of North America 1992;76(3):549-66. - PubMed

Maximova 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Maximova N, Gregori M, Simeone R, Sonzogni A, Boz G, Fucile C, et al. Safety and tolerability of deferasirox in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: one facility's five years' experience of chelation treatment. Oncotarget 2017;8(38):63177-86. - PMC - PubMed

Mazza 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Mazza P, Giua R, De Marco S, Bonetti MG, Amurri B, Masi C, et al. Iron overload in thalassemia: comparative analysis of magnetic resonance imaging, serum ferritin and iron content of the liver. Haematologica 1995;80(5):398-404. - PubMed

Mazzolenis 1992 {published data only}

1. 1. Mazzolenis D, Scuteri R, Blasetti A, Sivak L, Rendo P, Cavalli N, et al. Study and treatment of anaemia among chronic hemodialysis patients. Nefrologia 1992;12:15-21.

Meredith 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Meredith J, Rosenthal N. Differential diagnosis of microcytic anemias. Laboratory Medicine 1999;30(8):538-42.

Milman 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Milman N. Hereditary haemochromatosis in Denmark 1950-1985. Clinical, biochemical and histological features in 179 patients and 13 preclinical cases. Danish Medical Bulletin 1991;38(4):385-93. - PubMed

Milman 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Milman N. Serum ferritin in Danes: studies of iron status from infancy to old age, during blood donation and pregnancy. International Journal of Hematology 1996;63(2):103-35. - PubMed

Minniti 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Minniti CP, Abd-Bmoniem KZ, Wilson J, Heller T, Koh C, Jackson M, et al. Relationship of liver iron concentration with hepatic and cardiac R2* in adults with sickle cell anemia. American Journal of Hematology 2011;86(10):E13.

Moicean 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Moicean A, Brabete A, Diculescu M, Puscariu T, Dobrea C, Ostroveanu D, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH) associated with erythroblastopenia (PRCA). Evolution on treatment with cyclosporin. Annals of Fundeni Hospital 2004;9(1-2):30-4.

Moirand 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Moirand R, Mortaji AM, Loréal O, Paillard F, Brissot P, Deugnier Y. A new syndrome of liver iron overload with normal transferrin saturation. Lancet 1997;349(9045):95-7. - PubMed

Moreb 1983 {published data only}

1. 1. Moreb J, Popovtzer MM, Friedlaender MM, Konijn AM, Hershko C. Evaluation of iron status in patients on chronic hemodialysis: relative usefulness of bone marrow hemosiderin, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume and red cell protoporphyrin. Nephron 1983;35(3):196-200. - PubMed

Morrison 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Morrison ED, Brandhagen DJ, Phatak PD, Barton JC, Krawitt EL, El-Serag HB, et al. Serum ferritin level predicts advanced hepatic fibrosis among U.S. patients with phenotypic hemochromatosis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003;138(8):627-33. - PubMed

Mueller 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Mueller J, Raisi H, Rausch V, Peccerella T, Simons D, Ziener CH, et al. Sensitive and non-invasive assessment of hepatocellular iron using a novel room-temperature susceptometer. Journal of Hepatology 2017;67(3):535-42. - PubMed

Murphy 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Murphy S, Peterson P, Iland H, Laszlo J. Experience of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group with essential thrombocythemia: a final report on diagnostic criteria, survival, and leukemic transition by treatment. Seminars in Hematology 1997;34(1):29-39. - PubMed

Murphy 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Murphy PT, Quinn JP, O'Donghaile D, Swords R, O'Donnell JR. Myelodysplastic patients with raised percentage of hypochromic red cells have evidence of functional iron deficiency. Annals of Hematology 2006;85(7):455-7. - PubMed

Musso 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Musso A, Gonzalez E, Santos M, Dominguez M, Madaio M, Del Rio O, et al. Investigation of iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney failure in hemodialysis [Investigación de la deficiencia de hierro en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis]. Revista de Nefrología, Diálisis y Transplante 1991;30:3-10.

Nagai 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Nagai T, Komatsu N, Sakata Y, Miura Y, Ozawa K. Iron deficiency anemia with marked thrombocytosis complicated by central retinal vein occlusion. Internal Medicine 2005;44(10):1090-2. - PubMed

Nagashima 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Nagashima M, Kudo M, Chung H, Ishikawa E, Hagiwara S, Hagiwara S, et al. Regulatory failure of serum prohepcidin levels in patients with hepatitis C. Hepatology Research 2006;36(4):288-93. - PubMed

Nathanson 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Nathanson S, Deschenes G, Bensman A. The biochemical and hematological assessment of iron metabolism. Archives de Pediatrie 1999;6(11):1199-204. - PubMed

Navone 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Navone R, Azzoni L, Valente G. Immunohistochemical assessment of ferritin in bone marrow trephine biopsies: correlation with marrow hemosiderin. Acta Haematologica 1988;80(4):194-8. - PubMed

Nelson 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Nelson J, Mooney J, Avrin W, Kumar S, Kowdley K. Room temperature susceptometry for hepatic iron measurement. American Journal of Hematology 2011;86(9):E115.

Nielsen 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Nielsen P, Gunther U, Durken M, Fischer R, Dullmann J. Serum ferritin iron in iron overload and liver damage: correlation to body iron stores and diagnostic relevance. Journal of Laboratory & Clinical Medicine 2000;135(5):413-8. - PubMed

Nuwayri‐Salti 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Nuwayrisalti N, Jabre F, Saab G, Daouk M, Salem Z. Blood leukocyte contribution to serum ferritin levels in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Nephron 1991;57(2):144-8. - PubMed

O'Brien 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. O'Brien T, Barrett B, Murray DM, Dinneen S, O'Sullivan DJ. Usefulness of biochemical screening of diabetic patients for hemochromatosis. Diabetes Care 1990;13(5):532-4. - PubMed

O'Keeffe 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. O'Keeffe ST. Iron deficiency with normal ferritin levels in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Medicine 2005;6(3):281-2. - PubMed

Oduor 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Oduor H, Minniti CP, Brofferio A, Gharib AM, Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Hsieh MM, et al. Severe cardiac iron toxicity in two adults with sickle cell disease. Transfusion 2017;57(3):700-4. - PMC - PubMed

Olivieri 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Olivieri NF, Brittenham GM, Matsui D, Berkovitch M, Blendis LM, Cameron RG, et al. Iron-chelation therapy with oral deferipronein patients with thalassemia major. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;332(14):918-22. - PubMed

Olynyk 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Olynyk JK, Gan E, Tan T. Predicting iron overload in hyperferritinemia. Clinical Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2009;7(3):359-62. - PubMed

Özatli 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Özatli D, Köksal AS, Haznedaroglu IC, Simsek H, Karakus S, Buyukasik Y, et al. Anemias in chronic liver diseases. Hematology 2000;5(1):69-76. - PubMed

Ozkale 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Ozkale M, Sipahi T. Hematologic and bone marrow changes in children with protein-energy malnutrition. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 2014;31(4):349-58. - PubMed

Pakbaz 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Pakbaz Z, Fischer R, Treadwell M, Yamashita R, Fung EB, Calvelli L, et al. A simple model to assess and improve adherence to iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine in patients with thalassemia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2005;1054:486-91. - PubMed

Parkash 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Parkash O, Akram M. Hereditary hemochromatosis. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons - Pakistan 2015;25(9):644-7. - PubMed

Pastrana 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Pastrana RJ, Torres EA, Arroyo JM, Rivera CE, Sanchez CJ, Morales L. Iron-deficiency anemia as presentation of pouchitis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2007;41(1):41-4. - PubMed

Pautas 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Pautas E, Siguret V, Kim TMA, Chaibi P, Golmard JL, Gouronnec A, et al. Anemia in the elderly: usefulness of an easy and comprehensive laboratory screen. Annales de Biologie Clinique 2012;70(6):643-7. - PubMed

Peters 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Peters TMA, Meulders AFM, Redert K, Cuijpers MLH, Rennings AJM, Janssen MCH, et al. TFR2-related haemochromatosis in the Netherlands: a cause of arthralgia in young adulthood. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 2017;75(2):56-64. - PubMed

Phatak 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Phatak PD, Barton JC. Phlebotomy-mobilized iron as a surrogate for liver iron content in hemochromatosis patients. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2003;8(6):429-32. - PubMed

Phelps 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Phelps KR. Diagnosis of iron deficiency in dialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1996;27(5):762-4. - PubMed

Pietrangelo 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Pietrangelo A, Corradini E, Ferrara F, Vegetti A, De Jong G, Luca Abbati G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging to identify classic and nonclassic forms of ferroportin disease. Blood Cells Molecules & Diseases 2006;37(3):192-6. - PubMed

Porter 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Porter JB, El-Alfy M, Viprakasit V, Giraudier S, Chan LL, Lai Y, et al. Utility of labile plasma iron and transferrin saturation in addition to serum ferritin as iron overload markers in different underlying anemias before and after deferasirox treatment. European Journal of Haematology 2016;96(1):19-26. - PubMed

Porter 2017a {published data only}

1. 1. Porter JB, Elalfy M, Taher A, Aydinok Y, Lee SH, Sutcharitchan P, et al. Limitations of serum ferritin to predict liver iron concentration responses to deferasirox therapy in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassaemia. European Journal of Haematology 2017;98(3):280-8. - PubMed

Porter 2017b {published data only}

1. 1. Porter JB, Cappellini MD, Kattamis A, Viprakasit V, Musallam KM, Zhu Z, et al. Iron overload across the spectrum of non-transfusion-dependent thalassaemias: role of erythropoiesis, splenectomy and transfusions. British Journal of Haematology 2017;176(2):288-99. - PMC - PubMed

Powell 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Powell N, McNair A. Gastrointestinal evaluation of anaemic patients without evidence of iron deficiency. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2008;20(11):1094-100. - PubMed

Rao 1985 {published data only}

1. 1. Rao KV, Anderson WR. Hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis in renal transplant recipients. Clinical and pathological features, diagnostic correlations, predisposing factors, and treatment. American Journal of Nephrology 1985;5(6):419-30. - PubMed

Rao 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Rao PS, Khandelia B. Assessment of iron stores in bone marrow using an intensive grading method. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 2013;29(4):370-1.

Rehu 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Rehu M, Ahonen S, Punnonen K. The diagnostic accuracy of the percentage of hypochromic red blood cells (%HYPOm) and cellular hemoglobin in reticulocytes (CHr) in differentiating iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic diseases. Clinica Chimica Acta 2011;412(19-20):1809-13. - PubMed

Remacha 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Remacha AF, Sarda MP, Fernandez MC, Murga MJ. Laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency. Transfusion Alternatives in Transfusion Medicine 2012;12(3-4):95-102.

Rimon 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Rimon E, Levy S, Sapir A, Gelzer G, Peled R, Ergas D, et al. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in the elderly by transferrin receptor-ferritin index. Archives of Internal Medicine 2002;162(4):445-9. - PubMed

Rioja 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Rioja L, Girot R, Garabedian M, Cournot-Witmer G. Bone disease in children with homozygous beta-thalassemia. Bone & Mineral 1990;8(1):69-86. - PubMed

Rocchi 1993 {published data only}

1. 1. Rocchi E, Cassanelli M, Borghi A, Paolillo F, Pradelli M, Casalgrandi G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and different levels of iron overload in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1993;17(6):997-1002. - PubMed

Rushton 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Rushton DH, Barth JH. What is the evidence for gender differences in ferritin and haemoglobin? Critical Reviews in Oncology-Hematology 2010;73(1):1-9. - PubMed

Sahoo 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Sahoo N, Dash AK, Sahu P, Mishra B, Rath G, Pradhan SP. Haematological profile, serum iron and ferritin level in anemia of inflammation: a prospective study. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 2012;28(4):248-9.

Saliba 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Saliba AN, Musallam KM, Cappellini MD, Graziadei G, Daar S, Viprakasit V, et al. Serum ferritin values between 300 and 800 ng/mL in nontransfusion-dependent thalassemia: a probability curve to guide clinical decision making when MRI is unavailable. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(3):E35-7. - PubMed

Shet 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Shet AS, Pinto S, Mitra G, Subramaniam P, Mandal A. Glutathionyl hemoglobin has potential as a biomarker of iron deficiency anemia. Blood 2010;116(21):3210.
2. 1. Shet AS, Pinto SM, Mitra G, Mandal AK. Glutathionyl hemoglobin is elevated in iron deficiency anemia. Acta Haematologica 2012;127(1):26-30. - PubMed

Siddappa 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Siddappa AM, Rao R, Long JD, Widness JA, Georgieff MK. The assessment of newborn iron stores at birth: a review of the literature and standards for ferritin concentrations. Neonatology 2007;92(2):73-82. - PMC - PubMed

Silva 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Silva IS, Perez RM, Oliveira PV, Cantagalo MI, Dantas E, Sisti C, et al. Iron overload in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: clinical and histological study. Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2005;20(2):243-8. - PubMed

Sivgin 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Sivgin S, Baldane S, Deniz K, Zararsiz G, Kaynar L, Cetin M, et al. Increased hepatic iron content predicts poor survival in patients with iron overload who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia 2016;16(Suppl):S10-8. - PubMed

Smieja 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Smieja MJ, Cook DJ, Hunt DL, Ali MA, Guyatt GH. Recognizing and investigating iron-deficiency anemia in hospitalized elderly people. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1996;155(6):691-6. - PMC - PubMed

Smith 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Smith BC, Gorve J, Guzail MA, Day CP, Daly AK, Burt AD, et al. Heterozygosity for hereditary hemochromatosis is associated with more fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1998;27(6):1695-9. - PubMed

Smith 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Smith E, Lebensburger J, Hilliard L, Kelly D, Fineberg N, Bai S, et al. Ferritin and LIC: predicting liver injury in children with sickle cell. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2014;58(3):387-90. - PubMed

Sokal 1986 {published data only}

1. 1. Sokal JE, Sheerin KA. Decreased stainable marrow iron in chronic granulocytic leukemia. American Journal of Medicine 1986;81(3):395-9. - PubMed

Stancu 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Stancu S, Bârsan L, Stanciu A, Mircescu G. Can the response to iron therapy be predicted in anemic nondialysis patients with chronic kidney disease? Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2010;5(3):409-16. - PMC - PubMed

Stein 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Stein P, Yu H, Jain D, Mistry PK. Hyperferritinemia and iron overload in type 1 Gaucher disease. American Journal of Hematology 2010;85(7):472-6. - PMC - PubMed

Sucak 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Sucak GT, Yegin ZA, Ozkurt ZN, Aki SZ, Karakan T, Akyol G. The role of liver biopsy in the workup of liver dysfunction late after SCT: is the role of iron overload underestimated? Bone Marrow Transplantation 2008;42(7):461-7. - PubMed

Sumida 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Sumida Y, Kanemasa K, Fukumoto K, Yoshida N, Sakai K. Hepatic iron accumulation may be associated with insulin resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology Research 2007;37(11):932-40. - PubMed

Sutor 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Sutor GC, Ceconi C, Flemming P, Wysk J, Fabel H, Schuppert F. An older female patient with refractory anemia and hemochromatosis [Eine ältere patientin mit refraktärer anämie und hämochromatose]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 2002;127(34-35):1754-8. - PubMed

Taher 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Taher A, Sheikh-Taha M, Sharara A, Inati A, Koussa S, Ellis G, et al. Safety and effectiveness of 100 mg/kg/day deferiprone in patients with thalassemia major: a two-year study. Acta Haematologica 2005;114(3):146-9. - PubMed

Tan 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Tan T, Jaskowski L, Murphy T, Lipka G, Franklin M, Taylor P, et al. The serum hepcidin-to-ferritin ratio is an accurate predictor of increased hepatic iron and liver cirrhosis in non-hemochromatosis subjects (Podium #86). American Journal of Hematology 2011;86(9):E45.

Tan 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Tan TCH, Crawford DHG, Franklin ME, Jaskowski LA, MacDonald GA, Jonsson JR, et al. The serum hepcidin: ferritin ratio is a potential biomarker for cirrhosis. Liver International 2012;32(9):1391-9. - PubMed

Thomason 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Thomason RW, Almiski MS. Evidence that stainable bone marrow iron following parenteral iron therapy does not correlate with serum iron studies and may not represent readily available storage iron. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2009;131(4):580-5. - PubMed

Thorsteinsson 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Thorsteinsson V, Yngvason FE. Evaluation of iron status by serum transferrin receptor level [Mat á járnbúskap með mælingu á transferrínviðtökum]. Laeknabladid 2010;96(1):11-8. - PubMed

Tsironi 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Tsironi M, Assimakopoulos G, Polonofi K, Rigaki K, Aessopos A. Effects of combined deferiprone and deferoxamine chelation therapy on iron load indices in beta-thalassemia. Hemoglobin 2008;32(1-2):29-34. - PubMed

Valberg 1975 {published data only}

1. 1. Valberg LS, Simon JB, Manley PN, Corbett WE, Ludwig J. Distribution of storage iron as body stores expand in patients with hemochromatosis. Journal of Laboratory & Clinical Medicine 1975;86(3):479-89. - PubMed

Valberg 1980 {published data only}

1. 1. Valberg LS. Plasma ferritin concentrations: their clinical significance and relevance to patient care. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1980;122(11):1240-8. - PMC - PubMed

Valenti 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Valenti L, Dongiovanni P, Fracanzani AL, Santorelli G, Fatta E, Bertelli C, et al. Increased susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in heterozygotes for the mutation responsible for hereditary hemochromatosis. Digestive & Liver Disease 2003;35(3):172-8. - PubMed

Valenti 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Valenti L, Dongiovanni P, Piperno A, Fracanzani AL, Maggioni M, Rametta R, et al. Alpha 1-antitrypsin mutations in NAFLD: high prevalence and association with altered iron metabolism but not with liver damage. Hepatology 2006;44(4):857-64. - PubMed

Van Mook 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Van Mook WNKA, Bourass-Bremers IHDN, Bos LP, Verhoeven HMJM, Engels LGJB. The outcome of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in asymptomatic outpatients with iron deficiency anemia after a negative colonoscopy. European Journal of Internal Medicine 2001;12(2):122-6. - PubMed

Vassalle 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Vassalle C, Meloni A, Pistoia L, Gamberini MR, Spasiano A, Gerardi C, et al. Relationship between uric acid levels and cardiometabolic findings in a large cohort of β-thalassemia major patients. Biomarkers in Medicine 2018;12(4):341-8. - PubMed

Velasco‐Rodriguez 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Velasco-Rodriguez D, Alonso-Dominguez JM, Munoz-Novas C, Masso P, Jimenez-Rolando M, Quiros V, et al. Dysplastic bone marrow features can be predicted using the erythrogram provided by ADVIA 2120I analyzer (poster 145). International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 2014;36(Suppl 1):90.

Voigt 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Voigt W, Jordan K, Sippel C, Amoury M, Schmoll HJ, Wolf HH. Severe thrombocytosis and anemia associated with celiac disease in a young female patient: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports 2008;2(96):1-5. - PMC - PubMed

Vreugdenhil 1989 {published data only}

1. 1. Vreugdenhil G, Baltus JA, Van Eijk HG, Swaak AJ. Prediction and evaluation of the effect of iron treatment in anaemic RA patients. Clinical Rheumatology 1989;8(3):352-62. - PubMed

Vreugdenhil 1990b {published data only}

1. 1. Vreugdenhil G, Wognum AW, Van Eijk HG, Swaak AJ. Anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of iron,vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiency, and erythropoietin responsiveness. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1990;49(2):93-8. - PMC - PubMed

Walter 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Walter PB, Macklin EA, Porter J, Evans P, Kwiatkowski JL, Neufeld EJ, et al. Inflammation and oxidant-stress in beta-thalassemia patients treated with iron chelators deferasirox (ICL670) or deferoxamine: an ancillary study of the Novartis CICL670A0107 trial. Haematologica 2008;93(6):817-25. - PubMed

Walters 1973 {published data only}

1. 1. Walters G, Miller F, Worwood M. Serum ferritin concentration and iron stores in normal subjects. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1973;26(10):770-2. - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Wang HJ, Zhang L, Zhou K, Jing LP, Yang DL, Li HQ, et al. Clinical and hematological features of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I. Chung-Hua Hsueh Yeh Hsueh Tsa Chih (Chinese Journal of Hematology) 2009;30(6):377-80. - PubMed

Wang 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Wang R, Zhao S, Du J, He H, Tan P, Nan Y. Hepcidin involves in hepatic iron overload and liver injury in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Hepatology 2014;1:S327.

Whiting 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Whiting PW, Fletcher LM, Dixon JK, Gochee P, Powell LW, Crawford DHG. Concordance of iron indices in homozygote and heterozygote sibling pairs in hemochromatosis families: implications for family screening. Journal of Hepatology 2002;37(3):309-14. - PubMed

Wickenhauser 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Wickenhauser C, Hoeppner M, Krahl R, Jaekel N, Niederwieser D, Al-Ali HK. Iron distribution in pre-transplant bone marrow biopsies and outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Onkologie 2011;34:274.

Wu 1989 {published data only}

1. 1. Wu M, Lu YY, Lin YH. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia with an optimum combination of tests. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1989;28(3):145-9. - PubMed

Wulfhekel 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Wulfhekel U, Düllmann J. Storage of iron in bone marrow plasma cells. Ultrastructural characterization, mobilization, and diagnostic significance. Acta Haematologica 1999;101(1):7-15. - PubMed

Xian 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Xian LI. Clinical significance of detection of iron metabolism indexes in patients with hematologic malignant disease before and after treatment [血液系统恶性肿瘤患者监测铁代谢指标的临床意义]. Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine 2012;z2:27-30.

Yanardag 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Yanardag H, Pamuk GE, Karayel T, Demirci S. Bone marrow involvement in sarcoidosis: an analysis of 50 bone marrow samples. Haematologia 2002;32(4):419-25. - PubMed

Zadrazil 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Zadrazil J, Papajík T, Scudla V, Jezáková J, Budíková M, Slavícek J. The iron reserve status in patients on regular dialysis treatment [Stav zásobního zeleza u nemocných v pravidelném dialyzacním lécení]. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 1991;37(4):369-75. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Anupama 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Anupama KV, Rao PS, Adappa S, Balanthimogru P, Mahabala C. Correlation between serum ferritin and bone marrow iron stores. Tropical Doctor 2017;47(3):217-21. - PubMed

Balan 1994 {published data only}

1. 1. Balan V, Baldus W, Fairbanks V, Michels V, Burritt M, Klee G. Screening for hemochromatosis: a cost-effectiveness study based on 12,258 patients. Gastroenterology 1994;107(2):453-9. - PubMed

Cai 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Cai J, Wu M, Ren J, Du Y, Long Z, Li G, et al. Evaluation of the efficiency of the reticulocyte hemoglobin content on diagnosis for iron deficiency anemia in Chinese adults. Nutrients 2017;9(5):E450. - PMC - PubMed

Cippà 2014a {published data only}

1. 1. Cippà PE, Boucsein I, Adams H, Krayenbuehl PA. Estimating iron overload in patients with suspected liver disease and elevated serum ferritin. American Journal of Medicine 2014;127(10):1011.e1-3. - PubMed

Grote Beverborg 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Grote Beverborg N, Klip IT, Meijers WC, Voors AA, Vegter EL, Van der Wal HH, et al. Definition of iron deficiency based on the gold standard of bone marrow iron staining in heart failure patients. Circulation. Heart Failure 2018;11(2):e004519. - PubMed

Hagstrom 2016a {published data only}

1. 1. Hagstrom H, Nasr P, Bottai M, Ekstedt M, Kechagias S, Hultcrantz R, et al. Elevated serum ferritin is associated with increased mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease after 16 years of follow-up. Liver International 2016;36(11):1688-95. - PubMed

Mehta 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Mehta S, Goyal LK, Kaushik D, Gulati S, Sharma N, Harshvardhan L, et al. Reticulocyte hemoglobin vis-a-vis serum ferritin as a marker of bone marrow iron store in iron deficiency anemia. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2016;64(11):38-42. - PubMed

Pilo 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Pilo F, Caocci G, Mele G, Serreli V, Brundu E, La Nasa G. Perl's stain grade in the bone marrow aspirate correlates with overall survival in low risk myelodysplastic patients (P127). Haematologica 2019;104 (Suppl 2):109. - PubMed
2. 1. Pilo F, Caocci G, Mele G, Serreli V, Brundu E, La Nasa G. Perls' stain grade in the bone marrow aspirate correlates with overall survival in low risk myelodysplastic patients. Blood 2018;132 (Supplement 1):5517. - PubMed

Rudnicka 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Rudnicka A, Woziwodzka A, Wroblewska A, Rybicka M, Bielawski KP, Sikorska K, et al. Analysis of polymorphism and hepatic expression of duodenal cytochrome b in chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2017;32(2):482-6. - PubMed

Uhrig 2019 {published data only}

1. 1. Uhrig M, Mueller J, Longerich T, Straub BK, Buschle LR, Schlemmer HP, et al. Susceptibility based multiparametric quantification of liver disease: non-invasive evaluation of steatosis and iron overload. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2019;63:114-22. - PubMed

Wood 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Wood MJ, Crawford DHG, Wockner LF, Powell LW, Ramm GA. Serum ferritin concentration predicts hepatic fibrosis better than hepatic iron concentration in human HFE-Haemochromatosis. Liver International 2017;37(9):1382-8. - PubMed

Additional references

Addison 1972

1. 1. Addison GM, Beamish MR, Hales CN, Hodgkins M, Jacobs A, Llewellin P. An immunoradiometric assay for ferritin in the serum of normal subjects and patients with iron deficiency and iron overload. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1972;25(4):326-9. - PMC - PubMed

Allen 2008

1. 1. Allen KJ, Gurrin LC, Constantine CC, Osborne NJ, Delatycki MB, Nicoll AJ, et al. Iron-overload-related disease in HFE hereditary hemochromatosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;358(3):221-30. - PubMed

Angelucci 2000

1. 1. Angelucci E, Brittenham GM, McLaren CE, Ripalti M, Baronciani D, Giardini C, et al. Hepatic iron concentration and total body iron stores in thalassemia major. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;343(5):327-31. - PubMed

Bacon 2011

1. 1. Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, Powell LW, Tavill AS, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2011;54(1):328-43. - PMC - PubMed

Baer 1995

1. 1. Baer DM, Simons JL, Staples RL, Rumore GJ, Morton CJ. Hemochromatosis screening in asymptomatic ambulatory men 30 years of age and older. American Journal of Medicine 1995;98(5):464. - PubMed

Bain 2011

1. 1. Bain B, Bailey K. Pitfalls in obtaining and interpreting bone marrow aspirates: to err is human. Journal of Clinical Patholology 2011;64:373-9. - PubMed

Barry 1974

1. 1. Barry M. Liver iron concentration, stainable iron, and total body storage iron. Gut 1974;15:411-5. - PMC - PubMed

Basset 1986

1. 1. Bassett ML, Halliday JW, Powell LW. Value of hepatic iron measurements in early hemochromatosis and determination of the critical iron level associated with fibrosis. Hepatology 1986;6(1):24-9. - PubMed

Beilby 1999

1. 1. Beilby JP, Prins AW, Swanson NR. Determination of hepatic iron concentration in fresh and paraffin-embedded tissue. Clinical Chemistry 1999;45(4):573-4. - PubMed

Beutler 1958

1. 1. Beutler E, Robson MJ, Buttenwieser E. A comparison of the plasma iron, iron-binding capacity, sternal marrow iron and other methods in the clinical evaluation of iron stores. Annals of Internal Medicine 1958;48(1):60-82. - PubMed

BloodSafe eLearning Australia 2011

1. 1. BloodSafe eLearning Australia. Iron deficiency anaemia. bloodsafelearning.org.au/course/iron-deficiency-anaemia-ida/ (accessed prior to 7 April 2021).

Bossuyt 2008

1. 1. Bossuyt PM, Leeflang MM. Chapter 6: Developing criteria for including studies. In: Deeks JJ, Bossuyt PM, Gatsonis C, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Version 0.4 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008. Available from srdta.cochrane.org/handbook-dta-reviews.

Brissot 2009

1. 1. Brissot P, Le Lan C, Troadec MB, Ropert M, Gaboriau F, Lescoat G, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of HFE-haemochromatosis. In: Beaumont C, Béris P, Beuzard Y, Brugnara C, editors(s). Disorders of Erythropoiesis, Erythrocytes and Iron Metabolism. European School of Haematology, 2009.

Brissot 2017

1. 1. Brissot P, Cavey T, Ropert M, Guggenbuhl P, Loréal O. Genetic hemochromatosis: pathophysiology, diagnostic and therapeutic management. Presse Medicale 2017;46(12 part 2):e288-e295. - PubMed

Bull‐Henry 2013

1. 1. Bull-Henry K, Al-Kawas FH. Evaluation of occult gastrointestinal bleeding. American Family Physician 2013;87(6):430-6. - PubMed

Camaschella 2015

1. 1. Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. New England Journal of Medicine 2015;372(19):1832-43. - PubMed

Chaparro 2019

1. 1. Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS. Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2019;1450(1):15-31. - PMC - PubMed

Conradie 1980

1. 1. Conradie JD, Mbhele BE. Quantitation of serum ferritin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). South African Medical Journal 1980;57(8):282-7. - PubMed

Dacie 1995

1. 1. Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Chapter 8: Red Cell Cytochemistry. In: Practical Haematology. 8th edition. London: Churchill Livingston, 1995.

Deeks 2005

1. 1. Deeks JJ, Macaskill P, Irwig L. The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2005;58(9):882-93. - PubMed

Deugnier 1992

1. 1. Deugnier YM, Loréal O, Turlin B, Guyader D, Jouanolle H, Moirand R, et al. Liver pathology on genetic hemochromatosis: a review of 135 homozygous cases and their bioclinical correlations. Gastroenterology 1992;102(6):2050-9. - PubMed

Di Bisceglie 1992

1. 1. Di Bisceglie AM, Axiotis CA, Hoofnagle JH, Bacon Br. Measurements of iron status in patients with chronic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1992;102(6):2018-13. - PubMed

Ferraro 2012

1. 1. Ferraro S, Mozzi R, Panteghini M. Revaluating serum ferritin as a marker of body iron stores in the traceability era. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2012;50(11):1911-6. - PubMed

Ganz 2013

1. 1. Ganz T. Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiological Reviews 2013;93(4):1721-41. - PubMed

Garcia‐Casal 2018

1. 1. Garcia-Casal MN, Peña-Rosas JP, Urrechaga E, Escanero JF, Huo J, Martinez RX, et al. Performance and comparability of laboratory methods for measuring ferritin concentrations in human serum or plasma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One 2018;13(5):e0196576. - PMC - PubMed

Garcia‐Casal 2019

1. 1. Garcia‐Casal MN, Pasricha SR, Sharma AJ, Peña‐Rosas JP. Use and interpretation of hemoglobin concentrations for assessing anemia status in individuals and populations: results from a WHO technical meeting. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2019;1450(1):5-14. - PMC - PubMed

GRADE Working Group 2004

1. 1. GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004;328:1490-7. - PMC - PubMed

Guyatt 1992

1. 1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Ali M, Willan A, McIlroy W, Patterson C. Laboratory diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia: an overview. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1992;7(2):145-53. - PubMed

Guyatt 2008

1. 1. Guyatt GH. Rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924-6. - PMC - PubMed

Halliday 1975

1. 1. Halliday JW, Gera KL, Powell LW. Solid phase radioimmunoassay for serum ferritin. Clinica Chimica Acta 1975;58(3):207-214. - PubMed

Hooper 2009

1. 1. Hooper L, Ashton K, Harvey L, Decsi T, Fairweather-Tate S. Assessing potential biomarkers of micronutrient status by using a systematic review methodology: methods. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;89:1953S-9S. - PubMed

Hughes 2004

1. 1. Hughes DA, Stuart-Smith SE, Bain BJ. How should stainable iron in bone marrow films be assessed? Journal of Clinical Pathology 2004;57(10):1038-40. - PMC - PubMed

Jones 1978

1. 1. Jones BM, Wormwood M. Immunoradiometricassay for the acidic ferritin of humanheart: application to human tissue, cells and serum.. Clinica Chimica Acta 1978;85:81-8. - PubMed

Kassebaum 2014

1. 1. Kassebaum NJ, Jasrasaria R, Naghavi M, Wulf SK, Johns N, Lozano R, et al. A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood 2014;123(5):615-24. - PMC - PubMed

Li 1994

1. 1. Li R, Chen X, Yan H, Deurenberg P, Garby L, Hautvast JG. Functional consequences of iron supplementation in iron-deficient female cotton mill workers in Beijing, China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59(4):908-13. - PubMed

Lozoff 2007

1. 1. Lozoff B. Iron deficiency and child development. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2007;28(4 Suppl):S560-71. - PubMed

Lundin 1964

1. 1. Lundin P, Persson E, Weinfeld A. Comparison of hemosiderin estimation in bone marrow sections and bone marrow smears. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1964;175(3):383-390. - PubMed

Mei 2005

1. 1. Mei Z, Cogswell M, Parvanta I, Lynch S, Beard J, Stolzfus R, et al. Hemoglobin and ferritin are currently the most efficient Indicators of population response to iron interventions: an analysis of nine randomized controlled trials. Journal of Nutrition 2005;135:1974-80. - PubMed

Melempati 2009

1. 1. Malempati S, Joshi S, Lai S, Braner D, Tegtmeyer K. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. New England Journal of Medicine 2009;361:e28. - PubMed

Miles 1974

1. 1. Miles LE, Lipschitz DA, Bieber CP, Cook JD. Measurement of serum ferritin by a 2-site immunoradiometric assay. Analytical Biochemistry 1974;61(1):209-24. - PubMed

Moher 2009

1. 1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLOS Medicine 2009;6(7):1-28. - PMC - PubMed

Netz 2013

1. 1. Netz DJ, Mascarenhas J, Stehling O, Pierik AJ, Lill R. Maturation of cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur proteins. Trends in Cell Biology 2014;24(5):303–12. - PubMed

Ordway 2004

1. 1. Ordway GA, Garry DJ. Myoglobin: an essential hemoprotein in striated muscle. Journal of Experimental Biology 2004;207(20):3441-6. - PubMed

Papagiannakis 2013

1. 1. Papagiannakis P, Michalopoulos C, Papalexi F, Dalampoura D, Diamantidis MD. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in hematological disorders. European Journal of Internal Medicine 2013;24(8):685-90. - PubMed

Pasricha 2010

1. 1. Pasricha SR, Flecknoe-Brown SC, Allen KJ, Gibson PR, McMahon LP, Olynyk JK, et al. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anaemia: a clinical update. Medical Journal of Australia 2010;193(9):525-32. - PubMed

Pasricha 2013

1. 1. Pasricha SR, Drakesmith H, Black J, Hipgrave D, Biggs BA. Control of iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries. Blood 2013;121(14):2607-17. - PubMed

Pasricha 2014

1. 1. Pasricha SR, Low M, Thompson J, Farrell A, De-Regil LM. Iron supplementation benefits physical performance in women of reproductive age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nutrition 2014;144(6):906-14. - PubMed

Peeling 2008

1. 1. Peeling P, Dawson B, Goodman C, Landers G, Trinder D. Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2008;103(4):381-91. - PubMed

Piga 2009

1. 1. Piga A, Roggero S, Longo F, Ernst O, Rose C. Chapter 25: Evaluation and treatment of secondary iron overload. In: Beaumont C, Béris P, Beuzard Y, Brugnara C, editors(s). Disorders of Erythrocytes, Erythropoiesis and Iron Metabolism. European School of Haematology, 2009.

Ploem 1966

1. 1. Ploem JE, Wael J, Verloop MC, Punt K. Sideruria following a single dose of desferrioxamine-B as a diagnostic test in iron overload. British Journal of Haematology 1966;12(4):396-408. - PubMed

Rath 1948

1. 1. Rath CE, Finch CA. Sternal marrow hemosiderin; a method for the determination of available iron stores in man. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1948;33(1):81-6. - PubMed

RCPA 2010

1. 1. Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Ferritin - Plasma or Serum. RCPA Manual. Sydney: Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, 2010.

Reitsma 2005

1. 1. Reitsma JB, Glas AS, Rutjes AW, Scholten RJ, Bossuyt PM, Zwinderman AH. Bivariate analysis of sensitivity and specificity produces informative summary measures in diagnostic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2005;58(10):982-90. - PubMed

Review Manager 2014 [Computer program]

1. 1. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Riley 2009

1. 1. Riley R, Williams D, Ross M, Zhao S, Chesney A, Clark B, et al. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy II. Interpretation of the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 2009;23:259-309. - PMC - PubMed

Rocchi 1986

1. 1. Rocchi E, Gilbertini P, Cassanelli M, Pietrangelo A, Borghi A, Ventura E. Serum ferritin in the assessment of liver iron overload and iron removal therapy in porphyria cutanea tarda. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1986;107(1):36-42. - PubMed

Rybo 1985

1. 1. Rybo E, Bengstsson Calle, Hallberg L. The relative importance of various laboratory measurements in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 1985;34(S43):57-75. - PubMed

Rybo 1985a

1. 1. Rybo E. Diagnosis of iron deficiency. Scnndinaviari Journal of Haematology 1985;34(Suppl. 43):1-39. - PubMed

SAS 2015 [Computer program]

1. 1. SAS Institute Inc SAS software. SAS Institute Inc, Version 9.4. Cary: SAS Institute Inc, 2015.

Searle 1987

1. 1. Searle JW, Kerr JFR, Hallida JW, Powell LW. Iron storage disease. In: MacSween RNM, Anthony PP, Scheuer PJ, editors(s). Pathology of the liver. Churchill Livingstone edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1987.

Singh 2012

1. 1. Singh S, Chang SM, Matchar DB, Bass EB. Chapter 7: Grading a body of evidence on diagnostic tests. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2012;27(Suppl 1):47-55. - PMC - PubMed

Spencer 2013

1. 1. Spencer B. Blood donor iron status: are we bleeding them dry? Current Opinion in Hematology 2013;20(6):533-9. - PMC - PubMed

St Pierre 2014

1. 1. St Pierre TG, El-Beshlawy A, Elalfy M, Al Jefri A, Al Zir K, Daar S, et al. Multicenter validation of spin-density projection-assisted R2-MRI for the noninvasive measurement of liver iron concentration. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2014;71(6):2215-23. - PMC - PubMed

Taikwogi 2017

1. 1. Takwoingi Y, Guo B, Riley RD, Deeks JJ. Performance of methods for meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy with few studies or sparse data. Statistical Methods in Mathematical Research 2017;26(4):1896–1911. - PMC - PubMed

Takwoingi 2010

1. 1. Takwoingi Y, Deeks J. MetaDAS: A SAS macro for meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Quick reference and worked example. Version 1.3. srdta.cochrane.org 2010 (accessed prior to 7 April 2021).

Torrance 1980

1. 1. Torrance JD, Bothwell TH. Tissue iron stores. Iron. In: Cook JD, editors(s). Methods in Haematoloy. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1980:90-115.

Verdon 2003

1. 1. Verdon F, Burnand B, Stubi CL, Bonard C, Graff M, Michaud A, et al. Iron supplementation for unexplained fatigue in non-anaemic women: double blind randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7399):1124. - PMC - PubMed

Weatherall 2011

1. 1. Weatherall DJ. The inherited disorders of haemoglobin: an increasingly neglected global health burden. Indian Journal of Medical Research 2011;134(4):493-7. - PMC - PubMed

Whiting 2003

1. 1. Whiting P, Rutjes AWS, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt P, Keijnen J. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2003;3:25-38. - PMC - PubMed

Whiting 2006

1. 1. Whiting PF, Weswood ME, Rutjes AWS, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PNM, Kleijnen J. Evaluation of QUADAS, a tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2006;6:9-17. - PMC - PubMed

Whiting 2011

1. 1. Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;155(8):529-36. - PubMed

WHO/CDC 2007

1. 1. World Health Organization/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assessing the Iron Status of Populations: Including Literature Reviews. Report of a Joint World Health Organization/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level, Geneva, Switzerland, 6–8 April 2004, 2007. who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/97... (accessed prior to 7 April 2021).

WHO 1989

1. 1. World Health Organization. Preventing and Controlling Anaemia through Primary Health Care: a Guide for Health Administrators and Programme Managers 1989. who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/92... (accessed prior to 7 April 2021). [ISBN: 92 4 154249 7]

WHO 2001

1. 1. World Health Organization. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers 2001. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/66914/1/WHO_NHD_01.3.pdf?ua=1 (accessed prior to 7 April 2021). [WHO/NHD/01.3]

WHO 2011a

1. 1. World Health Organization. Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System 2011. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85839/3/WHO_NMH_NHD_MNM_11.1_eng.pdf?ua=1 (accessed prior to 7 April 2021). [WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.1]

WHO 2011b

1. 1. World Health Organization. Serum Ferritin Concentrations for the Assessment of Iron Status and Iron Deficiency in Populations. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System 2011. who.int/vmnis/indicators/serum_ferritin.pdf= (accessed prior to 7 April 2021). [WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.2]

WHO 2020

1. 1. World Health Organization. WHO Guideline on Use of Ferritin Concentrations to Assess Iron Status in Individuals and Populations. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020. - PubMed

WHO 2021

1. 1. World Health Organization. WHO Global Anaemia estimates, 2021 Edition Global anaemia estimates in women of reproductive age, by pregnancy status, and in children aged 6-59 months. WHO Global Health Observatory (www.who.int/data/gho, accessed 9 May 2021) 2021.

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

• Full Text Sources

  • Europe PubMed Central
  • PubMed Central
  • Wiley

• Other Literature Sources

  • scite Smart Citations