A Brief History of Colour, the Environmental Impact of Synthetic Dyes and Removal by Using Laccases - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

A Brief History of Colour, the Environmental Impact of Synthetic Dyes and Removal by Using Laccases

Leidy D Ardila-Leal et al. Molecules. 2021.

Abstract

The history of colour is fascinating from a social and artistic viewpoint because it shows the way; use; and importance acquired. The use of colours date back to the Stone Age (the first news of cave paintings); colour has contributed to the social and symbolic development of civilizations. Colour has been associated with hierarchy; power and leadership in some of them. The advent of synthetic dyes has revolutionized the colour industry; and due to their low cost; their use has spread to different industrial sectors. Although the percentage of coloured wastewater discharged by the textile; food; pharmaceutical; cosmetic; and paper industries; among other productive areas; are unknown; the toxic effect and ecological implications of this discharged into water bodies are harmful. This review briefly shows the social and artistic history surrounding the discovery and use of natural and synthetic dyes. We summarise the environmental impact caused by the discharge of untreated or poorly treated coloured wastewater to water bodies; which has led to physical; chemical and biological treatments to reduce the colour units so as important physicochemical parameters. We also focus on laccase utility (EC 1.10.3.2), for discolouration enzymatic treatment of coloured wastewater, before its discharge into water bodies. Laccases (p-diphenol: oxidoreductase dioxide) are multicopper oxidoreductase enzymes widely distributed in plants, insects, bacteria, and fungi. Fungal laccases have employed for wastewater colour removal due to their high redox potential. This review includes an analysis of the stability of laccases, the factors that influence production at high scales to achieve discolouration of high volumes of contaminated wastewater, the biotechnological impact of laccases, and the degradation routes that some dyes may follow when using the laccase for colour removal.

Keywords: biological treatment; coloured wastewater; environmental impact; history of colour; laccases; natural colourants; synthetic colourants.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1

Pigments used in some caves with cave paintings made during the Middle Stone Age. (A) Ochre pigment in Bombs Cave, Southern Cape Town, South Africa (

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/news-ancient-humans-art-hashtag-ochre-south-africa-archaeology

Accessed on: 28 May 2021) [59]. (B) Coal pigment in Chauvet Cave, France (

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/23/first-impressions

Accessed on: 28 May 2021) [58]. (C) Pettakere Cave, Maros, Indonesia (

https://reydekish.com/2015/09/21/cuevas-de-indonesia/

Accessed on: 28 May 2021). (D) Ochre pigment in El Castillo cave, Spain (

https://www.efetur.com/noticia/expresiones-ser-human/

Accessed on: 28 May 2021), (

https://www.donsmaps.com/castillo.html

Accessed on: 28 May 2021). (E) Coal pigment in the Mona Island Cave, Puerto Rico [60].

Figure 2

Coordination of ligand in T1 copper. (A) Coordination of copper and fungal laccases (tri-coordination). (B) Tetra-coordination in non-fungal laccases.

Figure 3

Simplified mechanism of the substrate oxidation reaction in laccases. Modified from [193].

Figure 4

Route of degradation of azo dye Methyl Orange by laccase proposed by Telke et al., (2010). The excision of the dye is observed, and the immediate intermediate dyes are obtained [289].

Figure 5

Route of degradation of the anthraquinone dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) by laccases. Adapted from [114,286,292].

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A Brief History of Colour, the Environmental Impact of Synthetic Dyes and Removal by Using Laccases - PubMed (original) (raw)