Functional hypogonadism among patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

. 2022 Nov;34(7):714-720.

doi: 10.1038/s41443-021-00496-7. Epub 2021 Nov 13.

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Review

Functional hypogonadism among patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome

Marne Louters et al. Int J Impot Res. 2022 Nov.

Abstract

Testosterone deficiency, defined as low total testosterone combined with physical, cognitive, and sexual signs and/or symptoms, is a common finding in adult men. Functional hypogonadism (FH) is defined as borderline low testosterone (T) secondary to aging and/or comorbid conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and/or metabolic syndrome. The relationship between FH and metabolic disorders is multifactorial and bidirectional, and associated with a disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Resolution of FH requires the correct diagnosis and treatment of the underlying condition(s) with lifestyle modifications considered first-line therapy. Normalization of T levels through dietary modifications such as caloric restriction and restructuring of macronutrients have recently been explored. Exercise and sleep quality have been associated with T levels, and patients should be encouraged to practice resistance training and sleep seven to nine hours per night. Supplementation with vitamin D and Trigonella foenum-graecum may also be considered when optimizing T levels. Ultimately, treatment of FH requires a multidisciplinary approach and personalized patient care.

© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

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