Current Status of Anisakiasis and Anisakis Larvae in Tokyo, Japan - PubMed (original) (raw)

Current Status of Anisakiasis and Anisakis Larvae in Tokyo, Japan

Jun Suzuki et al. Food Saf (Tokyo). 2021.

Abstract

Anisakiasis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by infection with anisakid nematodes. Anisakis larvae have been listed as distinct food poisoning agents in the manual of Food Poisoning Statistics, Japan since 2013. The reported numbers of food poisoning cases caused by Anisakis larvae are gradually increasing. A total of 94.0% of the causative larvae species were identified as Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (A. simplex), and 4.4% were identified as Anisakis pegreffii, among human-isolated anisakid nematodes examined in Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan from 2011 to 2018. Anisakis species infecting fishes in Japanese waters differ depending on their habitat and depth. A. simplex mainly infects fishes in the Pacific side of Japan, and A. pegreffii mainly infects fishes in the East China Sea and Sea of Japan sides. Regarding the causative foods of anisakiasis, cases by ingestion of mackerel (Scomber spp.) have been the most common in Japan, and cases caused by eating "marinated mackerel" accounted for 32.8% of the total in Tokyo from 2011 to 2017. However, the number of reports of food poisoning caused by skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) was highest in May 2018 in Japan. A parasitological surveys of Anisakis third-stage larvae in skipjack tuna in Japanese waters were conducted in 2018 and 2019, and it was confirmed that more A. simplex infections of skipjack tuna may have occurred in 2018 than usual due to the meandering flow of the Black Current. Moreover, a portion of A. simplex larvae migrated from visceral organs to the ventral muscle in live skipjack tuna before capture, suggesting that an extensive cold chain after capture cannot prevent anisakiasis. In fish species that were reported to be high frequency of causative food of anisakiasis, it is necessary to freeze or at least remove the ventral muscle.

Keywords: Anisakis pegreffii; Anisakis simplex sensu stricto; Katsuwonus pelamis; food poisoning; food safety; parasitological survey.

©2021 Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Localities of landing fishes in Japanese waters I: Districts of Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius), II: Districts of splendid alfonsino (Beryx splendens), III: District of deep-water red snapper (Etelis carbunculus), IV: District of deep-water longtail red snapper (Etelis coruscans), V: Districts of hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus), VI: Districts of juvenile PBT (Thunnus orientalis). Dotted arrow line indicate Japanese Spanish mackerel migration routes), while arrowed lines indicate juvenile PBT migration routes,,,).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Food poisoning cases caused by Anisakis spp. in Japan (A) and anisakiasis cases at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health (B). A: Graph was created based on numbers of Anisakis food poisoning cases in the manual of Food Poisoning Statistics, Japan. (https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou\_iryou/shokuhin/syokuchu/04.html), B: Anisakiasis case numbers examined at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Morphology of third-stage (L3) and fourth-stage (L4) larvae of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto A, Cephalic end of L3 larva (arrowed line: boring tooth); B, Cephalic end of L4 larva; C, Caudal end of L3 larva (arrowed line: mucron); D, Caudal end of L4 larva; E, Ventricular part of L3; F, Ventricular part of L4. Bar: 100 μm.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Association between the number of Anisakis larvae and the weight of juvenile PBT in Japanese waters from 2005 to 2006)

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