Sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression - PubMed (original) (raw)

Meta-Analysis

Sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression

Haitham A Jahrami et al. Sleep Med Rev. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the extent of sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eleven databases and six preprint repositories were searched for the period from November 1, 2019, to July 15, 2021. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to develop random-effect meta-analyses. Two hundred and fifty studies comprising 493,475 participants from 49 countries were included. During COVID-19, the estimated global prevalence of sleep disturbances was 40.49% [37.56; 43.48%]. Bayesian meta-analysis revealed an odds of 0.68 [0.59; 0.77] which translates to a rate of approximately 41%. This provides reassurance that the estimated rate using classical meta-analysis is robust. Six major populations were identified; the estimated prevalence of sleep problem was 52.39% [41.69; 62.88%] among patients infected with COVID-19, 45.96% [36.90; 55.30%] among children and adolescents, 42.47% [37.95; 47.12%] among healthcare workers, 41.50% [32.98; 50.56%] among special populations with healthcare needs, 41.16% [28.76; 54.79%] among university students, and 36.73% [32.32; 41.38%] among the general population. Sleep disturbances were higher during lockdown compared to no lockdown, 42.49% versus 37.97%. Four in every ten individuals reported a sleep problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients infected with the disease, children, and adolescents appeared to be the most affected groups.

Keywords: Circadian rhythm; Insomnia; Pandemic; Sleep disorder; Sleep disturbance; Sleep hygiene.

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of interest The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

PRISMA flow diagram of study inclusion.

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

The summary risk of bias plot of included studies.

Fig. 3

Fig. 3

Funnel plot of sleep disturbances (all populations, all countries, all measures).

Fig. 4

Fig. 4

Radial plot of sleep disturbances (all populations, all countries, all measures).

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