Viral Circular RNAs and Their Possible Roles in Virus-Host Interaction - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Viral Circular RNAs and Their Possible Roles in Virus-Host Interaction

Xing Zhang et al. Front Immunol. 2022.

Abstract

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) as novel regulatory molecules have been recognized in diverse species, including viruses. The virus-derived circRNAs play various roles in the host biological process and the life cycle of the viruses. This review summarized the circRNAs from the DNA and RNA viruses and discussed the biogenesis of viral and host circRNAs, the potential roles of viral circRNAs, and their future perspective. This review will elaborate on new insights gained on viruses encoded circRNAs during virus infection.

Keywords: DNA viruses; RNA viruses; circRNA; host-virus interactions; viral infection.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1

CircRNAs derived from different DNA and RNA viruses with various genome types. MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, GCRV-873, and BmCPV are RNA viruses. HPV16, HBV, MDV, EBV, KSHV, and MCPyV are DNA viruses. MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 belong to Coronaviridae with positive sense and single-strand RNA genome. GCRV-873 and BmCPV belong to Reoarviridae with a double-strand RNA genome. HPV16, HBV, MDV, EBV, KSHV, and MCPyV with double-strand DNA genomes are closely related to the occurrence of tumors or cancers.

Figure 2

Schematic presentation of circRNAs biogenesis and canonical alternative splicing. CircRNAs are classified into six categories according to the formation types. Exonic circRNAs (EcircRNAs), Circular intronic circRNAs (CiRNAs), Exon-intron circRNAs (EIcircRNAs), Fusion circRNAs (F-circRNAs), Read-through circRNAs (Rt-circRNAs), and noncanonical circRNAs like tricRNAs. In canonical alternative splicing, consecutive or selected exons are joined together to generate a series of linear mRNAs to be subsequently translated.

Figure 3

The mechanism of back-splicing and alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA. CircRNA is formed by a 3′,5′ phosphodiester bond using the downstream 5′ splice site (A5SS) and an upstream 3′ splice site (A3SS). Alternative splicing linear RNAs are formed by a 3′,5′ phosphodiester bond using an upstream 5′ splice site (A5SS) and a downstream 3′ splice site (A3SS).

Figure 4

Biological functions of circRNAs. CircRNAs acted as microRNAs/RNA binding protein (RBP) sponges, mediated the alternative splicing and transcription process, regulated the expression levels of parental genes, translated proteins or small peptides, and mRNA trap that the formation of circRNA by back-splicing competes with canonical splicing of linear mRNA.

Figure 5

Viral circRNAs produced in the virus’s infected cells may have two-direction regulatory functions mediating the host or virus itself. The DNA viruses with coding regions (ORF) and noncoding regions and RNA viruses without noncoding regions among ORFs were selected to predict the production of viral circRNAs using different biogenesis. These viral circRNAs may have a variety of regulatory roles to host or the virus itself for fitness advantage to viruses.

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Viral Circular RNAs and Their Possible Roles in Virus-Host Interaction - PubMed (original) (raw)