Gut microbiota-modulating agents in alcoholic liver disease: Links between host metabolism and gut microbiota - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Jang Han Jung et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022.

Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) involves a wide spectrum of diseases, including asymptomatic hepatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which leads to morbidity and mortality and is responsible for 0.9% of global deaths. Alcohol consumption induces bacterial translocation and alteration of the gut microbiota composition. These changes in gut microbiota aggravate hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Alteration of the gut microbiota leads to a weakened gut barrier and changes host immunity and metabolic function, especially related to bile acid metabolism. Modulation and treatment for the gut microbiota in ALD has been studied using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation with meaningful results. In this review, we focused on the interaction between alcohol and gut dysbiosis in ALD. Additionally, treatment approaches for gut dysbiosis, such as abstinence, diet, pro-, pre-, and synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation, are covered here under ALD. However, further research through human clinical trials is warranted to evaluate the appropriate gut microbiota-modulating agents for each condition related to ALD.

Keywords: alcoholic liver disease; dysbiosis; fecal microbial transplant (FMT); gut-liver axis; host metabolism; microbiota.

Copyright © 2022 Jung, Kim, Suk and Kim.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1

The pathophysiology of gut dysbiosis in alcoholic liver disease. Prolonged alcohol intake leads to change gut permeability and gut microbiota. Alcohol consumption increase inflammatory cytokines such as Il-1β. Gut dysbiosis induce pathological bacterial translocation produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), such as LPS, TLR4. In addition, alcohol and gut dysbiosis affects bile acid metabolism that has a negative effect on alcoholic liver disease.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2

Gut microbiota modulating therapies in alcoholic liver disease.

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