Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of Cordyceps militaris spent substrate - PubMed (original) (raw)

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of Cordyceps militaris spent substrate

Danyu Zhang et al. PLoS One. 2023.

Abstract

Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal mushroom and has been extensively used as a traditional medicine in East Asia. After the chrysalis seeds are matured and harvested, the spent substrate of C. militaris still contains active ingredients but is usually discarded as waste. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of C. militaris spent substrate extract and its inhibitory activity on the Malassezia commensal yeasts that can cause dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Active substances in the spent substrate of C. militaris were extracted using a hot water extraction method and were used for the determination of antioxidant activity by measuring their ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anions. The ability to inhibit Malassezia was analyzed using the broth microdilution method, and the reparative effect on oxidative damage in HaCaT cells was measured using in vitro cell analysis. Respiratory burst evaluation was used to determine the anti-inflammatory capacity of extracts. Analysis of the Malassezia-inhibiting activity of the extracts showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration was 6.25 mg/mL. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of DPPH, O2-, H2O2 and OH- were 3.845 mg/mL, 2.673 mg/mL, 0.037 mg/mL and 0.046 mg/mL, respectively. In the concentration range of 2 to 50%, the extract was non-toxic to cells and was able to protect HaCaT cells from H2O2 damage. When the volume fraction of the extract was 20.96%, its anti-inflammatory ability reached 50%. These results demonstrated that the extract may be a safe and efficacious source for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications, with Malassezia-inhibiting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Copyright: © 2023 Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1

Fig 1. Standard curve for total sugar content determined using the phenol-sulfuric acid method.

Fig 2

Fig 2. Cordycepin mass concentration and HPLC peak area standard curve.

Fig 3

Fig 3. Comparison of nucleoside components in the 95% elution fraction of NKA-II with using 13 nucleoside standards.

(A) HPLC chromatogram of the 13 nucleoside standards (1: cytosine, 2: uracil, 3: cytidine, 4: hypoxanthine, 5: uridine, 6: thymine, 7: adenine, 8: inosine, 9: guanosine, 10: thymidine, 11: adenosine, 12: cordycepin, and 13: N-hydroxyethyl adenosine). (B) HPLC chromatogram of the 95% eluted fraction of NKA-II.

Fig 4

Fig 4. Cordycepin mass concentration and HPLC peak area standard curve.

Fig 5

Fig 5. HPLC cordycepin profile of the components adsorbed and separated using NKA-II.

Fig 6

Fig 6. Scavenging effect of the spent substrate extract of C. militaris on DPPH.

Results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3).

Fig 7

Fig 7. Scavenging effect of the spent substrate extract of C. militaris on superoxide anions.

Results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3).

Fig 8

Fig 8. Scavenging effect of the spent substrate extract of C. militaris on hydroxyl radical.

Results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3).

Fig 9

Fig 9. Scavenging effect of the spent substrate extract of C. militaris on hydrogen peroxide.

Results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3).

Fig 10

Fig 10. The damaging effect of H2O2 on cells.

Results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3).

Fig 11

Fig 11. Protective effect of the spent substrate extract of C. militaris on H2O2 injured cells.

Results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). *: Compared with the control group, the p-value of the extract of different concentrations were less than 0.05. (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01).

Fig 12

Fig 12. Anti-inflammatory activity of the spent substrate extract of C. militaris.

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