Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes--implications for their role in neurologic disease - PubMed (original) (raw)
Review
Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes--implications for their role in neurologic disease
M Eddleston et al. Neuroscience. 1993 May.
Abstract
The central nervous system responds to diverse neurologic injuries with a vigorous activation of astrocytes. While this phenomenon is found in many different species, its function is obscure. Understanding the molecular profile characteristic of reactive astrocytes should help define their function. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of molecules whose levels of expression differentiate activated from resting astrocytes and to use the molecular profile of reactive astrocytes as the basis for speculations on the functions of these cells. At present, reactive astrocytosis is defined primarily as an increase in the number and size of cells expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein. In vivo, this increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells reflects predominantly phenotypic changes of resident astroglia rather than migration or proliferation of such cells. Upon activation, astrocytes upmodulate the expression of a large number of molecules. From this molecular profile it becomes apparent that reactive astrocytes may benefit the injured nervous system by participating in diverse biological processes. For example, upregulation of proteases and protease inhibitors could help remodel the extracellular matrix, regulate the concentration of different proteins in the neuropil and clear up debris from degenerating cells. Cytokines are key mediators of immunity and inflammation and could play a critical role in the regulation of the blood-central nervous system interface. Neurotrophic factors, transporter molecules and enzymes involved in the metabolism of excitotoxic amino acids or in the antioxidant pathway may help protect neurons and other brain cells by controlling neurotoxin levels and contributing to homeostasis within the central nervous system. Therefore, an impairment of astroglial performance has the potential to exacerbate neuronal dysfunction. Based on the synopsis of studies presented, a number of issues become apparent that deserve a more extensive analysis. Among them are the relative contribution of microglia and astrocytes to early wound repair, the characterization of astroglial subpopulations, the specificity of the astroglial response in different diseases as well as the analysis of reactive astrocytes with techniques that can resolve fast physiologic processes. Differences between reactive astrocytes in vivo and primary astrocytes in culture are discussed and underline the need for the development and exploitation of models that will allow the analysis of reactive astrocytes in the intact organism.
Similar articles
- Expression of cathepsin G-like and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-like proteins in reactive astrocytes.
Abraham CR, Kanemaru K, Mucke L. Abraham CR, et al. Brain Res. 1993 Sep 10;621(2):222-32. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90110-9. Brain Res. 1993. PMID: 8242336 - Astrocyte elevated gene-1 regulates astrocyte responses to neural injury: implications for reactive astrogliosis and neurodegeneration.
Vartak-Sharma N, Ghorpade A. Vartak-Sharma N, et al. J Neuroinflammation. 2012 Aug 11;9:195. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-195. J Neuroinflammation. 2012. PMID: 22884085 Free PMC article. - Astroglial nitration after postnatal excitotoxic damage: correlation with nitric oxide sources, cytoskeletal, apoptotic and antioxidant proteins.
Acarin L, Peluffo H, Barbeito L, Castellano B, González B. Acarin L, et al. J Neurotrauma. 2005 Jan;22(1):189-200. doi: 10.1089/neu.2005.22.189. J Neurotrauma. 2005. PMID: 15665612 - Why are astrocytes important?
Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M, Hertz L. Verkhratsky A, et al. Neurochem Res. 2015 Feb;40(2):389-401. doi: 10.1007/s11064-014-1403-2. Epub 2014 Aug 12. Neurochem Res. 2015. PMID: 25113122 Review.
Cited by
- Exploring the role of spinal astrocytes in the onset of hyperalgesic priming signals in acid-induced chronic muscle pain.
Abdelaziz MA, Chen WH, Chang YW, Mindaye SA, Chen CC. Abdelaziz MA, et al. PNAS Nexus. 2024 Aug 30;3(9):pgae362. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae362. eCollection 2024 Sep. PNAS Nexus. 2024. PMID: 39228816 Free PMC article. - Insertional effect following electrode implantation: an underreported but important phenomenon.
Hamani C, Davidson B, Lipsman N, Abrahao A, Nestor SM, Rabin JS, Giacobbe P, Pagano RL, Campos ACP. Hamani C, et al. Brain Commun. 2024 Mar 28;6(3):fcae093. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae093. eCollection 2024. Brain Commun. 2024. PMID: 38707711 Free PMC article. Review. - Basic Science of Neuroinflammation and Involvement of the Inflammatory Response in Disorders of the Nervous System.
Parsi S, Zhu C, Motlagh NJ, Kim D, Küllenberg EG, Kim HH, Gillani RL, Chen JW. Parsi S, et al. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2024 May;32(2):375-384. doi: 10.1016/j.mric.2024.01.003. Epub 2024 Feb 6. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2024. PMID: 38555147 Review. - Testosterone Inhibits Secretion of the Pro-Inflammatory Chemokine CXCL1 from Astrocytes.
Turniak-Kusy M, Studzian M, Szpakowski P, Kuchta P, Smietanka K, Mattern C, Pulaski L, Bielecki B. Turniak-Kusy M, et al. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024 Mar 6;46(3):2105-2118. doi: 10.3390/cimb46030135. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024. PMID: 38534751 Free PMC article. - Two Distinct P2Y Receptors Are Involved in Purine- and Pyrimidine-Evoked Ca2+ Elevation in Mammalian Brain Astrocytic Cultures.
Bolego C, Centemeri C, Abbracchio MP, Ceruti S, Cattabeni F, Jacobson KA, Puglisi L, Rovati GE, Burnstock G, Nicosia S. Bolego C, et al. Drug Dev Res. 2001 Jan-Feb;52(1-2):122-132. doi: 10.1002/ddr.1106. Drug Dev Res. 2001. PMID: 38239931 Free PMC article.
References
- Abd-el-Basset E.M., Kalnins V.I., Ahmed I., Fedoroff S. A 48 kilodalton intermediate filament associated protein (IFAP) in reactive-like astrocytes induced by dibutyryl cyclic AMP in culture and in reactive astrocytes in situ. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol. 1989;48:245–254. - PubMed
- Aguayo A., David S., Richardson P., Bray G. Axonal elongation in peripheral and central nervous system transplants. Adv. cell Neurobiol. 1982;3:215–234.
- Aloisi F., Borsellino G., Samoggia P., Test U., Chelucci C., Russo G., Peschle C., Levi G. Astrocyte cultures from human embryonic brain: characterization and modulation of surface molecules by inflammatory cytokines. J. Neurosci. Res. 1992;32:494–506. - PubMed
- Aloisi F., Care A., Borsellino G., Gallo P., Rosa S., Bassani A., Cabibbo A., Testa U., Levi G., Peschle C. Production of hemolymphopoietic cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, colony-stimulating factors) by normal human astrocytes in response to IL-1 β and tumour necrosis factor. J. Immun. 1992;149:2358–2366. - PubMed
- Andersson P.-B., Perry V.H., Gordon S. The acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in C'NS parenchyma differs from that in other body tissues. Neuroscience. 1992;48:169–186. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical