Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease - PubMed (original) (raw)
Clinical Trial
. 1996 May 2;334(18):1150-5.
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199605023341802.
G E Goodman, M D Thornquist, J Balmes, M R Cullen, A Glass, J P Keogh, F L Meyskens, B Valanis, J H Williams, S Barnhart, S Hammar
Affiliations
- PMID: 8602180
- DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199605023341802
Free article
Clinical Trial
Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease
G S Omenn et al. N Engl J Med. 1996.
Free article
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease are major causes of death in the United States. It has been proposed that carotenoids and retinoids are agents that may prevent these disorders.
Methods: We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled primary prevention trial -- the Beta Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial -- involving a total of 18,314 smokers, former smokers, and workers exposed to asbestos. The effects of a combination of 30 mg of beta carotene per day and 25,000 IU of retinol (vitamin A) in the form of retinyl palmitate per day on the primary end point, the incidence of lung cancer, were compared with those of placebo.
Results: A total of 388 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed during the 73,135 person-years of follow-up (mean length of follow-up, 4.0 years). The active-treatment group had a relative risk of lung cancer of 1.28 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.57; P=0.02), as compared with the placebo group. There were no statistically significant differences in the risks of other types of cancer. In the active-treatment group, the relative risk of death from any cause was 1.17 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.33); of death from lung cancer, 1.46 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.07 to 2.00); and of death from cardiovascular disease, 1.26 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.61). On the basis of these findings, the randomized trial was stopped 21 months earlier than planned; follow-up will continue for another 5 years.
Conclusions: After an average of four years of supplementation, the combination of beta carotene and vitamin A had no benefit and may have had an adverse effect on the incidence of lung cancer and on the risk of death from lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and any cause in smokers and workers exposed to asbestos.
Comment in
- ACP J Club. 1996 Sep-Oct;125(2):40-1
- Antioxidant vitamins, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
Greenberg ER, Sporn MB. Greenberg ER, et al. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 2;334(18):1189-90. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199605023341810. N Engl J Med. 1996. PMID: 8602188 No abstract available. - Antioxidant vitamins, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
von Eggers Doering W. von Eggers Doering W. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 3;335(14):1065; author reply 1067-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199610033351415. N Engl J Med. 1996. PMID: 8801449 No abstract available. - Antioxidant vitamins, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
Pietrzik K. Pietrzik K. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 3;335(14):1065-6; author reply 1067-8. N Engl J Med. 1996. PMID: 8801450 No abstract available.
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