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Papers by Kai Michael Kenkel
Brazil
The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions, 2013
Five generations of peace operations: from the "thin blue line" to "painting a country blue
Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 2013
Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies REDES 2003 Research and Education in Defense and Security Studies October 28-30, 2003, Santiago, Chile Panel: Institutes and the Education of Civilians in Defense
Localization and Subsidiarity in Brazil’s Engagement with the Responsibility to Protect
Brazil’s peacebuilding in Africa and Haiti
Controlling Small Arms: Consolidation, Innovation and Relevance in Small Arms Research
Brazil as a Rising Power: Intervention Norms and the Contestation of Global Order
South America and Peace Operations: Coming of Age
This article traces the reaction of the Brazilian government to the emergence of the R2P norm. Af... more This article traces the reaction of the Brazilian government to the emergence of the R2P norm. After an initial period of rejection, followed by a period of absence from UN debates, Brazil has recently engaged cautiously with R2P. The article gives a detailed analysis of the origins of the Latin American system of legal protections that resulted in an interpretation in the region that reduces sovereignty almost exclusively to the inviolability of borders. This interpretation is at the heart of Brazil's rejection of R2P's tenets regarding the use of force. It does not stand in the way, however, of its contributing decisively to the other two pillars identifijied in the Secretary General's Implementation Report. The paper identifijies two main factors that motivated the gradual opening of the Brazilian foreign policy establishment to R2P, one external and one internal. Externally, the strong endorsement of R2P in the World Summit Outcome Document did much to facilitate Brazil's rapprochement with the concept. Concomitantly, Brazil's rise as an emerging power has increasingly created tensions between regional traditions and still-dominant Northern views of the responsibilities that accompany Brazil's global aspirations. Brazil is in the process of developing an approach to peace operations and intervention that defijines responsibility separately from the use of force, obviating the efffects of this perceived tension. As a result, Brazil has become an important peacekeeping troop contributor and is no longer a vocal detractor of R2P. It has begun adapting the non-military elements of the principle to its policy goals and looks set to be an active and important participant in the concept's further implementation.
O tema das operações de paz é assunto de máximo interesse não apenas para os tomadores de decisão... more O tema das operações de paz é assunto de máximo interesse não apenas para os tomadores de decisão brasileiros mas para todos os que observam os rumos que a política de defesa e segurança brasileira tomará sob os novos parâmetros econômicos e políticos do país.
South America's Emerging Power: Brazil as Peacekeeper
International Peacekeeping, Jan 1, 2010
This article assesses the utility of the notion of emerging powers in analysing key characteristi... more This article assesses the utility of the notion of emerging powers in analysing key characteristics of Brazil's past and present policy towards peace operations. After decoupling emerging powers analytically from traditional middle powers, it addresses a series of political and behavioural factors specific to South America. Finally, the analysis identifies those elements derived from Brazil's emerging power status and South American identity that are of relevance in shaping the country's attitudes towards peace operations generally, and more specifically its participation in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). It reaches the conclusion that Brazil has acted as a model emerging power – in typically South American Fashion.
Stepping out of the Shadow: South America and Peace Operations
International Peacekeeping, Jan 1, 2010
South American states' contributions to peace operations have experienced ra... more South American states' contributions to peace operations have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. While this alone merits the attention of analysts, the growing North–South gap in the norms and practice of these missions places even greater emphasis on the natural intermediary functions these states can perform. Within the context of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti, these states have begun to develop a distinctive approach to peacebuilding. After describing the basic historical and political features specific to the ...
This article posits three sets of factors governing the extent and influence of scholars' partici... more This article posits three sets of factors governing the extent and influence of scholars' participation in security policy formulation. Derived from diverse theoretical backgrounds including policy science, epistemic communities, ideas and institutions, and the sociology of science, these are policymaker uncertainty; academics' qualities such as specialised knowledge, institutionalised prestige and specific forms of argumentation; and the normative resonance of experts' inputs with policymakers' expectations.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative perspective on the interaction between the ... more The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative perspective on the interaction between the military and civilian pillars of peacekeeping operations as concerns Latin American troop contributing countries (TCCs). These brief considerations are based on experience in interacting with the Brazilian military—both the Army and the Navy (Marine Corps)—and interviews conducted at the peacekeeping training centres founded by the military establishments of Chile and Uruguay.
Civil Society Participation in Defence Policy Formulation: Academic Experts and South Africa's Post-Apartheid Defence White Paper'
Journal of Security Sector Management, Jan 1, 2006
Norms, Morality and Intervention: Germany, Canada and Peacekeeping
Germany has gone from being a non-participant in humanitarian interventions until 1992 to having ... more Germany has gone from being a non-participant in humanitarian interventions until 1992 to having 10 000 men deployed in various peacekeeping missions in late 2006. German policy has throughout this period remained driven by the same underlying principle: to incorporate the ...
The Responsibility to Protect: An Adequate Policy Paradigm for a More Active Brazil?
... Kenkel, KM , 2009-07-22 "The Responsibility to Protect: An Adequate Policy Paradigm fo... more ... Kenkel, KM , 2009-07-22 "The Responsibility to Protect: An Adequate Policy Paradigm for a More Active Brazil?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA - ABRI JOINT INTERNATIONAL MEETING, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro Campus (PUC-Rio), ...
Brazil
The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions, 2013
Five generations of peace operations: from the "thin blue line" to "painting a country blue
Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 2013
Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies REDES 2003 Research and Education in Defense and Security Studies October 28-30, 2003, Santiago, Chile Panel: Institutes and the Education of Civilians in Defense
Localization and Subsidiarity in Brazil’s Engagement with the Responsibility to Protect
Brazil’s peacebuilding in Africa and Haiti
Controlling Small Arms: Consolidation, Innovation and Relevance in Small Arms Research
Brazil as a Rising Power: Intervention Norms and the Contestation of Global Order
South America and Peace Operations: Coming of Age
This article traces the reaction of the Brazilian government to the emergence of the R2P norm. Af... more This article traces the reaction of the Brazilian government to the emergence of the R2P norm. After an initial period of rejection, followed by a period of absence from UN debates, Brazil has recently engaged cautiously with R2P. The article gives a detailed analysis of the origins of the Latin American system of legal protections that resulted in an interpretation in the region that reduces sovereignty almost exclusively to the inviolability of borders. This interpretation is at the heart of Brazil's rejection of R2P's tenets regarding the use of force. It does not stand in the way, however, of its contributing decisively to the other two pillars identifijied in the Secretary General's Implementation Report. The paper identifijies two main factors that motivated the gradual opening of the Brazilian foreign policy establishment to R2P, one external and one internal. Externally, the strong endorsement of R2P in the World Summit Outcome Document did much to facilitate Brazil's rapprochement with the concept. Concomitantly, Brazil's rise as an emerging power has increasingly created tensions between regional traditions and still-dominant Northern views of the responsibilities that accompany Brazil's global aspirations. Brazil is in the process of developing an approach to peace operations and intervention that defijines responsibility separately from the use of force, obviating the efffects of this perceived tension. As a result, Brazil has become an important peacekeeping troop contributor and is no longer a vocal detractor of R2P. It has begun adapting the non-military elements of the principle to its policy goals and looks set to be an active and important participant in the concept's further implementation.
O tema das operações de paz é assunto de máximo interesse não apenas para os tomadores de decisão... more O tema das operações de paz é assunto de máximo interesse não apenas para os tomadores de decisão brasileiros mas para todos os que observam os rumos que a política de defesa e segurança brasileira tomará sob os novos parâmetros econômicos e políticos do país.
South America's Emerging Power: Brazil as Peacekeeper
International Peacekeeping, Jan 1, 2010
This article assesses the utility of the notion of emerging powers in analysing key characteristi... more This article assesses the utility of the notion of emerging powers in analysing key characteristics of Brazil's past and present policy towards peace operations. After decoupling emerging powers analytically from traditional middle powers, it addresses a series of political and behavioural factors specific to South America. Finally, the analysis identifies those elements derived from Brazil's emerging power status and South American identity that are of relevance in shaping the country's attitudes towards peace operations generally, and more specifically its participation in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). It reaches the conclusion that Brazil has acted as a model emerging power – in typically South American Fashion.
Stepping out of the Shadow: South America and Peace Operations
International Peacekeeping, Jan 1, 2010
South American states' contributions to peace operations have experienced ra... more South American states' contributions to peace operations have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. While this alone merits the attention of analysts, the growing North–South gap in the norms and practice of these missions places even greater emphasis on the natural intermediary functions these states can perform. Within the context of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti, these states have begun to develop a distinctive approach to peacebuilding. After describing the basic historical and political features specific to the ...
This article posits three sets of factors governing the extent and influence of scholars' partici... more This article posits three sets of factors governing the extent and influence of scholars' participation in security policy formulation. Derived from diverse theoretical backgrounds including policy science, epistemic communities, ideas and institutions, and the sociology of science, these are policymaker uncertainty; academics' qualities such as specialised knowledge, institutionalised prestige and specific forms of argumentation; and the normative resonance of experts' inputs with policymakers' expectations.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative perspective on the interaction between the ... more The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative perspective on the interaction between the military and civilian pillars of peacekeeping operations as concerns Latin American troop contributing countries (TCCs). These brief considerations are based on experience in interacting with the Brazilian military—both the Army and the Navy (Marine Corps)—and interviews conducted at the peacekeeping training centres founded by the military establishments of Chile and Uruguay.
Civil Society Participation in Defence Policy Formulation: Academic Experts and South Africa's Post-Apartheid Defence White Paper'
Journal of Security Sector Management, Jan 1, 2006
Norms, Morality and Intervention: Germany, Canada and Peacekeeping
Germany has gone from being a non-participant in humanitarian interventions until 1992 to having ... more Germany has gone from being a non-participant in humanitarian interventions until 1992 to having 10 000 men deployed in various peacekeeping missions in late 2006. German policy has throughout this period remained driven by the same underlying principle: to incorporate the ...
The Responsibility to Protect: An Adequate Policy Paradigm for a More Active Brazil?
... Kenkel, KM , 2009-07-22 "The Responsibility to Protect: An Adequate Policy Paradigm fo... more ... Kenkel, KM , 2009-07-22 "The Responsibility to Protect: An Adequate Policy Paradigm for a More Active Brazil?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA - ABRI JOINT INTERNATIONAL MEETING, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro Campus (PUC-Rio), ...