Richard Schweickert | Purdue University (original) (raw)

Papers by Richard Schweickert

WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks, Jul 18, 2012

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Sep 19, 2018

IMBS Colloquium, Oct 21, 2004

WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks, Jul 18, 2012

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks, Mar 26, 2012

Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Apr 1, 2016

h i g h l i g h t s • We show how the form of a multinomial processing tree can be inferred from ... more h i g h l i g h t s • We show how the form of a multinomial processing tree can be inferred from data. • A tree is inferred from data in the literature on recall from a phonological network. • A comparability graph can combine results from different experiments to infer a tree. • Uniqueness of the tree depends on partitive sets. • We describe the form of partitive sets in multinomial processing trees.

Mathematical Social Sciences, Jun 1, 1992

Abstract To carry out an information-processing task, a subject must execute a number of mental p... more Abstract To carry out an information-processing task, a subject must execute a number of mental processes which are organized somehow. Critical path networks are organizational structures often studied in the theory of scheduling. Two processes in a critical path network are either executed sequentially, one after the other, or concurrently. An important quantity in such networks is slack. If a process x is executed before a process y , the longest time by which x can be prolonged without delaying the start of y is called the slack from x to y . This paper shows how to calculate slacks from response times and use them to test the hypothesis that the mental processes required for a task are in a critical path network. The paper shows how to construct such a network if one exists, and how to test whether slacks calculated from data are valid for a critical path network. The slack values can be used to find upper and lower bounds on the durations of the mental processes. The results are illustrated with simulations for networks with stochastic process durations.

Cognitive Science, Nov 25, 2009

Dream reports from 21 dreamers in which a metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal occurre... more Dream reports from 21 dreamers in which a metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal occurred were coded for characters and animals and for inner states attributed to them (Theory of Mind). In myths and fairy tales, Kelly and Keil (1985) found that conscious beings (people, gods) tend to be transformed into entities nearby in the conceptual structure of Keil (1979). This also occurred in dream reports, but perceptual nearness seemed more important than conceptual nearness. In dream reports, most inanimate objects involved in metamorphoses with person‐like entities were objects such as statues that ordinarily resemble people physically, and moreover represent people. A metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal did not lead to an increase in the amount of Theory of Mind attribution. We propose that a character‐line starts when a character enters a dream; properties and Theory of Mind attributions tend to be preserved along the line, regardless of whether, metamorphoses occur on it.

Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Sep 1, 1984

According to single channel theory, the ability of humans to perform concurrent mental operations... more According to single channel theory, the ability of humans to perform concurrent mental operations is limited by the capacity of a central mechanism. The theory was developed by analogy with early computers which had a single central processing unit and required sequential processing. These limitations are not likely to be properties of the mind. But now computers have begun to employ extensive concurrent processing, because of the decreasing cost of the necessary hardware. In this review we will try to bring the computer analogy up to date. Theoretical issues important for concurrent systems may be of interest to psychologists and have applications to such problems as the speed-accuracy trade-off. Several hypotheses about the way signals gain access to the central mechanism are reviewed. Recent variations of the single channel theory are discussed, including the hypotheses that more than one process can use the central mechanism at a time, and that some processes do not use the central mechanism and can be executed concurrently with those that do. In addition, relevant concepts from scheduling theory and operating systems theory are introduced and difficulties encountered by concurrent systems, namely complexity, deadlocks, and thrashing, are discussed. 0 1984 Academic Prem, Inc. CONTENTS. Introduction. 1. Single channel theory. 1.1. Access to the single channel. 1.2. Scheduling processes in the single channel. 1.3. Evidence against completely serial models. 2. Concurrent processes in the central mechanism. 2.1. Concurrency with variable capacity. 2.2. Concurrency with fixed capacity. 2.3. Concurrency and capacity in general. 3. Concurrent processes outside the central mechanism. 3.1. The organization of processes. 3.2. The nature of central processes. 3.3. The nature of noncentral processes. 3.4. Scheduling theory. 4. Conclusion.

Memory & Cognition, Mar 1, 1993

When items are presented for immediate recall, a verbal trace is formed and degrades quickly, bec... more When items are presented for immediate recall, a verbal trace is formed and degrades quickly, becoming useless after about 2 sec. The span for items such as digits equals the number of items that can be pronounced in the available time. The length of the items affects span by affecting pronunciation rate. Other properties, such as phonological similarity and lexicality, can affect span without affecting pronunciation rate. These properties change the trace's useful lifetime by affecting redintegration. An analogy is drawn between trace reconstruction and repair of errors in speech. When a trace is degraded, one process attempts to form a phoneme string, and another process attempts to form a word. The two processes are autonomous and can be selectively influenced by lexicality and phonological similarity. The resulting processing tree models make simple predictions that depend on whether or not the influenced processes are sequential. The results are illustrated with data from experiments by Besner and Davelaar (1982).

contemporary Psychology, Nov 1, 1987

Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Feb 1, 2019

h i g h l i g h t s • Multinomial Processing Trees can model response times in addition to probab... more h i g h l i g h t s • Multinomial Processing Trees can model response times in addition to probabilities. • A factorial experiment can reveal the structure of a Multinomial Processing Tree. • With two factors, each selectively influencing a vertex, structures collapse to two. • A Multinomial Processing Tree mixture may collapse to one of the two structures. • The two special structures are testable and distinguishable experimentally.

The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, Aug 1, 1994

We investigated the effects of generating words from fragments on pronunciation time, on immediat... more We investigated the effects of generating words from fragments on pronunciation time, on immediate memory span, and on delayed free recall. Subjects read long words and short words aloud or generated them from strings with missing letters. Word-length and generation condition had multiplicative effects on speaking rate, as expected if each affected a separate process regulating the rate. We replicated the standard finding that span is smaller for longer words. Generation improved delayed free recall, indicating that relatively brief presentation times are adequate to produce a generation effect. Although generation improved long-term memory for the words, memory span was shorter for the words that were generated. The harmful effect of generation on span appears to be due to its slowing of speaking rate.

Acta Psychologica, Nov 1, 1995

The application of the additive factors method depends on finding factors that selectively influe... more The application of the additive factors method depends on finding factors that selectively influence processing stages. When al1 the processes for a task are in series, a factor directly influencing a process might change its output and thereby have indirect influence on succeeding processes. We investigate whether such indirect influence is possible behveen processes associated with different tasks being performed together. In two dual-task memory scanning and arithmetic experiments with digits as the stimuli for both tasks, information relevant for only one of the tasks nonetheless affected performance of the other. When the same digit was relevant for the two tasks, cross-task facilitation and interference were observed in some cases. Displaying the same digit for both tasks led to relatively fast response times, paralleling the effect of flankers in the response competition paradigm. But repetition of digits in memory slowed responses. It is suggested that the need for control processes to keep task information segregated is responsible for the pattern of effects.

The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, Nov 1, 1997

Humans must often use working memory to execute processes one at a time because of its limited ca... more Humans must often use working memory to execute processes one at a time because of its limited capacity. Two experiments tested where limits in access to working memory occur. Subjects searched a short-term memory set for one stimulus digit and performed mental arithmetic with another stimulus digit. In one experiment, they were told to carry out the mental arithmetic before the memory search and to make the arithmetic response first. In the other, they were instructed to perform the tasks in the opposite order. The overt responses were executed in the prescribed order. Moreover, the covert working memory processes were executed in the prescribed order, as revealed by a critical path network analysis of reaction times. Results are explained in terms of a double-bottleneck model in which central processes and responses are constrained to be carried out for one task at a time.

WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks, Jul 18, 2012

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Sep 19, 2018

IMBS Colloquium, Oct 21, 2004

WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks, Jul 18, 2012

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks, Mar 26, 2012

Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Apr 1, 2016

h i g h l i g h t s • We show how the form of a multinomial processing tree can be inferred from ... more h i g h l i g h t s • We show how the form of a multinomial processing tree can be inferred from data. • A tree is inferred from data in the literature on recall from a phonological network. • A comparability graph can combine results from different experiments to infer a tree. • Uniqueness of the tree depends on partitive sets. • We describe the form of partitive sets in multinomial processing trees.

Mathematical Social Sciences, Jun 1, 1992

Abstract To carry out an information-processing task, a subject must execute a number of mental p... more Abstract To carry out an information-processing task, a subject must execute a number of mental processes which are organized somehow. Critical path networks are organizational structures often studied in the theory of scheduling. Two processes in a critical path network are either executed sequentially, one after the other, or concurrently. An important quantity in such networks is slack. If a process x is executed before a process y , the longest time by which x can be prolonged without delaying the start of y is called the slack from x to y . This paper shows how to calculate slacks from response times and use them to test the hypothesis that the mental processes required for a task are in a critical path network. The paper shows how to construct such a network if one exists, and how to test whether slacks calculated from data are valid for a critical path network. The slack values can be used to find upper and lower bounds on the durations of the mental processes. The results are illustrated with simulations for networks with stochastic process durations.

Cognitive Science, Nov 25, 2009

Dream reports from 21 dreamers in which a metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal occurre... more Dream reports from 21 dreamers in which a metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal occurred were coded for characters and animals and for inner states attributed to them (Theory of Mind). In myths and fairy tales, Kelly and Keil (1985) found that conscious beings (people, gods) tend to be transformed into entities nearby in the conceptual structure of Keil (1979). This also occurred in dream reports, but perceptual nearness seemed more important than conceptual nearness. In dream reports, most inanimate objects involved in metamorphoses with person‐like entities were objects such as statues that ordinarily resemble people physically, and moreover represent people. A metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal did not lead to an increase in the amount of Theory of Mind attribution. We propose that a character‐line starts when a character enters a dream; properties and Theory of Mind attributions tend to be preserved along the line, regardless of whether, metamorphoses occur on it.

Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Sep 1, 1984

According to single channel theory, the ability of humans to perform concurrent mental operations... more According to single channel theory, the ability of humans to perform concurrent mental operations is limited by the capacity of a central mechanism. The theory was developed by analogy with early computers which had a single central processing unit and required sequential processing. These limitations are not likely to be properties of the mind. But now computers have begun to employ extensive concurrent processing, because of the decreasing cost of the necessary hardware. In this review we will try to bring the computer analogy up to date. Theoretical issues important for concurrent systems may be of interest to psychologists and have applications to such problems as the speed-accuracy trade-off. Several hypotheses about the way signals gain access to the central mechanism are reviewed. Recent variations of the single channel theory are discussed, including the hypotheses that more than one process can use the central mechanism at a time, and that some processes do not use the central mechanism and can be executed concurrently with those that do. In addition, relevant concepts from scheduling theory and operating systems theory are introduced and difficulties encountered by concurrent systems, namely complexity, deadlocks, and thrashing, are discussed. 0 1984 Academic Prem, Inc. CONTENTS. Introduction. 1. Single channel theory. 1.1. Access to the single channel. 1.2. Scheduling processes in the single channel. 1.3. Evidence against completely serial models. 2. Concurrent processes in the central mechanism. 2.1. Concurrency with variable capacity. 2.2. Concurrency with fixed capacity. 2.3. Concurrency and capacity in general. 3. Concurrent processes outside the central mechanism. 3.1. The organization of processes. 3.2. The nature of central processes. 3.3. The nature of noncentral processes. 3.4. Scheduling theory. 4. Conclusion.

Memory & Cognition, Mar 1, 1993

When items are presented for immediate recall, a verbal trace is formed and degrades quickly, bec... more When items are presented for immediate recall, a verbal trace is formed and degrades quickly, becoming useless after about 2 sec. The span for items such as digits equals the number of items that can be pronounced in the available time. The length of the items affects span by affecting pronunciation rate. Other properties, such as phonological similarity and lexicality, can affect span without affecting pronunciation rate. These properties change the trace's useful lifetime by affecting redintegration. An analogy is drawn between trace reconstruction and repair of errors in speech. When a trace is degraded, one process attempts to form a phoneme string, and another process attempts to form a word. The two processes are autonomous and can be selectively influenced by lexicality and phonological similarity. The resulting processing tree models make simple predictions that depend on whether or not the influenced processes are sequential. The results are illustrated with data from experiments by Besner and Davelaar (1982).

contemporary Psychology, Nov 1, 1987

Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Feb 1, 2019

h i g h l i g h t s • Multinomial Processing Trees can model response times in addition to probab... more h i g h l i g h t s • Multinomial Processing Trees can model response times in addition to probabilities. • A factorial experiment can reveal the structure of a Multinomial Processing Tree. • With two factors, each selectively influencing a vertex, structures collapse to two. • A Multinomial Processing Tree mixture may collapse to one of the two structures. • The two special structures are testable and distinguishable experimentally.

The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, Aug 1, 1994

We investigated the effects of generating words from fragments on pronunciation time, on immediat... more We investigated the effects of generating words from fragments on pronunciation time, on immediate memory span, and on delayed free recall. Subjects read long words and short words aloud or generated them from strings with missing letters. Word-length and generation condition had multiplicative effects on speaking rate, as expected if each affected a separate process regulating the rate. We replicated the standard finding that span is smaller for longer words. Generation improved delayed free recall, indicating that relatively brief presentation times are adequate to produce a generation effect. Although generation improved long-term memory for the words, memory span was shorter for the words that were generated. The harmful effect of generation on span appears to be due to its slowing of speaking rate.

Acta Psychologica, Nov 1, 1995

The application of the additive factors method depends on finding factors that selectively influe... more The application of the additive factors method depends on finding factors that selectively influence processing stages. When al1 the processes for a task are in series, a factor directly influencing a process might change its output and thereby have indirect influence on succeeding processes. We investigate whether such indirect influence is possible behveen processes associated with different tasks being performed together. In two dual-task memory scanning and arithmetic experiments with digits as the stimuli for both tasks, information relevant for only one of the tasks nonetheless affected performance of the other. When the same digit was relevant for the two tasks, cross-task facilitation and interference were observed in some cases. Displaying the same digit for both tasks led to relatively fast response times, paralleling the effect of flankers in the response competition paradigm. But repetition of digits in memory slowed responses. It is suggested that the need for control processes to keep task information segregated is responsible for the pattern of effects.

The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, Nov 1, 1997

Humans must often use working memory to execute processes one at a time because of its limited ca... more Humans must often use working memory to execute processes one at a time because of its limited capacity. Two experiments tested where limits in access to working memory occur. Subjects searched a short-term memory set for one stimulus digit and performed mental arithmetic with another stimulus digit. In one experiment, they were told to carry out the mental arithmetic before the memory search and to make the arithmetic response first. In the other, they were instructed to perform the tasks in the opposite order. The overt responses were executed in the prescribed order. Moreover, the covert working memory processes were executed in the prescribed order, as revealed by a critical path network analysis of reaction times. Results are explained in terms of a double-bottleneck model in which central processes and responses are constrained to be carried out for one task at a time.