Noorlila Ahmad | University Putra Malaysia (original) (raw)

Papers by Noorlila Ahmad

There is a significant association between students’ lower psychological well-being and their aca... more There is a significant association between students’ lower psychological well-being and their academic performance. Therefore, in order to discover the ways of relieving students’ emotional disturbance and negative health condition, more research is needed for the improvement of their psychological well-being especially through exposure to nature as a restoration method upon facing negative emotions. This paper aims to validate and gain access to the reliability of Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS) among students.  A cross-sectional study was conducted in this research on a sample taken from undergraduate students (N = 390). For explanatory factor analysis (EFA) with SPSS, respondents participated in an online survey. As for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), AMOS programme was used for the measurement of model. A total of 26 items had been separated into four sub-constructs of PRS were used. Subsequently, an excellent structure was displayed by the revised PRS, with good ...

Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating op... more Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating opportunities for restoration. They could potentially benefit from campus-based physical activities that provide them with effective restoration breaks and allow them to return to their studies cognitively refreshed. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between perceived restorativeness among postgraduates and their psychological well-being by using the four constructs of Kaplan’s attention restoration theory (ART): fascination, being away, extent, and compatibility. In this study, nature view windows were also used as a moderator. Malaysian postgraduate students [n = 192; 94 females; age in years (M = 30.64, SD = 2.73)] completed the Ryff’s scale of psychological wellbeing (PWB) and perceived restorativeness scale for activity (PRAS). This study used the partial least squares-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to examine these relationships. The results d...

Character education is deemed as an essential aspect to be disseminated to the students in enabli... more Character education is deemed as an essential aspect to be disseminated to the students in enabling them to be prepared to face real-world society. It can be incorporated into formal education with the support of school staff, teachers, and parents. Hence, this study investigates the relationship between teachers' efficacy, knowledge, and professional development in implementing character education. Using a quantitative correlational approach, data was obtained from 384 secondary school teachers on character education efficacy belief, character education knowledge, belief and practice instrument, and character education professional development. The data was analysed using multiple linear regression analysis scales. The findings postulated that teacher's professional development and knowledge were able to predict the implementation of character education while efficacy was deemed an insignificant variable. Therefore, understanding the relationships between the factors is essential to train future teachers for character education. In conclusion, the findings from this study are expected to benefit the Ministry of Education, school administrations, teachers, and the community in identifying ways to enhance the implementation of character education.

IIUM Journal of Educational Studies, 2021

The influence of the natural environment on emotional well-being has been highlighted at the peak... more The influence of the natural environment on emotional well-being has been highlighted at the peak of the Covid 19 pandemic that saw most countries impose prolonged total lockdowns and movement restrictions on their citizens. While researchers have recently emphasized the need to focus not only on students’ academic achievement but also on their inner needs, which include their emotional well-being, studies have found nature connectedness has a positive effect on emotional well-being and physical health. Many studies on nature and well-being have focused on physiological and psychological experimental research to examine before and after exposure to nature. However, there is still a need for further investigation how emotional connection between nature environments in the aspect of restorativeness and spiritual values improve mental health. This paper systematically reviewed previous studies about the relationship between exposure to the natural environment and well-being focusing o...

The International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2021

This study presents the effects of Family and School Together (FAST) Programme that was executed ... more This study presents the effects of Family and School Together (FAST) Programme that was executed for the first time as part of a research study under Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and The National Population and Family Development Board (NPFDB) of Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development. The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamic relationship between mothers-children and the community, which includes school involvement in overcoming disciplinary issues. This study employed a qualitative case study design using purposive sampling at an eight-week enrolled programme. Data was collected using in-depth interviews, direct observation and document analysis, triangulated using a multi-source data approach and were analysed using the NVivo 8 software. The research findings indicated that collaborative family and school programs affect the relationship between mothers and teenagers. The FAST program through peers’ activities and one to one activity, has shown to increa...

The purpose of this paper was to identify theories that underpin the relationship between perceiv... more The purpose of this paper was to identify theories that underpin the relationship between perceived restorativeness and psychological wellbeing. This study also aimed to identify the types of activities that the respondent preferred to use as psychological resources when dealing with threatening situation. The instruments used in this study were Perceived Restorativeness for Activities Scale (PRAS) and Psychological Wellbeing Scale. The questionnaires were administered to a sample of 192 Master of Education students. The findings demonstrated that Master of Education students possess a high level of psychological well-being (Mean = 4.39, SD = 0.611) and high level of perceived restorativeness for their preferred activities (Mean = 4.57, SD = 0.76). The most preferred activities for restorativeness approach included participation in social context, followed by engaging in outdoor activities and lastly observing nature. The fascination property of perceived restorativeness obtained th...

Pengasuh Taman Asuhan Kanak-Kanak (TASKA) memainkan peranan yang penting dalam memastikan kesejah... more Pengasuh Taman Asuhan Kanak-Kanak (TASKA) memainkan peranan yang penting dalam memastikan kesejahteraan, keselamatan dan pembangunan potensi kanak-kanak seperti yang digariskan oleh Kurikulum PERMATA Negara. Justeru, pemilihan kerjaya sebagai pengasuh TASKA memerlukan komitmen yang tinggi dalam menjalankan rutin seharian di TASKA. Kajian kes ini bertujuan menyelami peranan dan faktor yang mendorong komitmen 3 orang pengasuh TASKA di sebuah TASKA swasta berdaftar di Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. Kajian ini turut meninjau faktor di sebalik pemilihan kerjaya sebagai pengasuh TASKA. Pengumpulan data melibatkan kaedah temu bual, pemerhatian, nota lapangan dan analisis dokumen. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengasuh TASKA menjalankan peranan mereka dengan baik selaras dengan garis panduan Kurikulum PERMATA Negara. Hubungan dan komunikasi, timbal balas keprihatinan dan tolak ansur, dan pengalaman manis merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi komitmen pengasuh TASKA. Faktor minat, cita-cita,...

Persekitaran alam semula jadi dikatakan berpotensi untuk mengurangkan gangguan emosi terutama dar... more Persekitaran alam semula jadi dikatakan berpotensi untuk mengurangkan gangguan emosi terutama dari aspek tekanan, keresahan dan kemurungan untuk meningkatkan kadar tumpuan dan prestasi diri. Kestabilan kesihatan mental dalam kalangan pelajar amat penting bagi memastikan tumpuan kognitif terhadap perkara penting seperti akademik, peperiksaan, pembuatan keputusan, hubungan keluarga dan rakan serta kewangan dapat diurus dengan baik. Oleh itu, konsep pendedahan alam semula jadi dilaporkan dapat mengurangkan gangguan emosi negatif bagi melawan keletihan minda ketika berdepan dengan cabaran dan masalah seharian yang dihadapi oleh para pelajar. Kesimpulannya, kertas konsep ini bertujuan untuk mencadangkan model teoritikal pengurangan gangguan emosi melalui aspek hubungan ekopsikologi, restorasi dan nilai spiritual bagi meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologi.

Frontiers in Psychology, 2021

Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating op... more Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating opportunities for restoration. They could potentially benefit from campus-based physical activities that provide them with effective restoration breaks and allow them to return to their studies cognitively refreshed. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between perceived restorativeness among postgraduates and their psychological well-being by using the four constructs of Kaplan's attention restoration theory (ART): fascination, being away, extent, and compatibility. In this study, nature view windows were also used as a moderator. Malaysian postgraduate students [n = 192; 94 females; age in years (M = 30.64, SD = 2.73)] completed the Ryff's scale of psychological wellbeing (PWB) and perceived restorativeness scale for activity (PRAS). This study used the partial least squares-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to examine these relationships. The r...

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2018

This study aims to investigate the psychometric attributes of DASS21 instrument of depression, an... more This study aims to investigate the psychometric attributes of DASS21 instrument of depression, anxiety, and stress among Malaysian university undergraduate students, where negative emotional disturbance is evaluated in the respect of frequency and severity. During this study, English and Malay were the languages used for the descriptive investigation on the severity of emotional disturbance and psychometrics analysis. A crosssectional study was conducted among (N = 390) undergraduate students from Universiti Putra Malaysia, through a simple random exercise. This was followed by collection of data on the final respondents through AMOS for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and measurement. An excellent structure of the 21-items in three DASS21 sub-constructs was displayed, with 18 out of 21 items were produced from adequate construct validity. It exhibited a positive factor loading, which amounted to 0.5 and higher. In terms of internal consistency, the alpha values for anxiety (= 0.850), stress (= 0.859), and depression (= 0.910) were shown. A positive consistency of Cronbach's Alpha (= 0.926) could also be seen from the overall score where all items were included. Thus, DASS21 can be utilized as a measurement tool to identify the health condition of students with negative emotional disturbances.

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013

balance and harmony among family members remains debatable, studies relevant to this topic have b... more balance and harmony among family members remains debatable, studies relevant to this topic have been lacking in Malaysia. This education. Using the qualitative approach, a total of 14 commuters were interviewed. Findings suggested that commuters with positive psychosocial characteristics had less emotional problems when handling children education as well as relationships with family members and friends. In contrast, commuters with negative psychosocial characteristics have more communication and family-related problems. In summary, the issues surrounding commuter families need to be addressed to ensure that family types do not affect over the years, the stability and harmony of the family institution in Malaysia and elsewhere. Ltd. Selection and peer review under the responsibility of Prof.

Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 2021

This paper proposes an intervention therapy that uses the unique methods of Malay traditional per... more This paper proposes an intervention therapy that uses the unique methods of Malay traditional performance, which relates the dances and songs of 'Dikir Barat' and 'Kuda Kepang;. The therapy will assist in the socialization of special needs children and work upon their audience perception skills. This study utilized a quantitative method facilitated by a survey questionnaire that was distributed to an audience during a special concert that included children with special needs and other students. The 20-items survey of 5-point Likert Scale was descriptively analyzed for each item's percentage. Consequently, it has been determined that performances which particularly embrace the arts of music, singing, dancing and acting have a great influence and impact on groups with special needs. This research contributes to the literature by illustrating how traditional music therapy can stimulate special needs children to improve their active engagement in their own lives and that of their community.

Frontiers in Psychology

Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating op... more Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating opportunities for restoration. They could potentially benefit from campus-based physical activities that provide them with effective restoration breaks and allow them to return to their studies cognitively refreshed. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between perceived restorativeness among postgraduates and their psychological well-being by using the four constructs of Kaplan's attention restoration theory (ART): fascination, being away, extent, and compatibility. In this study, nature view windows were also used as a moderator. Malaysian postgraduate students [n = 192; 94 females; age in years (M = 30.64, SD = 2.73)] completed the Ryff's scale of psychological wellbeing (PWB) and perceived restorativeness scale for activity (PRAS). This study used the partial least squares-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to examine these relationships. The r...

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Asian Journal of University Education

The benefits of internationalization in higher education are indisputable. However, students stud... more The benefits of internationalization in higher education are indisputable. However, students studying abroad may face difficulties such as adjustment issues since they are away from home and go through a new stage in their lives. Seeing that an essential predictor of psychological adjustment is resilience, the current study aims to assess the role of a range of factors (optimism, social support, self-efficacy, psychological well-being, and demographic) in predicting the resilience of Indonesian students in Malaysia. Two hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to test the influencing factors on resilience. Based on the literature, this study is quantitative in nature where a total of 229 Indonesian postgraduate students in Malaysian public universities were chosen as participants. Results showed that resilience is affected by optimism, social support, and self-efficacy. Essentially, this study provides practical insights into how international students can make adjustment...

There is a significant association between students’ lower psychological well-being and their aca... more There is a significant association between students’ lower psychological well-being and their academic performance. Therefore, in order to discover the ways of relieving students’ emotional disturbance and negative health condition, more research is needed for the improvement of their psychological well-being especially through exposure to nature as a restoration method upon facing negative emotions. This paper aims to validate and gain access to the reliability of Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS) among students.  A cross-sectional study was conducted in this research on a sample taken from undergraduate students (N = 390). For explanatory factor analysis (EFA) with SPSS, respondents participated in an online survey. As for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), AMOS programme was used for the measurement of model. A total of 26 items had been separated into four sub-constructs of PRS were used. Subsequently, an excellent structure was displayed by the revised PRS, with good ...

Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating op... more Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating opportunities for restoration. They could potentially benefit from campus-based physical activities that provide them with effective restoration breaks and allow them to return to their studies cognitively refreshed. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between perceived restorativeness among postgraduates and their psychological well-being by using the four constructs of Kaplan’s attention restoration theory (ART): fascination, being away, extent, and compatibility. In this study, nature view windows were also used as a moderator. Malaysian postgraduate students [n = 192; 94 females; age in years (M = 30.64, SD = 2.73)] completed the Ryff’s scale of psychological wellbeing (PWB) and perceived restorativeness scale for activity (PRAS). This study used the partial least squares-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to examine these relationships. The results d...

Character education is deemed as an essential aspect to be disseminated to the students in enabli... more Character education is deemed as an essential aspect to be disseminated to the students in enabling them to be prepared to face real-world society. It can be incorporated into formal education with the support of school staff, teachers, and parents. Hence, this study investigates the relationship between teachers' efficacy, knowledge, and professional development in implementing character education. Using a quantitative correlational approach, data was obtained from 384 secondary school teachers on character education efficacy belief, character education knowledge, belief and practice instrument, and character education professional development. The data was analysed using multiple linear regression analysis scales. The findings postulated that teacher's professional development and knowledge were able to predict the implementation of character education while efficacy was deemed an insignificant variable. Therefore, understanding the relationships between the factors is essential to train future teachers for character education. In conclusion, the findings from this study are expected to benefit the Ministry of Education, school administrations, teachers, and the community in identifying ways to enhance the implementation of character education.

IIUM Journal of Educational Studies, 2021

The influence of the natural environment on emotional well-being has been highlighted at the peak... more The influence of the natural environment on emotional well-being has been highlighted at the peak of the Covid 19 pandemic that saw most countries impose prolonged total lockdowns and movement restrictions on their citizens. While researchers have recently emphasized the need to focus not only on students’ academic achievement but also on their inner needs, which include their emotional well-being, studies have found nature connectedness has a positive effect on emotional well-being and physical health. Many studies on nature and well-being have focused on physiological and psychological experimental research to examine before and after exposure to nature. However, there is still a need for further investigation how emotional connection between nature environments in the aspect of restorativeness and spiritual values improve mental health. This paper systematically reviewed previous studies about the relationship between exposure to the natural environment and well-being focusing o...

The International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2021

This study presents the effects of Family and School Together (FAST) Programme that was executed ... more This study presents the effects of Family and School Together (FAST) Programme that was executed for the first time as part of a research study under Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and The National Population and Family Development Board (NPFDB) of Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development. The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamic relationship between mothers-children and the community, which includes school involvement in overcoming disciplinary issues. This study employed a qualitative case study design using purposive sampling at an eight-week enrolled programme. Data was collected using in-depth interviews, direct observation and document analysis, triangulated using a multi-source data approach and were analysed using the NVivo 8 software. The research findings indicated that collaborative family and school programs affect the relationship between mothers and teenagers. The FAST program through peers’ activities and one to one activity, has shown to increa...

The purpose of this paper was to identify theories that underpin the relationship between perceiv... more The purpose of this paper was to identify theories that underpin the relationship between perceived restorativeness and psychological wellbeing. This study also aimed to identify the types of activities that the respondent preferred to use as psychological resources when dealing with threatening situation. The instruments used in this study were Perceived Restorativeness for Activities Scale (PRAS) and Psychological Wellbeing Scale. The questionnaires were administered to a sample of 192 Master of Education students. The findings demonstrated that Master of Education students possess a high level of psychological well-being (Mean = 4.39, SD = 0.611) and high level of perceived restorativeness for their preferred activities (Mean = 4.57, SD = 0.76). The most preferred activities for restorativeness approach included participation in social context, followed by engaging in outdoor activities and lastly observing nature. The fascination property of perceived restorativeness obtained th...

Pengasuh Taman Asuhan Kanak-Kanak (TASKA) memainkan peranan yang penting dalam memastikan kesejah... more Pengasuh Taman Asuhan Kanak-Kanak (TASKA) memainkan peranan yang penting dalam memastikan kesejahteraan, keselamatan dan pembangunan potensi kanak-kanak seperti yang digariskan oleh Kurikulum PERMATA Negara. Justeru, pemilihan kerjaya sebagai pengasuh TASKA memerlukan komitmen yang tinggi dalam menjalankan rutin seharian di TASKA. Kajian kes ini bertujuan menyelami peranan dan faktor yang mendorong komitmen 3 orang pengasuh TASKA di sebuah TASKA swasta berdaftar di Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. Kajian ini turut meninjau faktor di sebalik pemilihan kerjaya sebagai pengasuh TASKA. Pengumpulan data melibatkan kaedah temu bual, pemerhatian, nota lapangan dan analisis dokumen. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengasuh TASKA menjalankan peranan mereka dengan baik selaras dengan garis panduan Kurikulum PERMATA Negara. Hubungan dan komunikasi, timbal balas keprihatinan dan tolak ansur, dan pengalaman manis merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi komitmen pengasuh TASKA. Faktor minat, cita-cita,...

Persekitaran alam semula jadi dikatakan berpotensi untuk mengurangkan gangguan emosi terutama dar... more Persekitaran alam semula jadi dikatakan berpotensi untuk mengurangkan gangguan emosi terutama dari aspek tekanan, keresahan dan kemurungan untuk meningkatkan kadar tumpuan dan prestasi diri. Kestabilan kesihatan mental dalam kalangan pelajar amat penting bagi memastikan tumpuan kognitif terhadap perkara penting seperti akademik, peperiksaan, pembuatan keputusan, hubungan keluarga dan rakan serta kewangan dapat diurus dengan baik. Oleh itu, konsep pendedahan alam semula jadi dilaporkan dapat mengurangkan gangguan emosi negatif bagi melawan keletihan minda ketika berdepan dengan cabaran dan masalah seharian yang dihadapi oleh para pelajar. Kesimpulannya, kertas konsep ini bertujuan untuk mencadangkan model teoritikal pengurangan gangguan emosi melalui aspek hubungan ekopsikologi, restorasi dan nilai spiritual bagi meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologi.

Frontiers in Psychology, 2021

Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating op... more Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating opportunities for restoration. They could potentially benefit from campus-based physical activities that provide them with effective restoration breaks and allow them to return to their studies cognitively refreshed. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between perceived restorativeness among postgraduates and their psychological well-being by using the four constructs of Kaplan's attention restoration theory (ART): fascination, being away, extent, and compatibility. In this study, nature view windows were also used as a moderator. Malaysian postgraduate students [n = 192; 94 females; age in years (M = 30.64, SD = 2.73)] completed the Ryff's scale of psychological wellbeing (PWB) and perceived restorativeness scale for activity (PRAS). This study used the partial least squares-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to examine these relationships. The r...

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2018

This study aims to investigate the psychometric attributes of DASS21 instrument of depression, an... more This study aims to investigate the psychometric attributes of DASS21 instrument of depression, anxiety, and stress among Malaysian university undergraduate students, where negative emotional disturbance is evaluated in the respect of frequency and severity. During this study, English and Malay were the languages used for the descriptive investigation on the severity of emotional disturbance and psychometrics analysis. A crosssectional study was conducted among (N = 390) undergraduate students from Universiti Putra Malaysia, through a simple random exercise. This was followed by collection of data on the final respondents through AMOS for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and measurement. An excellent structure of the 21-items in three DASS21 sub-constructs was displayed, with 18 out of 21 items were produced from adequate construct validity. It exhibited a positive factor loading, which amounted to 0.5 and higher. In terms of internal consistency, the alpha values for anxiety (= 0.850), stress (= 0.859), and depression (= 0.910) were shown. A positive consistency of Cronbach's Alpha (= 0.926) could also be seen from the overall score where all items were included. Thus, DASS21 can be utilized as a measurement tool to identify the health condition of students with negative emotional disturbances.

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013

balance and harmony among family members remains debatable, studies relevant to this topic have b... more balance and harmony among family members remains debatable, studies relevant to this topic have been lacking in Malaysia. This education. Using the qualitative approach, a total of 14 commuters were interviewed. Findings suggested that commuters with positive psychosocial characteristics had less emotional problems when handling children education as well as relationships with family members and friends. In contrast, commuters with negative psychosocial characteristics have more communication and family-related problems. In summary, the issues surrounding commuter families need to be addressed to ensure that family types do not affect over the years, the stability and harmony of the family institution in Malaysia and elsewhere. Ltd. Selection and peer review under the responsibility of Prof.

Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 2021

This paper proposes an intervention therapy that uses the unique methods of Malay traditional per... more This paper proposes an intervention therapy that uses the unique methods of Malay traditional performance, which relates the dances and songs of 'Dikir Barat' and 'Kuda Kepang;. The therapy will assist in the socialization of special needs children and work upon their audience perception skills. This study utilized a quantitative method facilitated by a survey questionnaire that was distributed to an audience during a special concert that included children with special needs and other students. The 20-items survey of 5-point Likert Scale was descriptively analyzed for each item's percentage. Consequently, it has been determined that performances which particularly embrace the arts of music, singing, dancing and acting have a great influence and impact on groups with special needs. This research contributes to the literature by illustrating how traditional music therapy can stimulate special needs children to improve their active engagement in their own lives and that of their community.

Frontiers in Psychology

Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating op... more Many university students experience high levels of study-related fatigue, hence, necessitating opportunities for restoration. They could potentially benefit from campus-based physical activities that provide them with effective restoration breaks and allow them to return to their studies cognitively refreshed. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between perceived restorativeness among postgraduates and their psychological well-being by using the four constructs of Kaplan's attention restoration theory (ART): fascination, being away, extent, and compatibility. In this study, nature view windows were also used as a moderator. Malaysian postgraduate students [n = 192; 94 females; age in years (M = 30.64, SD = 2.73)] completed the Ryff's scale of psychological wellbeing (PWB) and perceived restorativeness scale for activity (PRAS). This study used the partial least squares-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to examine these relationships. The r...

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Asian Journal of University Education

The benefits of internationalization in higher education are indisputable. However, students stud... more The benefits of internationalization in higher education are indisputable. However, students studying abroad may face difficulties such as adjustment issues since they are away from home and go through a new stage in their lives. Seeing that an essential predictor of psychological adjustment is resilience, the current study aims to assess the role of a range of factors (optimism, social support, self-efficacy, psychological well-being, and demographic) in predicting the resilience of Indonesian students in Malaysia. Two hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to test the influencing factors on resilience. Based on the literature, this study is quantitative in nature where a total of 229 Indonesian postgraduate students in Malaysian public universities were chosen as participants. Results showed that resilience is affected by optimism, social support, and self-efficacy. Essentially, this study provides practical insights into how international students can make adjustment...