Jakub Mozaryn | Warsaw University of Technology (original) (raw)
Papers by Jakub Mozaryn
The paper aims to study the workflow of the detection center of stealthy attacks on industrial in... more The paper aims to study the workflow of the detection center of stealthy attacks on industrial installations that generate increase in energy consumption while avoiding triggering fault detection and damaging the installation. Such long-lasting attacks on industrial facilities make production more expensive and less competitive. We present the concept of the remote detection system of cyberattacks directed at maliciously changing the controlled variable in an industrial process air conditioning system. The monitored signals are gathered at the PLC-controlled installation and sent to the remote detection system, where the discrepancies of signals are analyzed based on the Control Performance Assessment indices. The results of performed tests prove the legitimacy of the adopted approach.
Lecture notes in networks and systems, 2022
Collaborative robots are one of the key pillars of Industry 4.0. Thanks to improved sensors, they... more Collaborative robots are one of the key pillars of Industry 4.0. Thanks to improved sensors, they can cooperate with people in a common workspace safely. Equipping the robot with an electronic skin allows increasing its safety level. The article presents the hardware and software framework of the newly developed graphene-based electronic skin for a collaborative robot. Functional laboratory tests confirm the effectiveness of the e-skin integration with the robot control system.
Energies
This paper is concerned with the issue of the diagnostics of process faults and the detection of ... more This paper is concerned with the issue of the diagnostics of process faults and the detection of cyber-attacks in industrial control systems. This problem is of significant importance to energy production and distribution, which, being part of critical infrastructure, is usually equipped with process diagnostics and, at the same time, is often subject to cyber-attacks. A commonly used approach would be to separate the two types of anomalies. The detection of process faults would be handled by a control team, often with a help of dedicated diagnostic tools, whereas the detection of cyber-attacks would be handled by an information technology team. In this article, it is postulated here that the two can be usefully merged together into one, comprehensive, anomaly detection system. For this purpose, firstly, the main types of cyber-attacks and the main methods of detecting cyber-attacks are being reviewed. Subsequently, in the analogy to “process fault”—a term well established in proces...
Sensors
The paper describes the semi-automatised calibration procedure of an electronic skin comprising s... more The paper describes the semi-automatised calibration procedure of an electronic skin comprising screen-printed graphene-based sensors intended to be used for robotic applications. The variability of sensitivity and load characteristics among sensors makes the practical use of the e-skin extremely difficult. As the number of active elements forming the e-skin increases, this problem becomes more significant. The article describes the calibration procedure of multiple e-skin array sensors whose parameters are not homogeneous. We describe how an industrial robot equipped with a reference force sensor can be used to automatise the e-skin calibration procedure. The proposed methodology facilitates, speeds up, and increases the repeatability of the e-skin calibration. Finally, for the chosen example of a nonhomogeneous sensor matrix, we provide details of the data preprocessing, the sensor modelling process, and a discussion of the obtained results.
IFAC-PapersOnLine
Fault tolerance and constant, remote control of the process becomes important because of a contin... more Fault tolerance and constant, remote control of the process becomes important because of a continuous increase in complexity and high-performance demand for industrial systems. Therefore, there are developed advanced control systems that can detect and identify faults without being present at the site. This article presents the methodology of designing a PLC based fault isolation and remote monitoring system using the Industrial Internet of Things technologies. An algorithm of fault detection and isolation based on Unknown Input Observer and its implementation on a PLC controller are described and analyzed based on the simulated level control process in a three-tank system. The article contains a description of multiple technologies related to the concept of Industry 4.0 that can increase the performance of modern industrial systems.
IFAC-PapersOnLine
Bioimpedance is a commonly used method for various conditions monitoring. In this paper, the auth... more Bioimpedance is a commonly used method for various conditions monitoring. In this paper, the authors carried out some research where they implemented various smoothing filters to enable identification of the bioimpedance spectroscopy parameters. The proposed filtering methods may also be used for application on embedded systems, which have smaller computing power but have become recently very popular. The obtained results with the implementation of smoothing filters were promising, however, some of the obtained results were unsatisfactory. This work also contains a brief introduction to bioimpedance spectroscopy and smoothing filters.
Multibody System Dynamics
Snake robots are the multibody mechanisms allowing us to solve specific problems efficiently, i.e... more Snake robots are the multibody mechanisms allowing us to solve specific problems efficiently, i.e., navigate into diverse environments and maneuver through tight spaces or uneven grounds in a way that resembles living organisms. However, the path following and controlling such systems is challenging due to nonlinear dynamics, coupling between links, and nonstandard definitions of the set-point that differ from industrial applications. This paper describes a framework for simulation and evaluation of the controller design for snake robot as the set of tools for the 3D design and robot dynamic simulation. Combined with a theoretical background (equations of robot dynamics), it allows testing new solutions and strategies of robot control design. Firstly, based on the proposed methodology, we provide a mechanical design of a ten-link snake robot. We present control algorithms enabling point-to-point tracking of the robot position in two cases: (i) tracking the center of gravity of the r...
SSRN Electronic Journal
Biosolids storage areas are a significant contributor to wastewater treatment plant (WWTPs) odour... more Biosolids storage areas are a significant contributor to wastewater treatment plant (WWTPs) odour emissions which can cause sensorial impact to surrounding communities. Most odour impact regulations are based on odour concentration (COD) measurements determined by dynamic olfactometry. Understanding the relationship between odorants concentrations and COD in the biosolids emission is important to identify how the measurement and monitoring can be conducted using analytical rather than sensorial techniques. Some of the odorants are unknown in biosolid emissions, increasing the uncertainty in predicting COD. In this study, emissions from 56 biosolid samples collected from two WWTPs located in Sydney, Australia, were analysed by analytical and sensorial methods, including olfactory detection port (ODP) and dynamic olfactometry. Concentrations of 25 odorants and two ordinal variables represented odour events detected by ODP assessors were linked to COD values. Bayesian Model Averaging and Variable Selection with Bayesian Adaptive Sampling were applied to model the relation between COD and odorants concentrations. Results indicate the usability of the probabilistic methods and nonlinear transformations in modelling the odour concentrations based on odorants concentrations from biosolids emission and the accuracy of a small dataset.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018
In the following article research results for VRLA gel battery performance in the dynamic load cy... more In the following article research results for VRLA gel battery performance in the dynamic load cycle is presented. The research was conducted for several-hundred consecutive charging/discharging cycles. In the work there are presented changes of usable capacity of the battery and impact on a life-time of the battery in dynamic load conditions. There is also presented the effect of load current value on heat emission process, caused by an increase of temperature values on the battery casing and terminals. Acquired results are compared to operational conditions provided by the manufacturer. The research was conducted on two factory new VRLA batteries, which in the course of the tests were completely worn out.
Energies, 2021
The three-area power system is widely considered a suitable example to test load frequency contro... more The three-area power system is widely considered a suitable example to test load frequency control of the distributed generation system. In this article, for such a system, for the power stabilization task, we introduce two controllers: Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), which is model-based, and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), which is data-based. The purpose is to compare the two approaches from the point of view of (i) ease of implementation and tuning, and (ii) robustness to changes in the model. The model, together with controls strategies, has been implemented in the MATLAB software. Then, it has been tested for different simulation scenarios, taking into account the disturbances and faulty tie-lines between areas. Various quality measures allow to compare the performance of each control strategy. The comparison in terms of parameter change and load disturbances prompt us to propose suitable metrics and advice notes on the application of each controller.
Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 2021
An experimental setup is presented, developed for comprehensive evaluation of high performance in... more An experimental setup is presented, developed for comprehensive evaluation of high performance inertial sensors for translational motion, accelerometers and geophones. It employs a precision, robust air bearing stage driven by integral brushless DC motor. Experimental results illustrate the performance and capabilities of the setup.
Complexity, 2021
This paper reports on development of a laboratory set-up, for testing the concept and the compone... more This paper reports on development of a laboratory set-up, for testing the concept and the components of Industry 4.0 enabled mechatronic system. A simple mock manufacturing lane is connected to a collaborating robot. There are three different programmable logic controllers (PLC) and various other elements which need to talk to each other using a variety of communication protocols. The controllers, and consequently the schedule of operations, can be programmed remotely. Moreover, the information is exchanged through the cloud service which could also assume the role of a soft-PLC. From the perspective of cyber-security, this set-up enables defining benchmarks and performing tests for resilience of the control structure. Some test scenarios are discussed in the paper.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are integral components of Industry 4.0. However, there is a lack of... more Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are integral components of Industry 4.0. However, there is a lack of benchmark systems for the design, development and testing of CPS. To this end, this article presents the design and development of an industrial CPS testbed using a stand of two coupled tanks, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), and an Internet-of-Things (IoT) gateway. The testbed can connect to cloud services, combining the industrial and management components together, where a cloud-based service can be used to manage the system. It also can be used to design, develop and evaluate fault diagnosis, fault-tolerant control, and cyber-security algorithms for CPS. Due to its versatility and reconfigurability, the proposed testbed can be used to test various scenarios of possible faults and cyber-attacks in industrial systems
Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2021
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2019
This work presents a prediction of battery terminal voltage in subsequent charging/discharging cy... more This work presents a prediction of battery terminal voltage in subsequent charging/discharging cycles. To estimate chosen signals the NARX (AutoRegressive with eXogenous input) model based on Recurrent Neural Network has been employed. A training and testing data were gathered at the laboratory test stand with the Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery in different working conditions. Test stand research was conducted for 40 charging/discharging cycles. Furthermore, the paper presents the results of the identification of double RC model parameters for a specified state of charge level. As a result, the analysis of the proposed methodology has been discussed.
International Journal of Energy Research, 2020
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
The year 2020 has taught us a very important lesson about communication between university lectur... more The year 2020 has taught us a very important lesson about communication between university lecturers and students in laboratories. This paper is showing conclusions after a semester of remote personal contact with students and laboratory equipment. In normal cases authors of this paper providing their lessons in a laboratory equipped with industry effectors, Robots, Pneumatic equipment, and PLC’s. It was replaced with simulators, because of the lockdown due to the coronavirus pandemic. In the paper, we describe the on-line didactic process conducted with simulators such as Factory IO; Festo FluidSim; Roboguide.
The paper aims to study the workflow of the detection center of stealthy attacks on industrial in... more The paper aims to study the workflow of the detection center of stealthy attacks on industrial installations that generate increase in energy consumption while avoiding triggering fault detection and damaging the installation. Such long-lasting attacks on industrial facilities make production more expensive and less competitive. We present the concept of the remote detection system of cyberattacks directed at maliciously changing the controlled variable in an industrial process air conditioning system. The monitored signals are gathered at the PLC-controlled installation and sent to the remote detection system, where the discrepancies of signals are analyzed based on the Control Performance Assessment indices. The results of performed tests prove the legitimacy of the adopted approach.
Lecture notes in networks and systems, 2022
Collaborative robots are one of the key pillars of Industry 4.0. Thanks to improved sensors, they... more Collaborative robots are one of the key pillars of Industry 4.0. Thanks to improved sensors, they can cooperate with people in a common workspace safely. Equipping the robot with an electronic skin allows increasing its safety level. The article presents the hardware and software framework of the newly developed graphene-based electronic skin for a collaborative robot. Functional laboratory tests confirm the effectiveness of the e-skin integration with the robot control system.
Energies
This paper is concerned with the issue of the diagnostics of process faults and the detection of ... more This paper is concerned with the issue of the diagnostics of process faults and the detection of cyber-attacks in industrial control systems. This problem is of significant importance to energy production and distribution, which, being part of critical infrastructure, is usually equipped with process diagnostics and, at the same time, is often subject to cyber-attacks. A commonly used approach would be to separate the two types of anomalies. The detection of process faults would be handled by a control team, often with a help of dedicated diagnostic tools, whereas the detection of cyber-attacks would be handled by an information technology team. In this article, it is postulated here that the two can be usefully merged together into one, comprehensive, anomaly detection system. For this purpose, firstly, the main types of cyber-attacks and the main methods of detecting cyber-attacks are being reviewed. Subsequently, in the analogy to “process fault”—a term well established in proces...
Sensors
The paper describes the semi-automatised calibration procedure of an electronic skin comprising s... more The paper describes the semi-automatised calibration procedure of an electronic skin comprising screen-printed graphene-based sensors intended to be used for robotic applications. The variability of sensitivity and load characteristics among sensors makes the practical use of the e-skin extremely difficult. As the number of active elements forming the e-skin increases, this problem becomes more significant. The article describes the calibration procedure of multiple e-skin array sensors whose parameters are not homogeneous. We describe how an industrial robot equipped with a reference force sensor can be used to automatise the e-skin calibration procedure. The proposed methodology facilitates, speeds up, and increases the repeatability of the e-skin calibration. Finally, for the chosen example of a nonhomogeneous sensor matrix, we provide details of the data preprocessing, the sensor modelling process, and a discussion of the obtained results.
IFAC-PapersOnLine
Fault tolerance and constant, remote control of the process becomes important because of a contin... more Fault tolerance and constant, remote control of the process becomes important because of a continuous increase in complexity and high-performance demand for industrial systems. Therefore, there are developed advanced control systems that can detect and identify faults without being present at the site. This article presents the methodology of designing a PLC based fault isolation and remote monitoring system using the Industrial Internet of Things technologies. An algorithm of fault detection and isolation based on Unknown Input Observer and its implementation on a PLC controller are described and analyzed based on the simulated level control process in a three-tank system. The article contains a description of multiple technologies related to the concept of Industry 4.0 that can increase the performance of modern industrial systems.
IFAC-PapersOnLine
Bioimpedance is a commonly used method for various conditions monitoring. In this paper, the auth... more Bioimpedance is a commonly used method for various conditions monitoring. In this paper, the authors carried out some research where they implemented various smoothing filters to enable identification of the bioimpedance spectroscopy parameters. The proposed filtering methods may also be used for application on embedded systems, which have smaller computing power but have become recently very popular. The obtained results with the implementation of smoothing filters were promising, however, some of the obtained results were unsatisfactory. This work also contains a brief introduction to bioimpedance spectroscopy and smoothing filters.
Multibody System Dynamics
Snake robots are the multibody mechanisms allowing us to solve specific problems efficiently, i.e... more Snake robots are the multibody mechanisms allowing us to solve specific problems efficiently, i.e., navigate into diverse environments and maneuver through tight spaces or uneven grounds in a way that resembles living organisms. However, the path following and controlling such systems is challenging due to nonlinear dynamics, coupling between links, and nonstandard definitions of the set-point that differ from industrial applications. This paper describes a framework for simulation and evaluation of the controller design for snake robot as the set of tools for the 3D design and robot dynamic simulation. Combined with a theoretical background (equations of robot dynamics), it allows testing new solutions and strategies of robot control design. Firstly, based on the proposed methodology, we provide a mechanical design of a ten-link snake robot. We present control algorithms enabling point-to-point tracking of the robot position in two cases: (i) tracking the center of gravity of the r...
SSRN Electronic Journal
Biosolids storage areas are a significant contributor to wastewater treatment plant (WWTPs) odour... more Biosolids storage areas are a significant contributor to wastewater treatment plant (WWTPs) odour emissions which can cause sensorial impact to surrounding communities. Most odour impact regulations are based on odour concentration (COD) measurements determined by dynamic olfactometry. Understanding the relationship between odorants concentrations and COD in the biosolids emission is important to identify how the measurement and monitoring can be conducted using analytical rather than sensorial techniques. Some of the odorants are unknown in biosolid emissions, increasing the uncertainty in predicting COD. In this study, emissions from 56 biosolid samples collected from two WWTPs located in Sydney, Australia, were analysed by analytical and sensorial methods, including olfactory detection port (ODP) and dynamic olfactometry. Concentrations of 25 odorants and two ordinal variables represented odour events detected by ODP assessors were linked to COD values. Bayesian Model Averaging and Variable Selection with Bayesian Adaptive Sampling were applied to model the relation between COD and odorants concentrations. Results indicate the usability of the probabilistic methods and nonlinear transformations in modelling the odour concentrations based on odorants concentrations from biosolids emission and the accuracy of a small dataset.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018
In the following article research results for VRLA gel battery performance in the dynamic load cy... more In the following article research results for VRLA gel battery performance in the dynamic load cycle is presented. The research was conducted for several-hundred consecutive charging/discharging cycles. In the work there are presented changes of usable capacity of the battery and impact on a life-time of the battery in dynamic load conditions. There is also presented the effect of load current value on heat emission process, caused by an increase of temperature values on the battery casing and terminals. Acquired results are compared to operational conditions provided by the manufacturer. The research was conducted on two factory new VRLA batteries, which in the course of the tests were completely worn out.
Energies, 2021
The three-area power system is widely considered a suitable example to test load frequency contro... more The three-area power system is widely considered a suitable example to test load frequency control of the distributed generation system. In this article, for such a system, for the power stabilization task, we introduce two controllers: Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), which is model-based, and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), which is data-based. The purpose is to compare the two approaches from the point of view of (i) ease of implementation and tuning, and (ii) robustness to changes in the model. The model, together with controls strategies, has been implemented in the MATLAB software. Then, it has been tested for different simulation scenarios, taking into account the disturbances and faulty tie-lines between areas. Various quality measures allow to compare the performance of each control strategy. The comparison in terms of parameter change and load disturbances prompt us to propose suitable metrics and advice notes on the application of each controller.
Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 2021
An experimental setup is presented, developed for comprehensive evaluation of high performance in... more An experimental setup is presented, developed for comprehensive evaluation of high performance inertial sensors for translational motion, accelerometers and geophones. It employs a precision, robust air bearing stage driven by integral brushless DC motor. Experimental results illustrate the performance and capabilities of the setup.
Complexity, 2021
This paper reports on development of a laboratory set-up, for testing the concept and the compone... more This paper reports on development of a laboratory set-up, for testing the concept and the components of Industry 4.0 enabled mechatronic system. A simple mock manufacturing lane is connected to a collaborating robot. There are three different programmable logic controllers (PLC) and various other elements which need to talk to each other using a variety of communication protocols. The controllers, and consequently the schedule of operations, can be programmed remotely. Moreover, the information is exchanged through the cloud service which could also assume the role of a soft-PLC. From the perspective of cyber-security, this set-up enables defining benchmarks and performing tests for resilience of the control structure. Some test scenarios are discussed in the paper.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are integral components of Industry 4.0. However, there is a lack of... more Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are integral components of Industry 4.0. However, there is a lack of benchmark systems for the design, development and testing of CPS. To this end, this article presents the design and development of an industrial CPS testbed using a stand of two coupled tanks, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), and an Internet-of-Things (IoT) gateway. The testbed can connect to cloud services, combining the industrial and management components together, where a cloud-based service can be used to manage the system. It also can be used to design, develop and evaluate fault diagnosis, fault-tolerant control, and cyber-security algorithms for CPS. Due to its versatility and reconfigurability, the proposed testbed can be used to test various scenarios of possible faults and cyber-attacks in industrial systems
Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2021
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2019
This work presents a prediction of battery terminal voltage in subsequent charging/discharging cy... more This work presents a prediction of battery terminal voltage in subsequent charging/discharging cycles. To estimate chosen signals the NARX (AutoRegressive with eXogenous input) model based on Recurrent Neural Network has been employed. A training and testing data were gathered at the laboratory test stand with the Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery in different working conditions. Test stand research was conducted for 40 charging/discharging cycles. Furthermore, the paper presents the results of the identification of double RC model parameters for a specified state of charge level. As a result, the analysis of the proposed methodology has been discussed.
International Journal of Energy Research, 2020
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
The year 2020 has taught us a very important lesson about communication between university lectur... more The year 2020 has taught us a very important lesson about communication between university lecturers and students in laboratories. This paper is showing conclusions after a semester of remote personal contact with students and laboratory equipment. In normal cases authors of this paper providing their lessons in a laboratory equipped with industry effectors, Robots, Pneumatic equipment, and PLC’s. It was replaced with simulators, because of the lockdown due to the coronavirus pandemic. In the paper, we describe the on-line didactic process conducted with simulators such as Factory IO; Festo FluidSim; Roboguide.
Artykuł opisuje projekty aplikacji na urządzenia mobilne pozwalających na interaktywną rehabilita... more Artykuł opisuje projekty aplikacji na urządzenia mobilne pozwalających na interaktywną rehabilitację kończyn górnych człowieka. Obecnie, w wyniku starzenia się społeczeństw i chorób cywilizacyjnych, rośnie liczba osób wymagających rehabilitacji niedowładu kończyn, które powstają w wyniku wypadków, wylewów, zawałów, guzów lub udarów. Aby rehabilitacja tego typu objawów chorobowych była skuteczna powinna zacząć się jak najszybciej po ustabilizowaniu stanu pacjenta, jednak przyjęcie do specjalnego ośrodka często odbywa się z kilkumiesięcznym opóźnieniem.Jednym ze sposobów przyspieszenia rehabilitacji i uczynienia jej mniej uciążliwą poprzez zwiększenie jej atrakcyjności jest tworzenie rozwiązań opartych na nowoczesnych technikach multimedialnych. Można przypuszczać, że opracowanie takich rozwiązań pozwoli na wczesne rozpoczęcie rehabilitacji u wielu osób oraz zmniejszy ich uciążliwość w czasie oczekiwania na przyjęcie do specjalizowanego ośrodka.
Postawa wobec robotów to względnie trwała tendencja do ich pozytywnego lub negatywnego wartościow... more Postawa wobec robotów to względnie trwała tendencja do ich pozytywnego lub negatywnego wartościowania. Może się przejawiać poprzez emocje, oceny, automatyczne oraz kontrolowane reakcje. Postawa pozwala przewidywać zachowanie wobec robotów, chęć współpracy z nimi, podmiotowe lub przedmiotowe traktowanie, np. gotowość do narażania ich na niebezpieczeństwo zniszczenia. Do zmierzenia postawy wobec robotów społecznych wykorzystano polską adaptację skali NARS. Zmierzono także przekonanie o unikalności natury ludzkiej oraz antropomorfizm. Przekonanie o unikalności natury ludzkiej oraz gotowość do przypisywania robotom pozytywnych (ale nie negatywnych) ludzkich cech okazały się być istotnymi predyktorami postawy wobec robotów. Zależności te występują niezależnie od obiektywnego podobieństwa robota do człowieka.
Dokąd zmierza Europa: państwo–gospodarka–społeczeństwo–finanse, 2016
Budowana teoria imitacji jest niesłychanie trudna, bowiem nie można jej skonstruować na podstawie... more Budowana teoria imitacji jest niesłychanie trudna, bowiem nie można jej skonstruować na podstawie jednego, dostatecznie wymiernego modelu. Można się jednak pokusić o sformułowanie kilku podstawowych jego składników. Dotyczą one po pierwsze głównych obszarów imitacji; po wtóre podmiotów imitujących, i po trzecie mechanizmów upowszechniających już istniejące wzorce i rozwiązania. Rodzi się wiec pytanie w jaki sposób mówić o imitacji w świecie nauki, ekonomii, techniki, gospodarki? Przyglądając się rozwojowi dziecka, jak dorasta i jak uczy się wykonywać nowe czynności możemy dostrzec, że właśnie imitacja jest dla niego głównym źródłem nauki. W procesie uczenia się dorosłego człowieka również kluczową rolę odgrywa imitacja. Psychologowie i socjologowie już w latach pięćdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku dostrzegli kluczową rolę imitacji. Znaczenie imitacji w ekonomii szerzej zostało zaprezentowane i wykorzystane w teorii gier. O imitacji mówimy gdy gracz w następnej rundzie rozgrywanej gry symetrycznej, gra pewną strategią innego gracza (imituje innego gracza). Wybór strategii jest na ogół uzależniony od wypłaty uzyskiwanej dzięki poszczególnym strategiom. Możliwość imitowania zależy od modelu. Może być opisana przez pewne stałe prawdopodobieństwo, może zależeć od tego czy wypłata jest, czy nie powyżej pewnego progu itd. . Imitacja w gospodarce jest zazwyczaj spotykana w krajach wschodzących lub rozwijających się. Brak własnej myśli innowacyjnej, zbyt małe nakłady finansowe, dzięki którym mogą rozwijać się innowacyjne technologie, powodują, że drogą, którą mogą wybrać kraje reformujące się, jest właśnie droga imitacji. Imitacje mogą być rozpatrywane na wielu płaszczyznach oraz jako aspekt pozytywny lub negatywny. Wszelkie próby prześledzenia całości zagadnienia imitacji w ramach jednego opracowana skazane są na niepowodzenie lub/i na oczywistą krytykę braku kompletności analizy. Nie bez znaczenia jest też fakt, że ekonomia nie wypracowała dotąd teorii, która w satysfakcjonujący sposób opisywałaby imitacje. Dlatego też w niniejszym opracowaniu zostaną poruszone tylko nieliczne aspekty związane z imitacjami. Praca ta ma więc charakter ogólnego spojrzenia na wybrane zagadnienia, które zdaniem autorów są istotne, ale nie wyczerpują tematyki. Jest swego rodzaju preludium do podjęcia większej dysputy na temat imitacji i zwrócenia uwagi czytelnika na zagadnienie.
Ekonomiczna pozycja Europy, 2016
Niniejsze opracowanie jest autorską próbą wskazania czynników przewagi konkurencyjnej w innowacja... more Niniejsze opracowanie jest autorską próbą wskazania czynników przewagi konkurencyjnej w innowacjach technologicznych, w aspekcie porównawczym Europa kontra reszta świata. Przedstawiono zarówno pozytywne wpływy innowacji technologicznych na rozwój gospodarek, krajów i regionów, jak i wskazują zagrożenia płynące ze zbyt szybkiego postępu innowacji technologicznych. Niniejsze kompendium stara się zasygnalizować problemy związane z innowacjami technologicznymi i szybkością ich zmian, oraz wskazać liderów w tej dziedzinie wraz z programami regionalnymi, które przyczyniają się w swych założeniach do rozwoju innowacyjności.
Ekonomiczna pozycja Europy
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest porównanie podstawowych założeń strategii rozwoju innowacyjnoś... more Celem niniejszego opracowania jest porównanie podstawowych założeń strategii rozwoju innowacyjności Niemiec i Chin. Kraje te są utożsamiane z rozwojem opartym na innowacyjności, co powoduje, że mogą być potraktowane jako reprezentanci swoich regionów. Takie podejście jest znacznym uproszczeniem, zwłaszcza wobec Azji Wschodniej, która nie jest jednolita, ale składa się z państw o różnych potencjałach gospodarczych, znajdujących się na różnych poziomach rozwoju cywilizacyjnego, w tym różnej skłonności do wdrażania innowacji. Wspomniana różnorodność krajów Azji Wschodniej zwłaszcza wobec polityki innowacyjności powoduje, że nie można porównywać całych bloków państw. Chiny również nie są idealnym reprezentantem regionu. Wiele krajów, np. Japonia, Korea Południowa, Singapur, czy Tajwan są na znacznie wyższym poziomie wdrażania innowacji. Z kolei inne podmioty, np. Indonezja czy Wietnam, dopiero wkraczają na ścieżkę innowacyjności. Ich potencjał jest wystarczająco duży, by w perspektywie kilkudziesięciu lat stanowić ważną konkurencję dla krajów Europejskich. Przykład Chin jest istotny z powodu ostatnich 40 lat modernizacji. W tym okresie, kraj ten dokonał ogromnego skoku cywilizacyjnego startując z poziomu zapaści po rewolucji kulturalnej, a kończąc na pozycji największej potęgi handlowej w świecie. Wspomniany skok cywilizacyjny był możliwy dzięki odpowiedniemu wykorzystaniu rozwoju imitacyjnego i stopniowego zastępowania innowacyjnym. Zmiana ta jest wyraźnie widoczna strategiach rozwojowych tego kraju – kolejnych planach wieloletnich. Dalsza ewolucja w kierunku innowacyjności może być wskazówką dotyczącą wyboru ścieżki rozwoju również w innych krajach regionu. Wybór Niemiec, jako reprezentanta Unii Europejskiej jest bardziej uzasadniony, wręcz oczywisty. Kraj ten od wielu lat jest nie tylko największą gospodarką Unii Europejskiej, ale również liderem innowacyjności, co powoduje, że może stanowić wzorzec dla innych członków UE. Ponadto statystyki pokazują, że przy sprzedaży wielokrotnie mniejszej ilości dóbr dochodowość podejmowanych działań jest znacznie wyższa, niż bezpośrednich konkurentów tj. Chin i Stanów Zjednoczonych. Niniejsze opracowanie zostało opracowane na podstawie analizy krytycznej krajowej i zagranicznej literatury naukowej oraz dokumentów strategicznych badanych podmiotów.