Jamal Fathollahi | Razi University of Kermanshah, Iran (original) (raw)
Papers by Jamal Fathollahi
It is imperative to acknowledge the pivotal role that knowledge and technology play in addressing... more It is imperative to acknowledge the pivotal role that knowledge and technology play in addressing the multifaceted challenges that confront the world today. Concurrently, there has been a notable shift in industrial policy, which now places greater emphasis on the significance of technology and the unique solutions that vary across different regions. the notion of Leading Knowledge has emerged, underscoring the criticality of selecting one or more specialized fields of knowledge. This strategic approach recognizes the inherent limitations faced by any nation in attempting to invest comprehensively in all domains of knowledge simultaneously. The present investigation was carried out with the objective of ascertaining the Leading Knowledge within the industrial domain of the province of Hamedan. This was achieved through the utilization of the key technology approach and the hierarchical analysis process. Furniture production is the main economic activity in Hamedan province. Hamedan province has water and agricultural land issues. However, it possesses a significant reservoir of tacit knowledge pertaining to furniture production. Consequently, it is advisable to transition from agricultural activities and associated industries to furniture production in the initial stages of Hamedan province's development. Solar energy is important for later stages of industry development.
Given the increasing importance of the influence of culture and socio-cultural factors on economi... more Given the increasing importance of the influence of culture and socio-cultural factors on economic issues, in this study, using the method of least squares panel data and clustering analysis, the impact of these factors on economic growth of provinces in the years 2009-2012 are investigated. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between literacy rates and per capita real income, also the negative relationship between unemployment and poverty rates with per capita real income. Finally, dividing Iranian provinces into three groups, and computing HDI index, the rankings of provinces and the trend of their changes for different time periods are evaluated.
هزینه‌های تولید کالا و خدمات شامل هزینه‌های تبدیل و مبادله است. هزینه‌های تبدیل، هزینه تولید فیزی... more هزینه‌های تولید کالا و خدمات شامل هزینه‌های تبدیل و مبادله است. هزینه‌های تبدیل، هزینه تولید فیزیکی هستند. هزینه‌های مبادله شامل هزینه‌های اندازه‌گیری ویژگی‌های مادی و صفات حقوقی مورد مبادله و هزینه‌های تضمین و اجرای قراردادهاست که اقتصاد نئوکلاسیک آنها را نادیده می‌گیرد. هزینه‌های مبادله نقش مهمی در عملکرد اقتصادی ایفا می‌کنند؛ زیرا انباشت دانش، تخصص‌گرایی، تقسیم‌کار و رونق تجارت، تابع معکوسی از هزینه‌های سرانه مبادلات است. هزینه‌های مبادله مصادیق مختلفی دارد. یکی از عمده‌ترین آنها در بخش بازرگانی اقتصاد ایران، هزینه‌های سرقفلی است. هدف از این مطالعه، برآورد میزان هزینه سرقفلی واحدهای تجاری خرده‌فروشی شهر کرمانشاه به‌عنوان یکی از انواع هزینه‌های مبادله می‌باشد. یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌تواند در سیاستگذاری برای اصلاح ترکیب سرمایه‌ها و افزایش سهم سرمایه‌های تولیدی به‌کار گرفته شود. این پژوهش از چهارچوب نظری اقتصاد نهادی بهره می‌گیرد. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه پیمایشی است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز به‌منظور برآورد هزینه سرقفلی از طریق مصاحبه حضوری با مسئول واحد تجاری در یک نمونه 50 واحدی از بین کارگاه‌های خرده‌فروشی شهر کرمانشاه جمع‌آوری گردیده که نتایج آن به شرح زیر است: 1- مجموع هزینه سرقفلی سالانه در سطح کل واحدهای خرده‌فروشی شهر کرمانشاه در سال 1391 معادل 3014 میلیارد ریال (301 میلیارد تومان) می‌باشد. 2- هر واحد خرده‌فروشی به طور میانگین ماهیانه هزینه‌ای بالغ بر 15 میلیون ریال به‌واسطه وجود حق سرقفلی متحمل می‌شود. 3- ارزش سرمایه سرقفلی کل واحدهای تجاری خرده‌فروشی در سطح شهر کرمانشاه برابر با 45679 میلیارد ریال (4568 میلیارد تومان) است. این رقم به تنهایی معادل 53 درصد از کل سرمایه‌گذاری انجام‌شده در استان طی سال 1391 می‌باشد.
Given the increasing importance of the influence of culture and socio-cultural factors on economi... more Given the increasing importance of the influence of culture and socio-cultural factors on economic issues, in this study, using the method of least squares panel data and clustering analysis, the impact of these factors on economic growth of provinces in the years 2009-2012 are investigated. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between literacy rates and per capita real income, also the negative relationship between unemployment and poverty rates with per capita real income. Finally, dividing Iranian provinces into three groups, and computing HDI index, the rankings of provinces and the trend of their changes for different time periods are evaluated.
Since the early 1990s, due to rapid growth of knowledge and globalization of economy, the product... more Since the early 1990s, due to rapid growth of knowledge and globalization of economy, the production patterns, distribution and consumption of financial products have undergone profound changes and the preliminarily signs of the formation of a new economic systemin which knowledge is the most important productive factor have emerged. In knowledge based economic system terms of economic performance have changed, therefore new threats and opportunities have come to existence. The present article applies a descriptive-analytical method to study these threats and opportunities using a new economic system in developing countries. The main objective of this article is to explain the necessity of structural transformation of economy in developing countries, like Iran, toward a knowledge-based economy in order to avoid under development deepening and achieve an acceptable rate of growth and progress.
The Economic Research
Nowadays, New Institutional Economics (NIE), as the most important heterodox school of thought in... more Nowadays, New Institutional Economics (NIE), as the most important heterodox school of thought in Economics, is not only against mainstream, but also supplement. Therefore, due to the lake of adequate representation, the neoclassical economics is sever to explain issues in developing countries, recognition and the use of institutional analysis in solving development problems. Amongst NIE’s, three theorists and Nobel laureates are prominent. They are Ronal Coase, Douglas North and Oliver Williamson. In this article, the most prominent theories of Williamson, Nobel laureate in 2009 for Governance, are discussed. According to his articles, the most important contribution of Williamson to NIE can be summarized in four categories as follows: • Transaction cost economics • Bottom up approach in analyzing development issues • Four levels of social analysis as a starting point in development reform and • Economics of governance. These theories and more specifically, bottom up approach and four level social analysis have a good power in explaining development issues in Iran.
The Economic Research
Realization of the knowledge-based economy model is a basic requirement for developing countries.... more Realization of the knowledge-based economy model is a basic requirement for developing countries. In this model, knowledge plays important role in improving productivity. This paper claims that in a world where the economic ties are formed in terms of the knowledge-based economy, a resource-dependent economic model, regardless of productivity, is not a proper solution for the Iranian economy. Due to the necessity of moving from oil-based to knowledge-based economy in Iran, this paper studies the impact of oil revenues on productivity and realization of knowledge-based economy. This research employs a descriptive – analytical method to define and identify characteristics of knowledge-based economy and examines the obstacles resulting from spending oil revenues in creating knowledge-based economy. This paper finds that spending rents from oil revenues, through its reward structure and knowledge direction lead the Iran economy to the unproductive knowledge and consequently low rates of productivity and prevent the creation of productive knowledge, then prevent the realization of the knowledge-based economy in Iran.
Journal of the knowledge economy, 2017
Identification of every phenomenon in the world implies the application of a proper theoretical f... more Identification of every phenomenon in the world implies the application of a proper theoretical framework. In doing so, the various approaches of analysis have been used in different fields of study. In the last two decades, with the rapid growth of scientific and technical knowledge, signs of the third wave of economic revolution have gradually come to view. Although the new economic pattern has its own challenges, having relevant documents in mind, yet new opportunities and solutions proposed by the emerging revolution, owing to the significant increase in growth rate and productivity, have had great potential to meet the economic problems of the contemporary world. The current study seeks to find a powerful and efficient theoretical pattern in order to specify the best relations that govern the economic factors of the new era.
Journal of Economic & Management Perspectives, 2017
Differences in the performance of institutions between different countries are one of the most im... more Differences in the performance of institutions between different countries are one of the most important causes of differences in the levels of countries' development. Institutions determine economic incentives and constraints, and can explain the causes of the success or failure of development processes in different countries. This study examines the effect of different types of institutions on trade, and how the process works and its components. And the main question of the research is, "which types of institutions affect the trade and what is the distinction of effects and the significance of each of them?" To estimate the model, GMM dynamic data panel method has been used. Based on the results of the model test in different modes, after the market stabilizing institutions, market creating institutions are more effective in the trade of countries and its effect is positive in all group of countries studied. In the case of market regulating institutions, it can be said that they affect trade, but these types of institutions have a negative impact on trade in three groups of upper middle-income countries, lower middleincome countries, and oil exporting countries and vice versa, in the group of non-oil countries, the impact of market regulating institutions is positive. The results about the group of oil exporting countries indicate that, apart from market regulating institutions, the other three institutions discussed have a positive impact on trade in this group of countries. Market stabilizing institutions in all countries have also had an impact on trade and its impact is positive. Market legitimating institutions affecte trade in all modes, but in some modes, its impact is negative.
Creating, developing and strengthening f institutions, affects international trade and is a prere... more Creating, developing and strengthening f institutions, affects international trade and is a prerequisite for it. Explaining the process and channels of the influence of different types of institutions on the trade between the countries and quantifying the impact of institutions on international trade, on the basis of scientific methods, has a special importance, which is the concern of the present study. In this study, the effect of economic freedom and good governance institutions, as second and third levels of institutional analysis from the Oliver Williamson social analysis fourth levels theory, on the trade between a group of leading Asian countries in knowledge-based economy was investigated using the gravity model and the method of panel data from 2005 to 2014. According to the results, institutions are influential in trade and affect the trade between the countries via important channels, such as competition and competitive advantage, human capital, productivity and transaction costs,. The estimated model shows that the effect of good governance and economic freedom on the trade between the countries is positive and significant. According to the results of the estimated model, With a 1%increase in economic freedom index in the exporting and importing countries, their trading value increases by 3.78%and 3.49%, respectively. The trading value of the exporting countries also increased by 0.933%, following a 1%increase in good governance.
The Economic Research
This paper aims to explain the role of good governance in the realization of the knowledge-based ... more This paper aims to explain the role of good governance in the realization of the knowledge-based economy within a quadruple helix innovation system (QHIS). It employs an analytical-descriptive method, while focusing on the econometric models within Eviews9 software environment. Theoretically, the paper is based on institutionalism approach. The interaction of good governance and knowledge-based economy is described after defining the concepts of QHIS. Then, the relationships between innovation (as the goal of innovation systems and knowledge-based economy) and good governance indicators are evaluated within an econometric model. To do this, good governance indicators in Iran are compared to those of the Northern Europe and South-Easter Asia as regions enjoying high scores in knowledge-based economy indicators. The findings indicate the impact of good governance on realization of the knowledge-based economy through various channels including property rights, enforcement of contracts, domestic and foreign investment, brain drain, human capital development, and research and development. Alike the conceptual part of paper, the results reveal positive and significant relationships among good governance indicators and innovation. Considering the importance of good governance in realizing a knowledge-based economy, good governance index is selected as the fourth helix in QHIS for Iran.
One of the Structural feature of the Iranian economy and many Middle East countries, is reliance ... more One of the Structural feature of the Iranian economy and many Middle East countries, is reliance on oil revenues. The oil revenues have a lot of Economic and social impacts in these countries. The impact of oil revenues is divided into two categories, positive and negative consequences. This article focuses only on the negative effects of oil revenues. This consequences consist of a wide range of outcomes that is not possible to review them all in one article. This article examines three of the negative effects of oil revenues. This research was conducted within the theoretical framework of institutional economics. detailed analysis of information was done with a descriptive-analytic survey. Theoretical arguments is general, but the case study is the Iranian economy. Results show that : 1-Three of the most negative effects of Iran's oil revenues are : destroying the balance of payments ($ 1 billion increase in oil and gas export revenues, increases imports $ 840 million directly) , the stagnation of the manufacturing sector and the productivity slowdown(Each percent increase in oil revenues reduces total factor productivity by 0.24 percent). 2-Some of the most important channels through which the oil revenues affect Iranian economic variables , including; providing extensive import and consumption without dependence on revenues from production, environmental degradation and lack of transparency in decision making and business through opaque choices and finally reduce the competitiveness of domestic production through increased demand and input prices of non-traded sectors.
Journal of economics and regional development
The realization of a knowledge-based economy requires appropriate cultural prerequisites. Accordi... more The realization of a knowledge-based economy requires appropriate cultural prerequisites. According to Stiglitz (Stiglit, 1999(, one of the first and most important issues is to provide cultural prerequisites and realize the effective cultural factors in this regard . In fact, cultural factors are one of the most crucial factors and prerequisites for transforming the economy of Iran and Kermanshah province into a knowledge-based, dynamic, persistent, capable, and competitive economy in the country. Therefore, this study used an institutional theoretical framework to identify and prioritize cultural factors affecting the realization of a knowledge-based economy.
The Economic Research, 2021
The knowledge-based economy is the newest pattern of production in the current era. So far, this ... more The knowledge-based economy is the newest pattern of production in the current era. So far, this pattern has resulted in unique achievements for a wide range of countries. This study aims to classify the provinces of Iran in terms of Knowledge-based economy. The classification of provinces based on their similarity in achieving the knowledge-based production pattern is the first step for correct and realistic planning. The same version cannot be used for different provinces. The regional knowledge-based economy index is defined in three dimensions: education, innovation, and information and communication technology, based on 15 sub-indices. The classification is based on the clustering technique, which is one of the branches of unsupervised learning. To do this, k-means and fuzzy c-means algorithms are used simultaneously to compare their results. The optimal number of clusters is calculated through the Silhouette coefficient. This coefficient also indicates the accuracy of the clustering results. Clustering based on the fuzzy c-means algorithm in 6-cluster case with a Silhouette coefficient of 0.77 is the most appropriate classification for research purposes. The results show that there is a clear discrepancy between different provinces in the context of knowledge-based economy. Tehran and Alborz are in separate clusters and are among the leading classes compared to others, while more than half of the provinces belong to backward cluster.
Environmental Management, 2021
The groundwater sustainability of an alluvial aquifer in the western Iran was examined by using e... more The groundwater sustainability of an alluvial aquifer in the western Iran was examined by using eight different social, economic, and environmental indicators. Differing types of indicators were used including groundwater extraction, groundwater quality, and groundwater vulnerability from the environmental indicators proposed by UNESCO 2007 and the legal framework, institutional capacity, public participation, knowledge generation, and promotion and water productivity from five researcher-developed indicators. A questionnaire and an AHP analysis were used to assess groundwater sustainability in the Mahidasht aquifer. Using AHP method, the indicators were formulated as spatial thematic maps resulting in calculation of the groundwater sustainability index (GSI). Then, the final GSI was divided into four categories, including sustainable, near sustainable, unsustainable, and highly or critically …
Changing the pattern of production has been known as the basis of all the developments that have ... more Changing the pattern of production has been known as the basis of all the developments that have taken place in economic revolutions since the beginning of human life. Therefore, the root of all the problems of developing countries can be traced to their production patterns. The knowledge-based revolution has transformed all economic and social relations in recent decades, providing developing societies with a unique opportunity for growth and development. But no revolution in itself encompasses all societies, and the use of the capacities created requires adaptation to the new pattern of production. Kermanshah province has significant capacities in the agricultural sector. However, due to the traditional production model, which is inefficient and has low productivity, agricultural activities in this province have little achievement. The present study is dedicated to designing a Pattern for the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province. To achieve the research goal, the qualitative method of Grounded theory based on a systematic approach, including the three main stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, has been used. The required information has been collected through 31 in-depth and purposeful interviews with agricultural experts. Findings show that Technological development is at the heart of knowledge-based agriculture. Attitudes towards knowledge-based agriculture, legal procedures, and inefficient management processes are among the most important factors hindering Technological development. Training Experts of Agriculture- Jahad Organization and farmers, financial support for small enterprises, and reforming the business regime to support knowledge-based companies will help achieve the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province.
Journal of Iran Futures Studies
Purpose: Knowledge-based agriculture and technology development at its heart are now recognized a... more Purpose: Knowledge-based agriculture and technology development at its heart are now recognized as one of the most important factors shaping development in societies such as Iran. The application of knowledge in agricultural activities is expected to help curb crises such as food shortages, freshwater scarcity, environmental problems, and significantly improve productivity. Before answering the question of what sciences or technologies are suitable for the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in a society, it is necessary to address its prerequisites. The present study was designed to identify the future drivers of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province. Method: This article is based on structural analysis method. The key factors were identified in the first step through in-depth and purposeful interviews with 31 agricultural experts in the province. Finally, the data were analyzed by Mic Mac software. In this step, the panel method was used. Findings: 14 factors were identified as the driving forces of the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province. Conclusion: Findings show that the development of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province needs to review national variables such as political orientations, formal institutions, and government support and regional variables such as education, reform of decision-making and management processes.
The entanglement of destiny and the group movement towards social and economic prosperity has led... more The entanglement of destiny and the group movement towards social and economic prosperity has led to the emergence of a new approach called regional competitiveness. This approach is a very effective tool that when the various regional aspects are studied deeply can help in identifying the root factors affecting the development of a region and estimating their effectiveness, to determine the direction of regional development strategies. So the current study tries to study the possible situation of Kermanshah in the field of regional competitiveness to evaluate the possible situation of regional competitiveness and to take a step to prepare the best program to facilitate the regional competitiveness process. For this purpose, 64 indicators in the form of 27 sub-components and 5 components were collected and Mick Mac software was used to examine and measure the relationship between them and extract key factors in the field of regional competitiveness, And Scenario Wizard software was used to analyze and extract scenarios. The evaluation of indicators in this research was done by 15 experts in the field of economics and region. The results of the study show that out of 64 indicators, 9 indicators (governmental support for knowledge-based businesses, specialized research institutes, foreign direct investment, geographical concentration of complementary activities, investment security, private sector investment, free and fair competition levels for people, Labor quality, meritocracy) are among the key factors affecting the competitiveness in Kermanshah region. Possible situations of the future of Competitiveness caused by key factors indicate 7 strong scenarios, 167 weak scenarios and 31 possible (compatible) scenarios. Probabilistic scenarios had 279 probabilistic situations in three optimal situations with a probability coefficient of 14%, static coefficient of 32% and critical coefficient of 53%.
Identifying the effective and determining factors of water scarcity in each region is a necessary... more Identifying the effective and determining factors of water scarcity in each region is a necessary condition for proper management of water supply and demand and laying the groundwork for adaptation to water scarcity. Although Kermanshah province is not in a crisis situation according to the usual indicators for determining the water crisis, the continuation of the current situation will lead to a crisis and requires a review of the province's water resources management approaches. This research seeks to identify and prioritize the determinants of water scarcity in Kermanshah province in the theoretical framework of institutionalism and with the hierarchical analysis process. For this purpose, with the Delphi method and hierarchical analysis tool, and EXPERT CHOICE software, these factors were identified and prioritized. The results show that contrary to conventional approaches to water resources management, which emphasizes water supply management, the role of demand-side factors in the problem of water shortage in Kermanshah province is much more decisive so that 72.5% of the water shortage problem is explained by these factors. Demand-side factors, respectively, priority and share in water scarcity are: low water productivity in the agricultural sector (0.42), uncontrolled extraction of underground resources (0.21), agricultural production structure (0.13), virtual water exports (0.10), water loss in the route (0.06), water consumption culture (0.05), lack of meter (0.03). On the supply-side, the amount of precipitation (0.38), water budget (0.18), evaporation (0.18), time mismatch between precipitation and consumption (0.13), type of precipitation (0.05), precipitation fluctuation (0.05), and insufficient utilization of gray water (0.03) have the most important role in creating stress, respectively.
It is imperative to acknowledge the pivotal role that knowledge and technology play in addressing... more It is imperative to acknowledge the pivotal role that knowledge and technology play in addressing the multifaceted challenges that confront the world today. Concurrently, there has been a notable shift in industrial policy, which now places greater emphasis on the significance of technology and the unique solutions that vary across different regions. the notion of Leading Knowledge has emerged, underscoring the criticality of selecting one or more specialized fields of knowledge. This strategic approach recognizes the inherent limitations faced by any nation in attempting to invest comprehensively in all domains of knowledge simultaneously. The present investigation was carried out with the objective of ascertaining the Leading Knowledge within the industrial domain of the province of Hamedan. This was achieved through the utilization of the key technology approach and the hierarchical analysis process. Furniture production is the main economic activity in Hamedan province. Hamedan province has water and agricultural land issues. However, it possesses a significant reservoir of tacit knowledge pertaining to furniture production. Consequently, it is advisable to transition from agricultural activities and associated industries to furniture production in the initial stages of Hamedan province's development. Solar energy is important for later stages of industry development.
Given the increasing importance of the influence of culture and socio-cultural factors on economi... more Given the increasing importance of the influence of culture and socio-cultural factors on economic issues, in this study, using the method of least squares panel data and clustering analysis, the impact of these factors on economic growth of provinces in the years 2009-2012 are investigated. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between literacy rates and per capita real income, also the negative relationship between unemployment and poverty rates with per capita real income. Finally, dividing Iranian provinces into three groups, and computing HDI index, the rankings of provinces and the trend of their changes for different time periods are evaluated.
هزینه‌های تولید کالا و خدمات شامل هزینه‌های تبدیل و مبادله است. هزینه‌های تبدیل، هزینه تولید فیزی... more هزینه‌های تولید کالا و خدمات شامل هزینه‌های تبدیل و مبادله است. هزینه‌های تبدیل، هزینه تولید فیزیکی هستند. هزینه‌های مبادله شامل هزینه‌های اندازه‌گیری ویژگی‌های مادی و صفات حقوقی مورد مبادله و هزینه‌های تضمین و اجرای قراردادهاست که اقتصاد نئوکلاسیک آنها را نادیده می‌گیرد. هزینه‌های مبادله نقش مهمی در عملکرد اقتصادی ایفا می‌کنند؛ زیرا انباشت دانش، تخصص‌گرایی، تقسیم‌کار و رونق تجارت، تابع معکوسی از هزینه‌های سرانه مبادلات است. هزینه‌های مبادله مصادیق مختلفی دارد. یکی از عمده‌ترین آنها در بخش بازرگانی اقتصاد ایران، هزینه‌های سرقفلی است. هدف از این مطالعه، برآورد میزان هزینه سرقفلی واحدهای تجاری خرده‌فروشی شهر کرمانشاه به‌عنوان یکی از انواع هزینه‌های مبادله می‌باشد. یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌تواند در سیاستگذاری برای اصلاح ترکیب سرمایه‌ها و افزایش سهم سرمایه‌های تولیدی به‌کار گرفته شود. این پژوهش از چهارچوب نظری اقتصاد نهادی بهره می‌گیرد. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه پیمایشی است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز به‌منظور برآورد هزینه سرقفلی از طریق مصاحبه حضوری با مسئول واحد تجاری در یک نمونه 50 واحدی از بین کارگاه‌های خرده‌فروشی شهر کرمانشاه جمع‌آوری گردیده که نتایج آن به شرح زیر است: 1- مجموع هزینه سرقفلی سالانه در سطح کل واحدهای خرده‌فروشی شهر کرمانشاه در سال 1391 معادل 3014 میلیارد ریال (301 میلیارد تومان) می‌باشد. 2- هر واحد خرده‌فروشی به طور میانگین ماهیانه هزینه‌ای بالغ بر 15 میلیون ریال به‌واسطه وجود حق سرقفلی متحمل می‌شود. 3- ارزش سرمایه سرقفلی کل واحدهای تجاری خرده‌فروشی در سطح شهر کرمانشاه برابر با 45679 میلیارد ریال (4568 میلیارد تومان) است. این رقم به تنهایی معادل 53 درصد از کل سرمایه‌گذاری انجام‌شده در استان طی سال 1391 می‌باشد.
Given the increasing importance of the influence of culture and socio-cultural factors on economi... more Given the increasing importance of the influence of culture and socio-cultural factors on economic issues, in this study, using the method of least squares panel data and clustering analysis, the impact of these factors on economic growth of provinces in the years 2009-2012 are investigated. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between literacy rates and per capita real income, also the negative relationship between unemployment and poverty rates with per capita real income. Finally, dividing Iranian provinces into three groups, and computing HDI index, the rankings of provinces and the trend of their changes for different time periods are evaluated.
Since the early 1990s, due to rapid growth of knowledge and globalization of economy, the product... more Since the early 1990s, due to rapid growth of knowledge and globalization of economy, the production patterns, distribution and consumption of financial products have undergone profound changes and the preliminarily signs of the formation of a new economic systemin which knowledge is the most important productive factor have emerged. In knowledge based economic system terms of economic performance have changed, therefore new threats and opportunities have come to existence. The present article applies a descriptive-analytical method to study these threats and opportunities using a new economic system in developing countries. The main objective of this article is to explain the necessity of structural transformation of economy in developing countries, like Iran, toward a knowledge-based economy in order to avoid under development deepening and achieve an acceptable rate of growth and progress.
The Economic Research
Nowadays, New Institutional Economics (NIE), as the most important heterodox school of thought in... more Nowadays, New Institutional Economics (NIE), as the most important heterodox school of thought in Economics, is not only against mainstream, but also supplement. Therefore, due to the lake of adequate representation, the neoclassical economics is sever to explain issues in developing countries, recognition and the use of institutional analysis in solving development problems. Amongst NIE’s, three theorists and Nobel laureates are prominent. They are Ronal Coase, Douglas North and Oliver Williamson. In this article, the most prominent theories of Williamson, Nobel laureate in 2009 for Governance, are discussed. According to his articles, the most important contribution of Williamson to NIE can be summarized in four categories as follows: • Transaction cost economics • Bottom up approach in analyzing development issues • Four levels of social analysis as a starting point in development reform and • Economics of governance. These theories and more specifically, bottom up approach and four level social analysis have a good power in explaining development issues in Iran.
The Economic Research
Realization of the knowledge-based economy model is a basic requirement for developing countries.... more Realization of the knowledge-based economy model is a basic requirement for developing countries. In this model, knowledge plays important role in improving productivity. This paper claims that in a world where the economic ties are formed in terms of the knowledge-based economy, a resource-dependent economic model, regardless of productivity, is not a proper solution for the Iranian economy. Due to the necessity of moving from oil-based to knowledge-based economy in Iran, this paper studies the impact of oil revenues on productivity and realization of knowledge-based economy. This research employs a descriptive – analytical method to define and identify characteristics of knowledge-based economy and examines the obstacles resulting from spending oil revenues in creating knowledge-based economy. This paper finds that spending rents from oil revenues, through its reward structure and knowledge direction lead the Iran economy to the unproductive knowledge and consequently low rates of productivity and prevent the creation of productive knowledge, then prevent the realization of the knowledge-based economy in Iran.
Journal of the knowledge economy, 2017
Identification of every phenomenon in the world implies the application of a proper theoretical f... more Identification of every phenomenon in the world implies the application of a proper theoretical framework. In doing so, the various approaches of analysis have been used in different fields of study. In the last two decades, with the rapid growth of scientific and technical knowledge, signs of the third wave of economic revolution have gradually come to view. Although the new economic pattern has its own challenges, having relevant documents in mind, yet new opportunities and solutions proposed by the emerging revolution, owing to the significant increase in growth rate and productivity, have had great potential to meet the economic problems of the contemporary world. The current study seeks to find a powerful and efficient theoretical pattern in order to specify the best relations that govern the economic factors of the new era.
Journal of Economic & Management Perspectives, 2017
Differences in the performance of institutions between different countries are one of the most im... more Differences in the performance of institutions between different countries are one of the most important causes of differences in the levels of countries' development. Institutions determine economic incentives and constraints, and can explain the causes of the success or failure of development processes in different countries. This study examines the effect of different types of institutions on trade, and how the process works and its components. And the main question of the research is, "which types of institutions affect the trade and what is the distinction of effects and the significance of each of them?" To estimate the model, GMM dynamic data panel method has been used. Based on the results of the model test in different modes, after the market stabilizing institutions, market creating institutions are more effective in the trade of countries and its effect is positive in all group of countries studied. In the case of market regulating institutions, it can be said that they affect trade, but these types of institutions have a negative impact on trade in three groups of upper middle-income countries, lower middleincome countries, and oil exporting countries and vice versa, in the group of non-oil countries, the impact of market regulating institutions is positive. The results about the group of oil exporting countries indicate that, apart from market regulating institutions, the other three institutions discussed have a positive impact on trade in this group of countries. Market stabilizing institutions in all countries have also had an impact on trade and its impact is positive. Market legitimating institutions affecte trade in all modes, but in some modes, its impact is negative.
Creating, developing and strengthening f institutions, affects international trade and is a prere... more Creating, developing and strengthening f institutions, affects international trade and is a prerequisite for it. Explaining the process and channels of the influence of different types of institutions on the trade between the countries and quantifying the impact of institutions on international trade, on the basis of scientific methods, has a special importance, which is the concern of the present study. In this study, the effect of economic freedom and good governance institutions, as second and third levels of institutional analysis from the Oliver Williamson social analysis fourth levels theory, on the trade between a group of leading Asian countries in knowledge-based economy was investigated using the gravity model and the method of panel data from 2005 to 2014. According to the results, institutions are influential in trade and affect the trade between the countries via important channels, such as competition and competitive advantage, human capital, productivity and transaction costs,. The estimated model shows that the effect of good governance and economic freedom on the trade between the countries is positive and significant. According to the results of the estimated model, With a 1%increase in economic freedom index in the exporting and importing countries, their trading value increases by 3.78%and 3.49%, respectively. The trading value of the exporting countries also increased by 0.933%, following a 1%increase in good governance.
The Economic Research
This paper aims to explain the role of good governance in the realization of the knowledge-based ... more This paper aims to explain the role of good governance in the realization of the knowledge-based economy within a quadruple helix innovation system (QHIS). It employs an analytical-descriptive method, while focusing on the econometric models within Eviews9 software environment. Theoretically, the paper is based on institutionalism approach. The interaction of good governance and knowledge-based economy is described after defining the concepts of QHIS. Then, the relationships between innovation (as the goal of innovation systems and knowledge-based economy) and good governance indicators are evaluated within an econometric model. To do this, good governance indicators in Iran are compared to those of the Northern Europe and South-Easter Asia as regions enjoying high scores in knowledge-based economy indicators. The findings indicate the impact of good governance on realization of the knowledge-based economy through various channels including property rights, enforcement of contracts, domestic and foreign investment, brain drain, human capital development, and research and development. Alike the conceptual part of paper, the results reveal positive and significant relationships among good governance indicators and innovation. Considering the importance of good governance in realizing a knowledge-based economy, good governance index is selected as the fourth helix in QHIS for Iran.
One of the Structural feature of the Iranian economy and many Middle East countries, is reliance ... more One of the Structural feature of the Iranian economy and many Middle East countries, is reliance on oil revenues. The oil revenues have a lot of Economic and social impacts in these countries. The impact of oil revenues is divided into two categories, positive and negative consequences. This article focuses only on the negative effects of oil revenues. This consequences consist of a wide range of outcomes that is not possible to review them all in one article. This article examines three of the negative effects of oil revenues. This research was conducted within the theoretical framework of institutional economics. detailed analysis of information was done with a descriptive-analytic survey. Theoretical arguments is general, but the case study is the Iranian economy. Results show that : 1-Three of the most negative effects of Iran's oil revenues are : destroying the balance of payments ($ 1 billion increase in oil and gas export revenues, increases imports $ 840 million directly) , the stagnation of the manufacturing sector and the productivity slowdown(Each percent increase in oil revenues reduces total factor productivity by 0.24 percent). 2-Some of the most important channels through which the oil revenues affect Iranian economic variables , including; providing extensive import and consumption without dependence on revenues from production, environmental degradation and lack of transparency in decision making and business through opaque choices and finally reduce the competitiveness of domestic production through increased demand and input prices of non-traded sectors.
Journal of economics and regional development
The realization of a knowledge-based economy requires appropriate cultural prerequisites. Accordi... more The realization of a knowledge-based economy requires appropriate cultural prerequisites. According to Stiglitz (Stiglit, 1999(, one of the first and most important issues is to provide cultural prerequisites and realize the effective cultural factors in this regard . In fact, cultural factors are one of the most crucial factors and prerequisites for transforming the economy of Iran and Kermanshah province into a knowledge-based, dynamic, persistent, capable, and competitive economy in the country. Therefore, this study used an institutional theoretical framework to identify and prioritize cultural factors affecting the realization of a knowledge-based economy.
The Economic Research, 2021
The knowledge-based economy is the newest pattern of production in the current era. So far, this ... more The knowledge-based economy is the newest pattern of production in the current era. So far, this pattern has resulted in unique achievements for a wide range of countries. This study aims to classify the provinces of Iran in terms of Knowledge-based economy. The classification of provinces based on their similarity in achieving the knowledge-based production pattern is the first step for correct and realistic planning. The same version cannot be used for different provinces. The regional knowledge-based economy index is defined in three dimensions: education, innovation, and information and communication technology, based on 15 sub-indices. The classification is based on the clustering technique, which is one of the branches of unsupervised learning. To do this, k-means and fuzzy c-means algorithms are used simultaneously to compare their results. The optimal number of clusters is calculated through the Silhouette coefficient. This coefficient also indicates the accuracy of the clustering results. Clustering based on the fuzzy c-means algorithm in 6-cluster case with a Silhouette coefficient of 0.77 is the most appropriate classification for research purposes. The results show that there is a clear discrepancy between different provinces in the context of knowledge-based economy. Tehran and Alborz are in separate clusters and are among the leading classes compared to others, while more than half of the provinces belong to backward cluster.
Environmental Management, 2021
The groundwater sustainability of an alluvial aquifer in the western Iran was examined by using e... more The groundwater sustainability of an alluvial aquifer in the western Iran was examined by using eight different social, economic, and environmental indicators. Differing types of indicators were used including groundwater extraction, groundwater quality, and groundwater vulnerability from the environmental indicators proposed by UNESCO 2007 and the legal framework, institutional capacity, public participation, knowledge generation, and promotion and water productivity from five researcher-developed indicators. A questionnaire and an AHP analysis were used to assess groundwater sustainability in the Mahidasht aquifer. Using AHP method, the indicators were formulated as spatial thematic maps resulting in calculation of the groundwater sustainability index (GSI). Then, the final GSI was divided into four categories, including sustainable, near sustainable, unsustainable, and highly or critically …
Changing the pattern of production has been known as the basis of all the developments that have ... more Changing the pattern of production has been known as the basis of all the developments that have taken place in economic revolutions since the beginning of human life. Therefore, the root of all the problems of developing countries can be traced to their production patterns. The knowledge-based revolution has transformed all economic and social relations in recent decades, providing developing societies with a unique opportunity for growth and development. But no revolution in itself encompasses all societies, and the use of the capacities created requires adaptation to the new pattern of production. Kermanshah province has significant capacities in the agricultural sector. However, due to the traditional production model, which is inefficient and has low productivity, agricultural activities in this province have little achievement. The present study is dedicated to designing a Pattern for the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province. To achieve the research goal, the qualitative method of Grounded theory based on a systematic approach, including the three main stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, has been used. The required information has been collected through 31 in-depth and purposeful interviews with agricultural experts. Findings show that Technological development is at the heart of knowledge-based agriculture. Attitudes towards knowledge-based agriculture, legal procedures, and inefficient management processes are among the most important factors hindering Technological development. Training Experts of Agriculture- Jahad Organization and farmers, financial support for small enterprises, and reforming the business regime to support knowledge-based companies will help achieve the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province.
Journal of Iran Futures Studies
Purpose: Knowledge-based agriculture and technology development at its heart are now recognized a... more Purpose: Knowledge-based agriculture and technology development at its heart are now recognized as one of the most important factors shaping development in societies such as Iran. The application of knowledge in agricultural activities is expected to help curb crises such as food shortages, freshwater scarcity, environmental problems, and significantly improve productivity. Before answering the question of what sciences or technologies are suitable for the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in a society, it is necessary to address its prerequisites. The present study was designed to identify the future drivers of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province. Method: This article is based on structural analysis method. The key factors were identified in the first step through in-depth and purposeful interviews with 31 agricultural experts in the province. Finally, the data were analyzed by Mic Mac software. In this step, the panel method was used. Findings: 14 factors were identified as the driving forces of the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province. Conclusion: Findings show that the development of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province needs to review national variables such as political orientations, formal institutions, and government support and regional variables such as education, reform of decision-making and management processes.
The entanglement of destiny and the group movement towards social and economic prosperity has led... more The entanglement of destiny and the group movement towards social and economic prosperity has led to the emergence of a new approach called regional competitiveness. This approach is a very effective tool that when the various regional aspects are studied deeply can help in identifying the root factors affecting the development of a region and estimating their effectiveness, to determine the direction of regional development strategies. So the current study tries to study the possible situation of Kermanshah in the field of regional competitiveness to evaluate the possible situation of regional competitiveness and to take a step to prepare the best program to facilitate the regional competitiveness process. For this purpose, 64 indicators in the form of 27 sub-components and 5 components were collected and Mick Mac software was used to examine and measure the relationship between them and extract key factors in the field of regional competitiveness, And Scenario Wizard software was used to analyze and extract scenarios. The evaluation of indicators in this research was done by 15 experts in the field of economics and region. The results of the study show that out of 64 indicators, 9 indicators (governmental support for knowledge-based businesses, specialized research institutes, foreign direct investment, geographical concentration of complementary activities, investment security, private sector investment, free and fair competition levels for people, Labor quality, meritocracy) are among the key factors affecting the competitiveness in Kermanshah region. Possible situations of the future of Competitiveness caused by key factors indicate 7 strong scenarios, 167 weak scenarios and 31 possible (compatible) scenarios. Probabilistic scenarios had 279 probabilistic situations in three optimal situations with a probability coefficient of 14%, static coefficient of 32% and critical coefficient of 53%.
Identifying the effective and determining factors of water scarcity in each region is a necessary... more Identifying the effective and determining factors of water scarcity in each region is a necessary condition for proper management of water supply and demand and laying the groundwork for adaptation to water scarcity. Although Kermanshah province is not in a crisis situation according to the usual indicators for determining the water crisis, the continuation of the current situation will lead to a crisis and requires a review of the province's water resources management approaches. This research seeks to identify and prioritize the determinants of water scarcity in Kermanshah province in the theoretical framework of institutionalism and with the hierarchical analysis process. For this purpose, with the Delphi method and hierarchical analysis tool, and EXPERT CHOICE software, these factors were identified and prioritized. The results show that contrary to conventional approaches to water resources management, which emphasizes water supply management, the role of demand-side factors in the problem of water shortage in Kermanshah province is much more decisive so that 72.5% of the water shortage problem is explained by these factors. Demand-side factors, respectively, priority and share in water scarcity are: low water productivity in the agricultural sector (0.42), uncontrolled extraction of underground resources (0.21), agricultural production structure (0.13), virtual water exports (0.10), water loss in the route (0.06), water consumption culture (0.05), lack of meter (0.03). On the supply-side, the amount of precipitation (0.38), water budget (0.18), evaporation (0.18), time mismatch between precipitation and consumption (0.13), type of precipitation (0.05), precipitation fluctuation (0.05), and insufficient utilization of gray water (0.03) have the most important role in creating stress, respectively.