Bruce Winston | Regent University (original) (raw)

Papers by Bruce Winston

Welcome to Volume 4, Issue 1 of Emerging Leadership Journeys (ELJ). This issue contains nine of t... more Welcome to Volume 4, Issue 1 of Emerging Leadership Journeys (ELJ). This issue contains nine of the best research course projects submitted by students in their first, second, third, and fourth semesters of the Ph.D. in Organizational Leadership program. The Ph.D. in Organizational Leadership program has, as one of its objectives, to prepare students to conduct research and publish the findings. During the first year of the program, the focus on research is more on the conceptual, literature review and model/proposal side, thus the focus in ELJ on these types of papers. I am pleased to present these articles for your reading and consideration. This article reviews existing literature on e-leadership and the attendant concept of virtual teams. Current scholarship of e-leadership says the goals of leadership have not changed, but the new e-leader needs to implement those goals electronically on computer-mediated virtual teams that are dispersed over space and time. What is very differ...

Leadership is a collection of activities by which we accomplish tasks, objectives and goals to fu... more Leadership is a collection of activities by which we accomplish tasks, objectives and goals to fulfill the mission of our organizations. Leaders must affect others to accomplish anything. Who we are, as leaders and how we behave have greater impact on the people we lead rather than what we say. In the following paragraphs, I will share with you how the Bible gives attitudinal and behavioral parameters for those important 50+ hours a week during which, you are in contact with your employees.

All working papers, accessible through the Regent University School of Leadership Studies, are pr... more All working papers, accessible through the Regent University School of Leadership Studies, are provided in draft form to promote open discussion and provide valuable contributions to the larger body of leadership research prior to actual publication. All working papers are protected under copyright and may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder (author). Copies of a working paper may be requested directly from the author.

This study conducts an exploratory factor analysis on the Pastors at Risk Inventory developed by ... more This study conducts an exploratory factor analysis on the Pastors at Risk Inventory developed by Wickman (2004) that measures the likelihood that members of the clergy may be at risk of forced or unforced resignation from their ministries. An online survey was administered to 285 evangelical pastors containing 42 Likert-type items that address issues developed from 20 years of qualitative practitioner ministry among clergy. The two factors that were identified-vision conflict and compassion fatigue-are discussed in terms of their discriminant value among extant literature and in their unique function with clergy. This study indicates that varying levels of disparity typically exist between perceived ministry outcomes and actual ministry experiences. This study also shows that numerous stressors connected with the roles served by clergy contribute to feelings of vision conflict and compassion fatigue as well as that clergy who experience vision conflict and compassion fatigue are mor...

This study evaluated the impact of five alternative types of leadership development practices on ... more This study evaluated the impact of five alternative types of leadership development practices on ratings of leaders within a trans-national organization. Impact was assessed with 360-degree ratings of leadership behaviors. Results showed that self and superior ratings of leadership behaviors were higher for leaders who had completed at least one form of leadership development while follower ratings were higher only for those leaders who had completed a developmental job assignment. Practical and theoretical implications raise questions about the usefulness of leadership development programs.

The study of labor history allows the understanding of today's labor movement and assists in pred... more The study of labor history allows the understanding of today's labor movement and assists in predicting the labor movement of the future. The ideologies that influence the thinking of men and women at any point in history have the ability to impact the future by influencing the present. This study looks at the labor movement in the Gilded Age through the view of two seemingly opposing ideologies. Kazin (1991), in his response to Kimeldorf's (1991) implication that studies of labor history should move away from examining the role of unions, emphasizes the importance of the union as the means by which millions of workers made sense of their lives and reaffirms the importance of the study of the union and the worker. Kazin wrote:

Biblical Principles of Hiring and Developing Employees, 2018

How does one start a conceptual chapter but to say, "I think I understand something from scriptur... more How does one start a conceptual chapter but to say, "I think I understand something from scripture that I didn't understand before?" As an evangelical Christian, I believe in the inerrancy of scripture, and that scripture is God-given and recorded by inspired writers. Although the writers were inspired and heard from God, it is not always true that we, as readers of the Word, are inspired enough to "know' what God intended. This difficulty in interpretation is confounded by the realization that much of our English-translation Bibles represent a progression of the spoken Aramaic, referring to Hebrew concepts, recorded in the Greek, and then translated to English-by inspired translators (we hope). The difficulty in interpreting and applying scripture includes our biases and common ignorance of the sociocultural context of the first century church, and the implications our bias and ignorance bring to the contemporary application of the scriptures and the difficulty of translating a complex language, such as Greek to the more simplistic English. This is not to say that English is not a respectable language, but by this, it is suggested that the Greek terms have a richer, fuller, and more complex meaning than the English words and phrases we find in our English-translation Bibles. The difficulties in understanding and applying scripture to modern organizations may cause leaders and researchers of organizational theory to miss concepts that might lead us to higher performing organizations. This effect may have been the case with Nomos-the focus of this chapter. This chapter was presented at the Second International Conference on Value-based Leadership Styles, CHAPTER 4

The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Fulfillment, 2018

This chapter considers the potential that positive leadership offers for addressing the challenge... more This chapter considers the potential that positive leadership offers for addressing the challenges of leading in complex organizations and explores the practical applications of developing leaders through identity-focused approaches. The role of self-awareness and spiritual engagement are discussed as powerful, identityshaping, and resilience-strengthening forces. The importance of authenticity, the relationship of identity to authenticity, self-awareness, leadership development disappointments, and spiritual engagement as a development force are examined in a quest for more effective approaches to shaping the leader's inner self.

Biblical Principles of Leading and Managing Employees, 2018

Scriptural concepts help leaders understand who to be (the ontological) and what to do (the axiol... more Scriptural concepts help leaders understand who to be (the ontological) and what to do (the axiological). I believe that all of us are leaders in one area or another, whether that is in the home, in the workplace, in the neighborhood, in the church, or in the government, and as such this article is helpful for everyone to understand the complexity of leadership. Ezekiel in Ezekiel 1 and 10, as well as John in Revelation 4, describe the four faces of the 'living beings' that they saw. While there are some differences between these three accounts, there are sufficient similarities to allow us to consider them as a complete description. By 'sufficient' I mean that in Ezekiel 10, Ezekiel records that the living beings that he sees are "… the living beings that I saw by the river Chebar" (Ez 10:15 NAS). We find in Ezekiel 1:1 that Ezekiel was by the river Chebar when he described the four 'living beings.' John, in Revelation 4, describes 'four creatures' and the Greek that we translate 'creature' (zoon) means 6 The Four 'Leadership' Faces of Ezekiel 1, Ezekiel 10, and Revelation 4 Paralleled by the Four Gospels

Biblical Principles of Leading and Managing Employees, 2018

For this book, I define leader, manager, and administrator based on the focus of the person's eff... more For this book, I define leader, manager, and administrator based on the focus of the person's efforts. A leader is someone who directs and motivates employees to accomplish new, or innovative, tasks that may not have been tried before. To use the Star Trek Motto "to boldly go where no one has gone before," whereas a manager focuses on maintaining a system and solving problems in the system so that the result is stability, reliability, and integrity of the system. Administrators focus on the routinization of tasks and accept problems as inherent in the system. Administrators focus on correct staffing levels, correct task assignment, and correct task tracking. The above definitions for leaders and managers are similar to what Ratcliffe (2013) suggested, and the definitions for managers and administrators are similar to what Surbhi (2015) proposed. Leaders focus on people, while managers focus on the process, and administrators focus on the task. These definitions are important for this book in that each is described, in various ways in scripture. In Exodus 3 we find the account of God calling Moses to be a leader and take the Jewish people out of Egypt. We see John the Baptist calling the people to change their behavior and prepare to do something new

This conceptual article proposes that each of the seven beatitudes found in Matthew 5 is a virtue... more This conceptual article proposes that each of the seven beatitudes found in Matthew 5 is a virtue located between two vices as a mean, which aligns with Aristotle‘s definition of a virtue. The authors provide the anchors for what might become a semantic-differential scale for the seven beatitudes. Poor in spirit is placed between the vices of lowly and haughty; concern for others is placed between disregarding and controlling; controlled discipline is placed between Laissezfaire and overbearing; seeking what is right is placed between complacent and wayward; merciful is placed between lenient and ruthless; pure in heart is placed between ambiguous and unyielding; and peacemaker is placed between pacifist and warmonger.

Transformational leadership and servant leadership are both dominant theories in leadership studi... more Transformational leadership and servant leadership are both dominant theories in leadership studies. In this article, we conducted a bounded case study of eight graduates from a Masters in Leadership Program in China to examine how transformational leadership and servant leadership have significant effects on leadership development. This study reported a subset of findings (two research questions, six interview questions, and 33 codes that clustered into eight themes) from a larger study and showed that the eight participants’ self-directed and other-directed attitudes and behavior did change because of the combined focus of both transformational and servant leadership principles presented in the Master’s program. Although Transformational Servant Leadership is not an established concept, the results of this study provide a foundation for propositions about Transformational Servant Leadership and future theory development.

This chapter reviews the characteristics of the Proverbs 31 women and how she managed her househo... more This chapter reviews the characteristics of the Proverbs 31 women and how she managed her household and worked to support the husbands standing in the community. The lessons from Proverbs 31 are applied to the contemporary organization.

This conceptual article proposes that we may more fully understand leaders’ selection of leadersh... more This conceptual article proposes that we may more fully understand leaders’ selection of leadership style at any given leader–follower interaction through the use of four motives: (a) the ‘me’ motive calls for the use of the charismatic leadership style; (b) the ‘we’ motive calls for the use of the transformational leadership style; (c) the ‘thee’ motive calls for the use of the servant leadership style; and (d) the ‘it’ motive calls for the use of the transactional leadership style. This conceptual article argues that for the leader–follower interaction to be most effective the leader should disclose the motive to the follower since many of the leader behaviors are common across the four leadership styles. The article argues that if leadership development programs teach leaders to recognize the motives and to disclose the motives the overall leader–follower relationship will be more effective.

This book series is designed to integrate Christian faith-based perspectives into the field of le... more This book series is designed to integrate Christian faith-based perspectives into the field of leadership and business, widening its influence by taking a deeper look at its foundational roots. It is led by a team of experts from Regent University, recognized by the Coalition of Christian Colleges and Universities as the leader in servant leadership research and the first Christian University to integrate innovation, design thinking, and entrepreneurship courses in its Masters and Doctoral programs. Stemming from Regent's hallmark values of innovation and Christian faith-based perspectives, the series aims to put forth top-notch scholarship from current faculty, students, and alumni of Regent's School of Business & Leadership, allowing for both scholarly and practical aspects to be addressed while providing robust content and relevant material to readers. Each volume in the series will contribute to filling the void of a scholarly Christian-faith perspective on key aspects of organizational leadership and business such as Business and Innovation, Biblical Perspectives in Business and Leadership, and Servant Leadership. The series takes a unique approach to such broad-based and well-trodden disciplines as leadership, business, innovation, and entrepreneurship, positioning itself as a much-needed resource for students, academics, and leaders rooted in Christian-faith traditions.

This current research follows up on Greenleaf’s oft-quoted best test of servant leadership that c... more This current research follows up on Greenleaf’s oft-quoted best test of servant leadership that calls for employees to be better off financially, emotionally, physically, psychologically, etc. because of the time spent with the servant leader. While oft-quoted, little empirical work exists to see if this is true. In this study, 170 participants provided their perception of their supervisors’ level of servant leadership, their perception of the organization’s support, and their self-report of their general well-being. Gender and age bracket information described the participants, and there were no significant differences between gender or age brackets for participants’ perception of their supervisors’ servant leadership. The analysis showed that there was a moderate positive correlation between servant leadership, perceived organizational support, and general well-being. A modification of an existing general well-being instrument provided a new eight-item general well-being scale wit...

Biblical Principles of Being an Employee in Contemporary Organizations, 2019

Servant-leadership Research …, 2005

This conceptual article combines consumer behavior and leader-follower literature to present the ... more This conceptual article combines consumer behavior and leader-follower literature to present the notion of leader-follower interaction as a consumptive experience for the follower. The concept contends that leaders should consider the consumer decision process of affection, cognition, and conation and further, that leaders should intentionally frame, script, stage, and perform for and with the follower in a manner that creates a pleasant consumptive experience for the follower. The article posits that the idea of leader-follower interaction as a consumptive experience may lead to a better understanding of followers affective, normative, and continuance commitment to the leader and/or the organization.

Journal of Biblical Integration in Business

This article asserts that the New Testament concept of Nomos is a three-tiered concept of ruling ... more This article asserts that the New Testament concept of Nomos is a three-tiered concept of ruling by edict, ruling by reason, and ruling by love. The study analyzes samples of scripture referencing each of the three levels of meaning to help the reader understand the construct. Rule by ...

Biblical Principles of Hiring and Developing Employees, 2018

The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Fulfillment, 2018

Biblical Principles of Leading and Managing Employees, 2018

Biblical Principles of Being an Employee in Contemporary Organizations, 2019

Servant-leadership Research …, 2005

Journal of Biblical Integration in Business