Kakarla Prasad | Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (original) (raw)
Papers by Kakarla Prasad
Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Apr 21, 2022
Background: Dental caries begins with the initiation of demineralization which is a reversible pr... more Background: Dental caries begins with the initiation of demineralization which is a reversible process. Diet, especially intake of sugar, is an important aetiological factor for demineralization of enamel which eventually leads to caries. Aim: This study aims to understand the quantitative relationship between sugar consumption and mineralization by finding out the change in mineralization of teeth as a result of the change in the sugar score. Settings and Design: This interventional study was done among 119 teeth of 19 subjects who were between the ages of 13–15 years in Hubli city. Materials and Methods: Sugar score was calculated from a 5-day diet history of the subjects and a DIAGNOdent pen was used to indicate the mineralization value of the teeth before the intervention. Diet counseling was given as an intervention after which sugar score and DIAGNOdent scores were measured again after 14 days and compared with the baseline values. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics and a linear regression analysis was done to determine the relationship between the variables. Results: Sugar score and DIAGNOdent score after 14 days were found to have reduced significantly by 41.6% and 20.3% respectively from the baseline values. The Linear Regression indicated that a reduction of sugar score by 5 resulted in a decrease of DIAGNOdent score by 0.16. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that the modification of sugar consumption brought about a significant improvement in the mineralization of the demineralized teeth thus making diet counseling an effective preventive strategy for caries prevention.
The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2018
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of two new fluoride toothpastes with Dual Zinc plus Arginine to... more OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of two new fluoride toothpastes with Dual Zinc plus Arginine to the effects of a fluoride control toothpaste in reducing bacteria in oral biofilm on teeth and in multiple soft tissue locations, as well as in saliva, 12 hours after 14 and 29 days of product use. METHODS A randomized, single-center, three-cell, double-blind, parallel-group design was employed. The study protocol was approved by an Institutional Review Board. One hundred eighty adult subjects who met inclusion and exclusion criteria and signed an informed consent form were enrolled in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three study products: 1) 0.96% zinc (zinc oxide, zinc citrate), 1.5% L-arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride in a silica base, Test 1; 2) 0.96% zinc (zinc oxide, zinc citrate), 1.5% L-arginine and 1000 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride in a silica base, Test 2; and 3) 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride in a silica base, Control, for twic...
![Research paper thumbnail of Effects of a chlorhexidine mouthwash on clinical parameters of gingivitis, dental plaque and oral polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92057189/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 2019
Objective : His to log i cal fea tures of oral in flam ma tion in clude in fil tra tion of poly m... more Objective : His to log i cal fea tures of oral in flam ma tion in clude in fil tra tion of poly mor phonu clear leuko cytes [PMN], how ever stud ies have not ex am ined the ef fects of in ter ven tions mit i gat ing in flam ma tion on oral PMN. Meth ods : This dou ble-blind clin i cal study ex am ined the ef fects of rins ing with mouth washes for mu lated with chlorhex i dine [CHX], an in gre di ent widely uti lized in the den tal clinic in com par i son to a con trol on oral PMN rep re sent ing a novel mea sure of in flam ma tion. A con cur rent eval u a tion of den tal plaque and gin gi val in flamma tion us ing widely ac cepted clin i cal in dices was in cluded in the study. The study en rolled adult sub jects provid ing in formed con sent, met study cri te ria and reg is tered gin gi val in dex scores of 1.0 or more at the screening visit. Sub jects [n = 90; age range 19-58 years] com pleted a washout phase prior to base line eval u a tions for PMN and clin i cal as sess ments for den tal plaque and gin givi tis. Treat ments [CHX or a con trol mouth wash] were ran domly as signed to sub jects for twice-daily use for the next two weeks. Post-treatment eval u a tions simi lar to base line were con ducted af ter one and two week use of as signed treat ment. Re sults : At base line, no statis ti cally sig nif i cant dif fer ences be tween treat ment groups for PMN or clin i cal in dices for den tal plaque or gingivi tis were noted. Rins ing with CHX demon strated sig nif i cant re duc tions for PMN and den tal plaque, gin givitis in com par i son to the con trol group. Af ter one and two week use of CHX, PMN demon strated a 35.9% and 54.9% re duc tion re spec tively in com par i son to the con trol group rep re sent ing sig nif i cant dif fer ences [p < 0.05]. At the one and two week post-treatment eval u a tions, rins ing with CHX demon strated 15% and 25% re duc tions in gin givi tis re spec tively and were sig nif i cantly dif fer ent from the con trol [p < 0.05]. Rins ing with CHX also demon strated sig nif i cant re duc tions in den tal plaque of 15% and 19% at the one and two-week post-treatment eval u a tions re spec tively in com par i son to the con trol [p < 0.05]. The CHX group also demonstrated re duc tions in in ter prox i mal scores and reg is tered the low est fre quency of gin gi val in dex or den tal plaque scores on all oral sur faces. Con clu sions: Re sults out line an ob jec tive ap proach to eval u ate oral in flamma tion demon strat ing a large and sus tained re duc tion in oral PMN by CHX with these out comes nu mer i cally higher than a clin i cal in dex eval u at ing gin givi tis.
Journal of Cleft Lip Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies, 2017
Context: Orofacial cleft (OFC) is one of the common craniofacial malformations. The etiology of t... more Context: Orofacial cleft (OFC) is one of the common craniofacial malformations. The etiology of these OFCs is multifactorial. One of the etiological factors is consanguinity (marriage between blood relatives). There is a lack of literature reporting the number of people affected with OFCs due to consanguinity. Aims: The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of OFC and associated factors in relation to consanguinity from a craniofacial hospital specializing in OFCs, head and neck cancer, and trauma management in South India. Setting and Design: This was a hospital-based study, retrospective case record analysis. Methodology: One thousand two hundred and forty-seven consecutive patients' secondary data records with cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip and palate (CL/P) were collected from January 2007 to July 2009. Statistics: Frequency of consanguinity in relation to OFC was analyzed using Chi-square test according to the nature of clefts and selected demographic features such as sex, region, and religion. Results: A total of 47.2% patients' parents had consanguineous marriage. Consanguinity was seen in 60.2% of male and 39.7% of female patients. CL/P was noticed in 40.9%, followed by CL (36.7%) and CP (22.2%). Males predominated in all types of clefts proportionally with the study population as compared to females. Statistically, significant association (P = 0.04) was seen with consanguinity and CP. Conclusion: Nearly half of the study population had a positive history of consanguinity. Statistically, a significant association was seen between CP and consanguinity. CL/P cases were the most common type identified, followed by CL and CP. Males predominated in all types of clefts. The
Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 2010
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status... more Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status associated with oral microflora among smokeless tobacco chewers and non-chewers. Materials and methods: Forty-two smokeless tobacco chewers and 42 non-chewers (age 20 to 60 years) were assessed for dental caries and periodontal disease status using the Decayed Missing Filled Surface (DMFS) Index, Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LA) Index. Stimulated saliva and subgingival plaque samples were collected from each subject for performing a culture-based analysis of 20 types of oral microorganisms. Qualitative and semi-quantitative culture-based analysis using MacConkey agar, and aerobic and anaerobic blood agar was carried out to determine the total cultivable microflora. Mutans-Sanguis agar, Pfizer selective Enterococcus agar and Rogosa SL agar were used for the culture of microorganisms associated with dental caries. Mann–Whitney U test and Student t test were employed to compare colony-forming units (CFUs) and caries experience between smokeless tobacco chewers and nonchewers. Z proportionality test was used to compare the periodontal disease status. Results: Caries experience among chewers (26 of 42), that is those subjects who were affected by caries, was significantly less at 61.9% (mean DMFS = 3.5) compared to non-chewers (38 of 42, 90.5%) (mean DMFS = 5.5) (P < 0.05). Deep pockets measuring > 5.5 mm on a CPI probe were found among 26.2% of chewers and 19.1% of nonchewers, with no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Counts of Lactobacillus species were significantly lower among chewers (median CFU = 0.788 x 10⁵) than among non-chewers (median CFU = 1.52 x 10⁵) (P < 0.05). Prevotella and Porphyromonas species had a median CFU of 0.04 x 105 in chewers and 0.15 x 10⁵ in non-chewers, whereas Fusobacterium species had a median CFU of 0.02 x 10⁵ in chewers and 0.1 x 10⁵ in non-chewers (P < 0.05). Conclusions: A higher percentage of caries among non-chewers can be explained by greater numbers of Lactobacillus species in this population. Chewers experienced a slightly higher incidence of periodontal disease than non-chewers, but the difference was not significant. These clinical observations suggest a lower ability of Gram-negative bacteria to mediate more periodontal disease in this population.
American Journal of Dentistry, Feb 1, 2011
Purpose: To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately a... more Purpose: To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toothbrushing. Methods: Subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 22-26 hours prior to baseline whole mouth plaque assessments by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Index (TMQH). All subjects brushed with a marketed soft-bristled toothbrush and a fluoride dentifrice for 1 minute prior to post-brushing plaque assessments similar to baseline. One calibrated clinical examiner conducted all measurements. Results: 30 subjects (mean age 23 years) completed the study. Irrespective of arch, posterior teeth harbored higher frequencies for scores of 3-5 than corresponding anterior teeth prior to brushing. In comparison to the pre-brushing examination, scores of 0-1 were more common in the post-brushing evaluation, however, greater frequencies of higher plaque were observed on posterior than on anterior regions. Irrespective of gender, subject or arch, anterior teeth harbored lower mean amounts of plaque than posterior teeth by ANOVA at both clinical examinations (P < 0.0001). Additionally, irrespective of arch, lower mean scores for plaque were observed on anterior teeth than from posterior teeth or the whole mouth at both examinations (P < 0.001). Lingual and molar surfaces consistently harbored large densities of plaque and represented areas with the least plaque removal after toothbrushing. Mid-vestibular sites represented the areas with the highest percent removal of plaque at 65% and harbored significantly lower levels of plaque than proximal sites during all phases of the study (P < 0.0059).
The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2010
This investigation assessed regional differences in dental plaque and gingivitis within the human... more This investigation assessed regional differences in dental plaque and gingivitis within the human dentition in conjunction with microbiological analyses of dental plaque. Forty-one adults (23 males and 18 females; age range 19-44 years) were enrolled, and a calibrated dental examiner completed whole mouth examinations for dental plaque (PI) and gingivitis (GI) using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Index (TMQH) and the L6e-Silness (LS) Index, respectively. Dental plaque samples were collected from the anterior surfaces and posterior teeth to determine viable anaerobic bacteria. During this visit, subjects underwent a whole mouth dental prophylaxis and were provided a marketed fluoride dentifrice for twice-daily oral hygiene. Subjects were recalled on day 15 and day 30 for whole mouth assessments of PI and GI, followed by the collection of dental plaque from the anterior and posterior teeth for microbiological analyses during these visits. Low plaque and gingival scores w...
American Journal of Dentistry, 2011
To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toot... more To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toothbrushing. Subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 22-26 hours prior to baseline whole mouth plaque assessments by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Index (TMQH). All subjects brushed with a marketed soft-bristled toothbrush and a fluoride dentifrice for 1 minute prior to post-brushing plaque assessments similar to baseline. One calibrated clinical examiner conducted all measurements. 30 subjects (mean age 23 years) completed the study. Irrespective of arch, posterior teeth harbored higher frequencies for scores of 3-5 than corresponding anterior teeth prior to brushing. In comparison to the pre-brushing examination, scores of 0-1 were more common in the post-brushing evaluation, however, greater frequencies of higher plaque were observed on posterior than on anterior regions. Irrespective of gender, subject or arch, anterior teeth harbored lower mean amounts of plaque than p...
Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry
Introduction: Dental trauma (DT) has become an important attribute of dental public health. Howev... more Introduction: Dental trauma (DT) has become an important attribute of dental public health. However, in the disabled population, the risks and consequences of DT have been barely studied. Aim: The aim was to assess and compare the prevalence of DT among disabled children and adolescents studying in special needs schools in the twin cities of Hubli-Dharwad, India. Materials and Methods: About 714 children and adolescents who were classified as visual impairment, speech and hearing (SH) disability, physical disability, mentally subnormal and multiple disabilities (MD) and in the age group of 4-19 years, studying in 14 special needs schools of Hubli-Dharwad were included. DT was recorded based on Ellis and Davey′s classification. Association between the trauma prevalence and disability types were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: The prevalence of DT was found to be 28.6%. MD children sustained highest trauma (40.90%) and SH children experienced lowest trauma (18%). Statistically significant association was found between trauma prevalence and gender, geographic location, anterior teeth protrusion and lip coverage. Maxillary central incisors were most affected, and Ellis class 1 fracture was the most common type of traumatic injury. None of the children had undergone any treatment for DT. Conclusions: This should alert caregivers to carry out intense investigation of the events, and there is a need to take up preventive measures by dental professionals and public health authorities to reduce this type of morbidity.
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status ... more PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status associated with oral microflora among smokeless tobacco chewers and non-chewers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two smokeless tobacco chewers and 42 non-chewers (age 20 to 60 years) were assessed for dental caries and periodontal disease status using the Decayed Missing Filled Surface (DMFS) Index, Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LA) Index. Stimulated saliva and subgingival plaque samples were collected from each subject for performing a culture-based analysis of 20 types of oral microorganisms. Qualitative and semi-quantitative culture-based analysis using MacConkey agar, and aerobic and anaerobic blood agar was carried out to determine the total cultivable microflora. Mutans-Sanguis agar, Pfizer selective Enterococcus agar and Rogosa SL agar were used for the culture of microorganisms associated with dental caries. Mann–Whitney U test and Student t test were empl...
American journal of dentistry, 2011
To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toot... more To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toothbrushing. Subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 22-26 hours prior to baseline whole mouth plaque assessments by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Index (TMQH). All subjects brushed with a marketed soft-bristled toothbrush and a fluoride dentifrice for 1 minute prior to post-brushing plaque assessments similar to baseline. One calibrated clinical examiner conducted all measurements. 30 subjects (mean age 23 years) completed the study. Irrespective of arch, posterior teeth harbored higher frequencies for scores of 3-5 than corresponding anterior teeth prior to brushing. In comparison to the pre-brushing examination, scores of 0-1 were more common in the post-brushing evaluation, however, greater frequencies of higher plaque were observed on posterior than on anterior regions. Irrespective of gender, subject or arch, anterior teeth harbored lower mean amounts of plaque than p...
The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2009
This investigation evaluated extrinsic stain removal efficacy after brushing for one and two week... more This investigation evaluated extrinsic stain removal efficacy after brushing for one and two weeks with a commercially available fluoride dentifrice relative to Colgate Total Advanced Clean, a new dentifrice formulated with dual-phase silica. At the baseline visit, one-hundred and forty-four adult subjects were stratified by Lobene Stain Index scores and randomized to two treatment groups using either Total Advanced Clean dentifrice (0.3% triclosan, 2% copolymer, dual phase silica) or a commercially available fluoride dentifrice, and instructed to brush twice daily. Tooth stain evaluations were conducted on stain area, stain intensity, and a composite score of both, after one and two weeks of dentifrice use. Baseline scores demonstrated no significant differences between the two treatment groups for all evaluated stain parameters (p > 0.05). At both the one- and two-week post-use evaluations, subjects brushing with Total Advanced Clean demonstrated significant reductions for all ...
Oral health & preventive dentistry, 2010
The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status associat... more The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status associated with oral microflora among smokeless tobacco chewers and non-chewers. Forty-two smokeless tobacco chewers and 42 non-chewers (age 20 to 60 years) were assessed for dental caries and periodontal disease status using the Decayed Missing Filled Surface (DMFS) Index, Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LA) Index. Stimulated saliva and subgingival plaque samples were collected from each subject for performing a culture-based analysis of 20 types of oral microorganisms. Qualitative and semi-quantitative culture-based analysis using MacConkey agar, and aerobic and anaerobic blood agar was carried out to determine the total cultivable microflora. Mutans-Sanguis agar, Pfizer selective Enterococcus agar and Rogosa SL agar were used for the culture of microorganisms associated with dental caries. Mann–Whitney U test and Student t test were employed to compare colony-forming...
The Journal of international medical research, 2017
Objective The natural accumulation of supragingival plaque on surfaces of human teeth is associat... more Objective The natural accumulation of supragingival plaque on surfaces of human teeth is associated with gingival inflammation and the initiation of common oral diseases. This study evaluated the distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis scores within the dental arches after prophylaxis. Methods Adult subjects from the Dharwad, India area representing the general population who provided written informed consent were scheduled for screening. Healthy subjects over the age of 18 years, not currently requiring any medical or dental care, and presenting with a complement of at least 20 natural teeth were recruited for this parallel design study. Enrolled subjects (n = 41) underwent oral examinations for dental plaque (PI) and gingivitis (GI) using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein and the Löe-Silness Index, respectively, at the baseline visit, followed by a whole mouth dental prophylaxis. Subjects were given fluoride toothpaste for twice daily oral hygiene for the next 30 d...
Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
Dental plaque is one of the predominant causes of major oral diseases. Although mechanical and ch... more Dental plaque is one of the predominant causes of major oral diseases. Although mechanical and chemical methods are extensively followed to control the development of plaque, plaque-related diseases still persist. Therefore, this necessitates for alternative measures of plaque control, one such alternative is photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). Split mouth randomized clinical trial (CTRI/2017/03/008239) was conducted on 30 participants who reported to the hospital. Participants were asked to rinse their mouth for 1 min using 10 ml of 25 μM erythrosine solutions. Same tooth on both quadrants of the same jaw are selected as the test and control. Intervention used was halogen-based composite curing light with wavelength of 500-590 nm. Plaque sample from the control tooth and test tooth was collected before and after exposure, respectively, and sent to microbiological laboratory for colony count. Logarithmic mean and standard deviation of control group with 10 dilutions of a...
Objective: To evaluate the relation between Salivary Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes and P... more Objective: To evaluate the relation between Salivary Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes and Periodontitis. Method: 60 subjects belonging to three groups (20/gp): Periodontitis, Gingivitis and Healthy; were enrolled based on Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Unstimulated whole saliva for estimating Total LDH and Isoenzymes levels were studied by electrophoresis followed by clinical examination (CPI, Gingival Index (GI), Sulcular Bleeding Index (SBI)) at baseline and 1month. At 1 month, subjects underwent oral prophylaxis and were recalled after 15 days. Data was statistically analysed (Freidman’s test, Repeated measures ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed rank, Spearman Correlation, p<0.05). Result: Mean difference in GI and SBI at all three intervals in three groups; CPI in periodontitis group were statistically significant (p<0.05). There was increasing trend in LDH Isoenzymes from baseline to 1 month in Healthy and Gingivitis, but a declining trend in periodontitis and the values de...
Objective: * To explore the chance of occurrence of cardiac,craniofacial and other deformities am... more Objective: * To explore the chance of occurrence of cardiac,craniofacial and other deformities among oral cleft patients * To find out the association between the presence of Oral Clefts and occurrence of concomitant cardiac and craniofacial deformities Method: Documented data of all the cleft lip and palate cases which report to Craniofacial Unit, Dharwad,India has been obtained. A general medical examination is performed according to the protocol and the cardiac findings,through a 2D ECHO Cardiogram and craniofacial abnormalities, by examination and relavant tests, have been recorded. The age range of the patients is 3 months to 30 Years. Result: RESULTS: Tabulation of the deformities observed Anomaly % Of Oral cleft patients with the associated abnormality Cardiac 18 middle ear abnormalities 13.5 Hypertelorism 19 Telecanthus 9 maxillary/mandibular hypoplasia 18 delayed milestones 8 cervical rib 6 vertebral abnormalities 4 cerebral palsy 2 mental retardation 3.5 CONCOMITANT OCCURR...
Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of dental plaque and gingi... more Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of dental plaque and gingivitis amongst adults in India. Whole mouth examinations for dental plaque and gingivitis determined the prevalence of plaque and gingivitis within distinct regions of the mouth. Additionally, this study surveyed common oral hygiene practices in the population. Materials and Methods: Adults across several age groups were selected by systematic random sampling to enroll 220 male and 158 female (mean age 30.9 years). Subjects who completed informed consent were interviewed for a range of oral hygiene practices and then evaluated by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein and the Loe-Silness methods for dental plaque and gingivitis respectively. Correlations between oral hygiene parameters, prevalence of dental plaque and gingivitis and regional differences within the dentition for dental plaque and gingivitis were evaluated. Results: Whole mouth plaque and gingival scores (average SD) ...
Objectives: This investigation assessed regional differences within the human dentition for denta... more Objectives: This investigation assessed regional differences within the human dentition for dental plaque in conjunction with microbiological analyses of dental plaque for anaerobic microorganisms. Methods: Forty-one adults (mean age 28 years) were enrolled prior to clinical evaluations for whole mouth dental plaque (PI) by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein. Dental plaque was collected from anterior (teeth numbers 6-11 and 22 to 27) and posterior surfaces (teeth numbers 2-5, 12-15, 18-21 and 28-31) to enumerate viable bacteria on enriched media following anaerobic incubation at 37C for 7-days. Subjects underwent a whole mouth dental prophylaxis and utilized a fluoride toothpaste for oral hygiene. Evaluations during the day 15 and 30 recall visits included clinical examinations followed by dental plaque collection for microbiological analyses identical to baseline. Results: At baseline, chi-square analyses indicate significantly lower frequencies of plaque scores amongst a...
Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Apr 21, 2022
Background: Dental caries begins with the initiation of demineralization which is a reversible pr... more Background: Dental caries begins with the initiation of demineralization which is a reversible process. Diet, especially intake of sugar, is an important aetiological factor for demineralization of enamel which eventually leads to caries. Aim: This study aims to understand the quantitative relationship between sugar consumption and mineralization by finding out the change in mineralization of teeth as a result of the change in the sugar score. Settings and Design: This interventional study was done among 119 teeth of 19 subjects who were between the ages of 13–15 years in Hubli city. Materials and Methods: Sugar score was calculated from a 5-day diet history of the subjects and a DIAGNOdent pen was used to indicate the mineralization value of the teeth before the intervention. Diet counseling was given as an intervention after which sugar score and DIAGNOdent scores were measured again after 14 days and compared with the baseline values. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics and a linear regression analysis was done to determine the relationship between the variables. Results: Sugar score and DIAGNOdent score after 14 days were found to have reduced significantly by 41.6% and 20.3% respectively from the baseline values. The Linear Regression indicated that a reduction of sugar score by 5 resulted in a decrease of DIAGNOdent score by 0.16. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that the modification of sugar consumption brought about a significant improvement in the mineralization of the demineralized teeth thus making diet counseling an effective preventive strategy for caries prevention.
The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2018
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of two new fluoride toothpastes with Dual Zinc plus Arginine to... more OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of two new fluoride toothpastes with Dual Zinc plus Arginine to the effects of a fluoride control toothpaste in reducing bacteria in oral biofilm on teeth and in multiple soft tissue locations, as well as in saliva, 12 hours after 14 and 29 days of product use. METHODS A randomized, single-center, three-cell, double-blind, parallel-group design was employed. The study protocol was approved by an Institutional Review Board. One hundred eighty adult subjects who met inclusion and exclusion criteria and signed an informed consent form were enrolled in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three study products: 1) 0.96% zinc (zinc oxide, zinc citrate), 1.5% L-arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride in a silica base, Test 1; 2) 0.96% zinc (zinc oxide, zinc citrate), 1.5% L-arginine and 1000 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride in a silica base, Test 2; and 3) 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride in a silica base, Control, for twic...
Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 2019
Objective : His to log i cal fea tures of oral in flam ma tion in clude in fil tra tion of poly m... more Objective : His to log i cal fea tures of oral in flam ma tion in clude in fil tra tion of poly mor phonu clear leuko cytes [PMN], how ever stud ies have not ex am ined the ef fects of in ter ven tions mit i gat ing in flam ma tion on oral PMN. Meth ods : This dou ble-blind clin i cal study ex am ined the ef fects of rins ing with mouth washes for mu lated with chlorhex i dine [CHX], an in gre di ent widely uti lized in the den tal clinic in com par i son to a con trol on oral PMN rep re sent ing a novel mea sure of in flam ma tion. A con cur rent eval u a tion of den tal plaque and gin gi val in flamma tion us ing widely ac cepted clin i cal in dices was in cluded in the study. The study en rolled adult sub jects provid ing in formed con sent, met study cri te ria and reg is tered gin gi val in dex scores of 1.0 or more at the screening visit. Sub jects [n = 90; age range 19-58 years] com pleted a washout phase prior to base line eval u a tions for PMN and clin i cal as sess ments for den tal plaque and gin givi tis. Treat ments [CHX or a con trol mouth wash] were ran domly as signed to sub jects for twice-daily use for the next two weeks. Post-treatment eval u a tions simi lar to base line were con ducted af ter one and two week use of as signed treat ment. Re sults : At base line, no statis ti cally sig nif i cant dif fer ences be tween treat ment groups for PMN or clin i cal in dices for den tal plaque or gingivi tis were noted. Rins ing with CHX demon strated sig nif i cant re duc tions for PMN and den tal plaque, gin givitis in com par i son to the con trol group. Af ter one and two week use of CHX, PMN demon strated a 35.9% and 54.9% re duc tion re spec tively in com par i son to the con trol group rep re sent ing sig nif i cant dif fer ences [p < 0.05]. At the one and two week post-treatment eval u a tions, rins ing with CHX demon strated 15% and 25% re duc tions in gin givi tis re spec tively and were sig nif i cantly dif fer ent from the con trol [p < 0.05]. Rins ing with CHX also demon strated sig nif i cant re duc tions in den tal plaque of 15% and 19% at the one and two-week post-treatment eval u a tions re spec tively in com par i son to the con trol [p < 0.05]. The CHX group also demonstrated re duc tions in in ter prox i mal scores and reg is tered the low est fre quency of gin gi val in dex or den tal plaque scores on all oral sur faces. Con clu sions: Re sults out line an ob jec tive ap proach to eval u ate oral in flamma tion demon strat ing a large and sus tained re duc tion in oral PMN by CHX with these out comes nu mer i cally higher than a clin i cal in dex eval u at ing gin givi tis.
Journal of Cleft Lip Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies, 2017
Context: Orofacial cleft (OFC) is one of the common craniofacial malformations. The etiology of t... more Context: Orofacial cleft (OFC) is one of the common craniofacial malformations. The etiology of these OFCs is multifactorial. One of the etiological factors is consanguinity (marriage between blood relatives). There is a lack of literature reporting the number of people affected with OFCs due to consanguinity. Aims: The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of OFC and associated factors in relation to consanguinity from a craniofacial hospital specializing in OFCs, head and neck cancer, and trauma management in South India. Setting and Design: This was a hospital-based study, retrospective case record analysis. Methodology: One thousand two hundred and forty-seven consecutive patients' secondary data records with cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip and palate (CL/P) were collected from January 2007 to July 2009. Statistics: Frequency of consanguinity in relation to OFC was analyzed using Chi-square test according to the nature of clefts and selected demographic features such as sex, region, and religion. Results: A total of 47.2% patients' parents had consanguineous marriage. Consanguinity was seen in 60.2% of male and 39.7% of female patients. CL/P was noticed in 40.9%, followed by CL (36.7%) and CP (22.2%). Males predominated in all types of clefts proportionally with the study population as compared to females. Statistically, significant association (P = 0.04) was seen with consanguinity and CP. Conclusion: Nearly half of the study population had a positive history of consanguinity. Statistically, a significant association was seen between CP and consanguinity. CL/P cases were the most common type identified, followed by CL and CP. Males predominated in all types of clefts. The
Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 2010
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status... more Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status associated with oral microflora among smokeless tobacco chewers and non-chewers. Materials and methods: Forty-two smokeless tobacco chewers and 42 non-chewers (age 20 to 60 years) were assessed for dental caries and periodontal disease status using the Decayed Missing Filled Surface (DMFS) Index, Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LA) Index. Stimulated saliva and subgingival plaque samples were collected from each subject for performing a culture-based analysis of 20 types of oral microorganisms. Qualitative and semi-quantitative culture-based analysis using MacConkey agar, and aerobic and anaerobic blood agar was carried out to determine the total cultivable microflora. Mutans-Sanguis agar, Pfizer selective Enterococcus agar and Rogosa SL agar were used for the culture of microorganisms associated with dental caries. Mann–Whitney U test and Student t test were employed to compare colony-forming units (CFUs) and caries experience between smokeless tobacco chewers and nonchewers. Z proportionality test was used to compare the periodontal disease status. Results: Caries experience among chewers (26 of 42), that is those subjects who were affected by caries, was significantly less at 61.9% (mean DMFS = 3.5) compared to non-chewers (38 of 42, 90.5%) (mean DMFS = 5.5) (P < 0.05). Deep pockets measuring > 5.5 mm on a CPI probe were found among 26.2% of chewers and 19.1% of nonchewers, with no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Counts of Lactobacillus species were significantly lower among chewers (median CFU = 0.788 x 10⁵) than among non-chewers (median CFU = 1.52 x 10⁵) (P < 0.05). Prevotella and Porphyromonas species had a median CFU of 0.04 x 105 in chewers and 0.15 x 10⁵ in non-chewers, whereas Fusobacterium species had a median CFU of 0.02 x 10⁵ in chewers and 0.1 x 10⁵ in non-chewers (P < 0.05). Conclusions: A higher percentage of caries among non-chewers can be explained by greater numbers of Lactobacillus species in this population. Chewers experienced a slightly higher incidence of periodontal disease than non-chewers, but the difference was not significant. These clinical observations suggest a lower ability of Gram-negative bacteria to mediate more periodontal disease in this population.
American Journal of Dentistry, Feb 1, 2011
Purpose: To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately a... more Purpose: To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toothbrushing. Methods: Subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 22-26 hours prior to baseline whole mouth plaque assessments by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Index (TMQH). All subjects brushed with a marketed soft-bristled toothbrush and a fluoride dentifrice for 1 minute prior to post-brushing plaque assessments similar to baseline. One calibrated clinical examiner conducted all measurements. Results: 30 subjects (mean age 23 years) completed the study. Irrespective of arch, posterior teeth harbored higher frequencies for scores of 3-5 than corresponding anterior teeth prior to brushing. In comparison to the pre-brushing examination, scores of 0-1 were more common in the post-brushing evaluation, however, greater frequencies of higher plaque were observed on posterior than on anterior regions. Irrespective of gender, subject or arch, anterior teeth harbored lower mean amounts of plaque than posterior teeth by ANOVA at both clinical examinations (P < 0.0001). Additionally, irrespective of arch, lower mean scores for plaque were observed on anterior teeth than from posterior teeth or the whole mouth at both examinations (P < 0.001). Lingual and molar surfaces consistently harbored large densities of plaque and represented areas with the least plaque removal after toothbrushing. Mid-vestibular sites represented the areas with the highest percent removal of plaque at 65% and harbored significantly lower levels of plaque than proximal sites during all phases of the study (P < 0.0059).
The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2010
This investigation assessed regional differences in dental plaque and gingivitis within the human... more This investigation assessed regional differences in dental plaque and gingivitis within the human dentition in conjunction with microbiological analyses of dental plaque. Forty-one adults (23 males and 18 females; age range 19-44 years) were enrolled, and a calibrated dental examiner completed whole mouth examinations for dental plaque (PI) and gingivitis (GI) using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Index (TMQH) and the L6e-Silness (LS) Index, respectively. Dental plaque samples were collected from the anterior surfaces and posterior teeth to determine viable anaerobic bacteria. During this visit, subjects underwent a whole mouth dental prophylaxis and were provided a marketed fluoride dentifrice for twice-daily oral hygiene. Subjects were recalled on day 15 and day 30 for whole mouth assessments of PI and GI, followed by the collection of dental plaque from the anterior and posterior teeth for microbiological analyses during these visits. Low plaque and gingival scores w...
American Journal of Dentistry, 2011
To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toot... more To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toothbrushing. Subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 22-26 hours prior to baseline whole mouth plaque assessments by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Index (TMQH). All subjects brushed with a marketed soft-bristled toothbrush and a fluoride dentifrice for 1 minute prior to post-brushing plaque assessments similar to baseline. One calibrated clinical examiner conducted all measurements. 30 subjects (mean age 23 years) completed the study. Irrespective of arch, posterior teeth harbored higher frequencies for scores of 3-5 than corresponding anterior teeth prior to brushing. In comparison to the pre-brushing examination, scores of 0-1 were more common in the post-brushing evaluation, however, greater frequencies of higher plaque were observed on posterior than on anterior regions. Irrespective of gender, subject or arch, anterior teeth harbored lower mean amounts of plaque than p...
Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry
Introduction: Dental trauma (DT) has become an important attribute of dental public health. Howev... more Introduction: Dental trauma (DT) has become an important attribute of dental public health. However, in the disabled population, the risks and consequences of DT have been barely studied. Aim: The aim was to assess and compare the prevalence of DT among disabled children and adolescents studying in special needs schools in the twin cities of Hubli-Dharwad, India. Materials and Methods: About 714 children and adolescents who were classified as visual impairment, speech and hearing (SH) disability, physical disability, mentally subnormal and multiple disabilities (MD) and in the age group of 4-19 years, studying in 14 special needs schools of Hubli-Dharwad were included. DT was recorded based on Ellis and Davey′s classification. Association between the trauma prevalence and disability types were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: The prevalence of DT was found to be 28.6%. MD children sustained highest trauma (40.90%) and SH children experienced lowest trauma (18%). Statistically significant association was found between trauma prevalence and gender, geographic location, anterior teeth protrusion and lip coverage. Maxillary central incisors were most affected, and Ellis class 1 fracture was the most common type of traumatic injury. None of the children had undergone any treatment for DT. Conclusions: This should alert caregivers to carry out intense investigation of the events, and there is a need to take up preventive measures by dental professionals and public health authorities to reduce this type of morbidity.
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status ... more PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status associated with oral microflora among smokeless tobacco chewers and non-chewers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two smokeless tobacco chewers and 42 non-chewers (age 20 to 60 years) were assessed for dental caries and periodontal disease status using the Decayed Missing Filled Surface (DMFS) Index, Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LA) Index. Stimulated saliva and subgingival plaque samples were collected from each subject for performing a culture-based analysis of 20 types of oral microorganisms. Qualitative and semi-quantitative culture-based analysis using MacConkey agar, and aerobic and anaerobic blood agar was carried out to determine the total cultivable microflora. Mutans-Sanguis agar, Pfizer selective Enterococcus agar and Rogosa SL agar were used for the culture of microorganisms associated with dental caries. Mann–Whitney U test and Student t test were empl...
American journal of dentistry, 2011
To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toot... more To assess dental plaque on different regions of the dentition prior to and immediately after toothbrushing. Subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 22-26 hours prior to baseline whole mouth plaque assessments by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Index (TMQH). All subjects brushed with a marketed soft-bristled toothbrush and a fluoride dentifrice for 1 minute prior to post-brushing plaque assessments similar to baseline. One calibrated clinical examiner conducted all measurements. 30 subjects (mean age 23 years) completed the study. Irrespective of arch, posterior teeth harbored higher frequencies for scores of 3-5 than corresponding anterior teeth prior to brushing. In comparison to the pre-brushing examination, scores of 0-1 were more common in the post-brushing evaluation, however, greater frequencies of higher plaque were observed on posterior than on anterior regions. Irrespective of gender, subject or arch, anterior teeth harbored lower mean amounts of plaque than p...
The Journal of clinical dentistry, 2009
This investigation evaluated extrinsic stain removal efficacy after brushing for one and two week... more This investigation evaluated extrinsic stain removal efficacy after brushing for one and two weeks with a commercially available fluoride dentifrice relative to Colgate Total Advanced Clean, a new dentifrice formulated with dual-phase silica. At the baseline visit, one-hundred and forty-four adult subjects were stratified by Lobene Stain Index scores and randomized to two treatment groups using either Total Advanced Clean dentifrice (0.3% triclosan, 2% copolymer, dual phase silica) or a commercially available fluoride dentifrice, and instructed to brush twice daily. Tooth stain evaluations were conducted on stain area, stain intensity, and a composite score of both, after one and two weeks of dentifrice use. Baseline scores demonstrated no significant differences between the two treatment groups for all evaluated stain parameters (p > 0.05). At both the one- and two-week post-use evaluations, subjects brushing with Total Advanced Clean demonstrated significant reductions for all ...
Oral health & preventive dentistry, 2010
The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status associat... more The aim of the present study was to compare dental caries and periodontal disease status associated with oral microflora among smokeless tobacco chewers and non-chewers. Forty-two smokeless tobacco chewers and 42 non-chewers (age 20 to 60 years) were assessed for dental caries and periodontal disease status using the Decayed Missing Filled Surface (DMFS) Index, Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LA) Index. Stimulated saliva and subgingival plaque samples were collected from each subject for performing a culture-based analysis of 20 types of oral microorganisms. Qualitative and semi-quantitative culture-based analysis using MacConkey agar, and aerobic and anaerobic blood agar was carried out to determine the total cultivable microflora. Mutans-Sanguis agar, Pfizer selective Enterococcus agar and Rogosa SL agar were used for the culture of microorganisms associated with dental caries. Mann–Whitney U test and Student t test were employed to compare colony-forming...
The Journal of international medical research, 2017
Objective The natural accumulation of supragingival plaque on surfaces of human teeth is associat... more Objective The natural accumulation of supragingival plaque on surfaces of human teeth is associated with gingival inflammation and the initiation of common oral diseases. This study evaluated the distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis scores within the dental arches after prophylaxis. Methods Adult subjects from the Dharwad, India area representing the general population who provided written informed consent were scheduled for screening. Healthy subjects over the age of 18 years, not currently requiring any medical or dental care, and presenting with a complement of at least 20 natural teeth were recruited for this parallel design study. Enrolled subjects (n = 41) underwent oral examinations for dental plaque (PI) and gingivitis (GI) using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein and the Löe-Silness Index, respectively, at the baseline visit, followed by a whole mouth dental prophylaxis. Subjects were given fluoride toothpaste for twice daily oral hygiene for the next 30 d...
Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
Dental plaque is one of the predominant causes of major oral diseases. Although mechanical and ch... more Dental plaque is one of the predominant causes of major oral diseases. Although mechanical and chemical methods are extensively followed to control the development of plaque, plaque-related diseases still persist. Therefore, this necessitates for alternative measures of plaque control, one such alternative is photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). Split mouth randomized clinical trial (CTRI/2017/03/008239) was conducted on 30 participants who reported to the hospital. Participants were asked to rinse their mouth for 1 min using 10 ml of 25 μM erythrosine solutions. Same tooth on both quadrants of the same jaw are selected as the test and control. Intervention used was halogen-based composite curing light with wavelength of 500-590 nm. Plaque sample from the control tooth and test tooth was collected before and after exposure, respectively, and sent to microbiological laboratory for colony count. Logarithmic mean and standard deviation of control group with 10 dilutions of a...
Objective: To evaluate the relation between Salivary Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes and P... more Objective: To evaluate the relation between Salivary Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes and Periodontitis. Method: 60 subjects belonging to three groups (20/gp): Periodontitis, Gingivitis and Healthy; were enrolled based on Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Unstimulated whole saliva for estimating Total LDH and Isoenzymes levels were studied by electrophoresis followed by clinical examination (CPI, Gingival Index (GI), Sulcular Bleeding Index (SBI)) at baseline and 1month. At 1 month, subjects underwent oral prophylaxis and were recalled after 15 days. Data was statistically analysed (Freidman’s test, Repeated measures ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed rank, Spearman Correlation, p<0.05). Result: Mean difference in GI and SBI at all three intervals in three groups; CPI in periodontitis group were statistically significant (p<0.05). There was increasing trend in LDH Isoenzymes from baseline to 1 month in Healthy and Gingivitis, but a declining trend in periodontitis and the values de...
Objective: * To explore the chance of occurrence of cardiac,craniofacial and other deformities am... more Objective: * To explore the chance of occurrence of cardiac,craniofacial and other deformities among oral cleft patients * To find out the association between the presence of Oral Clefts and occurrence of concomitant cardiac and craniofacial deformities Method: Documented data of all the cleft lip and palate cases which report to Craniofacial Unit, Dharwad,India has been obtained. A general medical examination is performed according to the protocol and the cardiac findings,through a 2D ECHO Cardiogram and craniofacial abnormalities, by examination and relavant tests, have been recorded. The age range of the patients is 3 months to 30 Years. Result: RESULTS: Tabulation of the deformities observed Anomaly % Of Oral cleft patients with the associated abnormality Cardiac 18 middle ear abnormalities 13.5 Hypertelorism 19 Telecanthus 9 maxillary/mandibular hypoplasia 18 delayed milestones 8 cervical rib 6 vertebral abnormalities 4 cerebral palsy 2 mental retardation 3.5 CONCOMITANT OCCURR...
Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of dental plaque and gingi... more Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of dental plaque and gingivitis amongst adults in India. Whole mouth examinations for dental plaque and gingivitis determined the prevalence of plaque and gingivitis within distinct regions of the mouth. Additionally, this study surveyed common oral hygiene practices in the population. Materials and Methods: Adults across several age groups were selected by systematic random sampling to enroll 220 male and 158 female (mean age 30.9 years). Subjects who completed informed consent were interviewed for a range of oral hygiene practices and then evaluated by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein and the Loe-Silness methods for dental plaque and gingivitis respectively. Correlations between oral hygiene parameters, prevalence of dental plaque and gingivitis and regional differences within the dentition for dental plaque and gingivitis were evaluated. Results: Whole mouth plaque and gingival scores (average SD) ...
Objectives: This investigation assessed regional differences within the human dentition for denta... more Objectives: This investigation assessed regional differences within the human dentition for dental plaque in conjunction with microbiological analyses of dental plaque for anaerobic microorganisms. Methods: Forty-one adults (mean age 28 years) were enrolled prior to clinical evaluations for whole mouth dental plaque (PI) by the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein. Dental plaque was collected from anterior (teeth numbers 6-11 and 22 to 27) and posterior surfaces (teeth numbers 2-5, 12-15, 18-21 and 28-31) to enumerate viable bacteria on enriched media following anaerobic incubation at 37C for 7-days. Subjects underwent a whole mouth dental prophylaxis and utilized a fluoride toothpaste for oral hygiene. Evaluations during the day 15 and 30 recall visits included clinical examinations followed by dental plaque collection for microbiological analyses identical to baseline. Results: At baseline, chi-square analyses indicate significantly lower frequencies of plaque scores amongst a...