Sadaqat Ali Khan | Riphah International University (original) (raw)

Papers by Sadaqat Ali Khan

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2015

OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices amongst Pakistani females towards breas... more OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices amongst Pakistani females towards breast screening programmes. METHODS The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2013 to July2014 at Mayo Hospital, Lahore, and comprised attendants and patients who visited out-patients department and/or were treated as in-patients. The questionnaire contained 25 open and close-ended questions regarding knowledge and attitude, along with 7 questions regarding practices. Data was analysed using SPSS 17. RESULTS There were 1184 women with a mean age of 32.7±8.6 years. The mean score was 12.7±4.9. Positive family history of breast cancer was reported by 156(13.2%) women; 420(35.5%) believed advancing age was a risk factor; 1041(87.9%) never had breast self-examination; 1106(93.4%) never had a clinical breast examination; and 1171(98.9%) never had screening mammogram. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge and practices regarding breast cancer screening, breast self-examination and mammogra...

Cureus, 2021

Background Dialysis-associated morbidity and mortality among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patie... more Background Dialysis-associated morbidity and mortality among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients has been increasing, despite the advancement in pharmacological treatment and dialysis technology. The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of dialysis among ESRD patients presenting at the nephrology department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC). Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted during the year 2015-2016, including 105 ESRD patients. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire inquiring about patient's demographics and hemodialysis details. The outcomes in terms of survival and death within one month of dialysis were also recorded. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Results Gender distribution showed that most of the study patients were males (58.1%). The mean duration of ESRD was 7.65 ± 3.69 months while the mean duration of hemodialysis was 36.5 ± 5.65 hours. Among the com...

Rawal Medical Journal, 2013

BACKGROUND: To assess the quality of life and its relationship with sociodemographic variables am... more BACKGROUND: To assess the quality of life and its relationship with sociodemographic variables among physically disabled patients with artificial limb replacement reporting at artificial limb centre of a tertiary care facility. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the artificial limb centre of Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi - a tertiary care facility. 100 consecutive out- patients of both sexes between ages of 13-60 years with artificial limb replacement from December 2011 to July 2012 were included in the study. The patients below age of 13 years, comorbid congenital limb deformities other than limb loss, having language barrier and who refused to participate in study were excluded from the study. Participating patients underwent detail assessments which included: application of consent form, demographic profile assessment, and assessment of quality of life by applying WHO QOL BRIEF (Quality of life WHO Scale) Urdu version. Ethical permission was a...

Aim: To highlight the mode of injury and various factors affecting the outcome of splenic injurie... more Aim: To highlight the mode of injury and various factors affecting the outcome of splenic injuries in adult trauma population in developing countries. Study design: A prospective study comprised of 40 patients. Setting: West Surgical Ward, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Duration: October 2011 to September 2013. Methods: All the patients above 12 years of age either referred from the periphery or directly admitted in the emergency department with the diagnosis of splenic injury alone or associated with other organ injuries were included in the study. Results: Male to female ratio was 7:1 with the mean age of 28 years in the study. Mode of injury in 22(55%) patients was blunt trauma abdomen. Most patients sustained grade III (32.5%) and grade IV (25%) splenic injuries. Majority of the patients (60%) underwent splenectomy, being the most frequently performed procedure for splenic pathologies including trauma. Postoperative complications observed in the study were respiratory tract infection in...

Cast in situ Ferro-mesh layers and precast Ferrocement Laminate have been investigated on the bas... more Cast in situ Ferro-mesh layers and precast Ferrocement Laminate have been investigated on the basis of ease in application for local rural personnel without special skills and tools. Ten (10) RC beams including one control beam are intentionally designed and detailed in flexure using steel percentage of 0.968. Beams have been tested under two-point loading till service limit, then unloaded and have been strengthened in flexural dominant region using above mentioned flexural strengthening techniques and tested again under same loading arrangement till failure. Results showed that application of precast Ferrocement Laminate is more promising as it is easy for a local rural unskilled person to apply and enhancing load carrying capacity, stiffness and ductility.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To determine prevalence of hepatitis B and C Viral infections and risk fact... more ABSTRACT: Objectives: To determine prevalence of hepatitis B and C Viral infections and risk factors in patients undergoing general surgery. Methods: This descriptive case series was carried out in 436 patients who attended out-door patient and emergency departments and undergoing general surgery at West Surgical Ward, Mayo Hospital Lahore using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Data for demographic variables for frequencies and associations between variables were analyzed on SPSS version 12.0. Significance level was p<0.05. Results: Out of total 436 respondents, 117 (26.8%) were positive for HCV and 46 (10.55%) for HBV infections . Out of 117, 64 ( 54.7 %) respondents were males and 53 (45.3%) were fe males . Mean age of respondents was 33.3 ± 3.8 with the highest number (30.3%) were in the age group between 30 to 40 years of age.(Table 1) The seropositivity for HCV differ by gender, is more in males(p<0.004). Conclusion: Prevalence of Anti-HCV is more common than HBsAg in our study population. Shaving faces and armpits from barber, previous history of transfusion and surgery, nose/ear piercing were observed as common risk factors among anti-HCV and HBsAg positive patient in General surgical procedure. Key words: HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen), ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbant assay), Anti-HCV, Cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma.

ABSTRACT In this paper, microstructure of concrete is investigated using metakaolin (MK) as cemen... more ABSTRACT In this paper, microstructure of concrete is investigated using metakaolin (MK) as cement replacing material and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers. Total ten (10) mixes of concrete are examined by varying PVA fiber aspect ratio. It was found that MK refines the pore structure, improves interfacial transition zone (ITZ) due to its pozzolanic effects, reduces portlandite (Ca(OH)2) content and bridges the gap between matrix and aggregates due to finer particle size. Due to improvement in ITZ, the compressive strength was improved. There was no indication of Ca(OH)2 around the PVA fibers in the presence of MK and the interface between the fiber and matrix was observed very narrow.

Construction and Building Materials, 2015

ABSTRACT Highly reactive metakaolin was produced by calcination of Malaysian kaolin. Optimum cond... more ABSTRACT Highly reactive metakaolin was produced by calcination of Malaysian kaolin. Optimum condition for the calcination is 800 °C (1472 °F) and 3 h duration. 15% is optimum content of produced metakaolin based on compressive strength. Higher mechanical properties of metakaolin concrete better than silica fume. The cost of metakaolin is about 33% lesser than commercially available silica fume. a b s t r a c t This experimental investigation has been carried out to examine the effects of temperature and duration on Malaysian kaolin to form highly reactive metakaolin. Metakaolin has been produced through the cal-cination process at temperatures 600–800 °C (1112–1472 °F) for the duration from 1 to 5 h. X-ray diffrac-tion and loss on ignition are the usual process to identify the optimum temperature and duration of calcination required. In this study, to confirm the reactivity of metakaolin, compressive strength, splitting tensile and flexural strength of concrete at the age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days have been investigated using locally produced metakaolin as cement replacing material. It was found that locally produced metakaolin enhance the mechanical properties of concrete and compressive strength is about 5% higher than silica fume concrete at the age of 28 days. This study divulges that calcination at 800 °C (1472 °F) for 3 h is the most suitable condition to convert kaolin into highly reactive metakaolin.

Assessment of the effectiveness of ferrocement strengthening techniques i.e., cast in situ Ferro-... more Assessment of the effectiveness of ferrocement strengthening techniques i.e., cast in situ Ferro-mesh layers and precast ferrocement Laminate is the aim of this experimental investigation. To accomplish this objective, ten (10) reinforced concrete beams including one control beam have been intentionally designed and detailed to fail in flexure. Prior to strengthening, beams have been tested under two-point loading till service limit. Beams have been strengthened in the flexural dominant region only and tested to failure under the same loading arrangement. It has been concluded that strengthening through cast in situ Ferro-mesh layer is the most efficient technique, whereas strengthening of the beams by using precast Ferrocement Laminate B is not only easy to implement at household level, but is also promising in terms of enhancing load carrying capacity, stiffness and ductility.

Several review papers exist in literature related to the concrete containing mineral admixtures; ... more Several review papers exist in literature related to the concrete containing mineral admixtures; however, this paper reviews the durability characteristics of the concrete containing fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK) and rice husk ash (RHA). Durability related properties reviewed include permeability, resistance to sulfate attack, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), carbonation, chloride ion penetration, freezing and thawing, abrasion, fire, acid, and efflorescence. From review of existing literature, it is found that permeability of concrete depends upon the content of alumina in mineral admixtures, i.e. higher the alumina content, lesser the permeability which results higher resistance to sulfate and chloride ion penetration. Highly reactive mineral admixtures prevent more ASR and reduce efflorescence. The carbonation increases with the mineral admixtures because higher water binder ratio and lesser content of portlandite in concrete due to pozzolanic reaction. Mineral admixtures require air entrainment except MK and RHA for better resistance to freezing and thawing. Keywords—Alkali silica reaction, carbonation, durability, mineral admixture, permeability.

Procedia Engineering, 2014

This paper is about the analysis of a prestressed highway bridge and its strengthening. The bridg... more This paper is about the analysis of a prestressed highway bridge and its strengthening. The bridge wassimply supported I' Girder structure with four-lanes and itwas heavily loaded than its capacity; therefore, bridge was analysed in flexure using software "SAP 2000" for the actual or modified vehicular loading present over the bridge. Flexural analysis was performed in two stages: initially, the bridge was analysed for the loads for which it was originally designed and then the same bridge was checked for the modified vehicular load present over it. Analysis resultsrevealed that the stresses in the I-girders were exceeding in tension side and therefore bridge had a problem in serviceability due to heavy vehicular load (modified load) and therefore required strengthening. After strengthening the bridge using plate bonding strengthening technique, bridge was reanalysed against the modified loading which showed that the flexure capacity of the bridge is sufficient to withstand the heavy vehicular loads.

Advanced Materials Research, 2013

The aim of this paper is to investigate the serviceability performance of RC beams strengthened t... more The aim of this paper is to investigate the serviceability performance of RC beams strengthened through two Ferrocement strengthening techniques as Cast in situ Wire-mesh layers and precast Ferrocement Laminates. To assess the effectiveness of these strengthening techniques, eight (08) RC beams have been intentionally designed and detailed as a tension-controlled section and tested under two-point loading up to service load of 40 kN. Then, beams were strengthened by Cast in situ Wire-mesh layers and by precast Ferrocement Laminates. Experimental results in terms of stiffness have been compared within and across the groups to assess the effect of variation of development length and no. of wire-mesh layers.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Locally available kaolin has been calcined and used as cement replacing material (CRM) in High-st... more Locally available kaolin has been calcined and used as cement replacing material (CRM) in High-strength concrete (HSC). Total five (05) mixes of concrete have been examined using calcined kaolin (CK) of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight of cement. For each mix, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength have been determined by preparing three specimens. The effect of CK on the mechanical properties of HSC has been investigated at age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. Multiple linear regressions through least square error have been used to develop the expression and to predict the compressive, splitting tensile strengths and flexural strength of HSC. It has been found that CK as CRM increases the strength significantly. The models may predict the strengths closely match the measurements and optimum replacement of cement by CK.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

Locally produced metakaolin (MK) as the cement replacing material and PVA fibres has been used. T... more Locally produced metakaolin (MK) as the cement replacing material and PVA fibres has been used. The effect on workability and on the mechanical properties of concrete has been investigated. Total fifteen (15) mixes of concrete have been examined using MK 5 to 10% and PVA fibres of aspect ratio 45, 60, 90 and 120 with 1% volume fraction. Three (03) mixes without PVA fibre have been used as control mixes. For each mix, test for slump, cube compressive strength and splitting tensile strength has been performed. It has been found that MK and PVA fibres causes decrease in slump but use of MK and PVA fibres together improves the workability. The use of MK and PVA fibres has advantageous in increasing compressive strength and splitting tensile strength.

The Scientific World Journal, 2014

The mechanical properties of high-strength ductile concrete (HSDC) have been investigated using M... more The mechanical properties of high-strength ductile concrete (HSDC) have been investigated using Metakaolin (MK) as the cement replacing material and PVA fibers. Total twenty-seven (27) mixes of concrete have been examined with varying content of MK and PVA fibers. It has been found that the coarser type PVA fibers provide strengths competitive to control or higher than control. Concrete with coarser type PVA fibers has also refined microstructure, but the microstructure has been undergone with the increase in aspect ratio of fibers. The microstructure of concrete with MK has also more refined and packing of material is much better with MK. PVA fibers not only give higher stiffness but also showed the deflection hardening response. Toughness Index of HSDC reflects the improvement in flexural toughness over the plain concrete and the maximum toughness indices have been observed with 10% MK and 2% volume fraction of PVA fibers.

The Scientific World Journal, 2014

This paper presents a review of the properties of fresh concrete including workability, heat of h... more This paper presents a review of the properties of fresh concrete including workability, heat of hydration, setting time, bleeding, and reactivity by using mineral admixtures fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA). Comparison of normal and high-strength concrete in which cement has been partially supplemented by mineral admixture has been considered. It has been concluded that mineral admixtures may be categorized into two groups: chemically active mineral admixtures and microfiller mineral admixtures. Chemically active mineral admixtures decrease workability and setting time of concrete but increase the heat of hydration and reactivity. On the other hand, microfiller mineral admixtures increase workability and setting time of concrete but decrease the heat of hydration and reactivity. In general, small particle size and higher specific surface area of mineral admixture are favourable to produce highly den...

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Study has been conducted to investigate the effect of aspect ratio and volume fraction of PVA fib... more Study has been conducted to investigate the effect of aspect ratio and volume fraction of PVA fibres on the mechanical properties of concrete. Total eighteen (18) mixes of concrete have been examined using metakaolin up to 5% and PVA fibres of aspect ratio 45, 60, 90 and 120 with volume fraction 1 to 2%. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength at 7 days and 28 days have been determined to check the effect of volume fraction and the aspect ratio of PVA fibres. It has been found that 2% volume fraction is better than 1% and there is increasing trend up to a certain value of aspect ratio in the strengths of concrete.

The available literature identifies that the addition of mineral admixture as partial replacement... more The available literature identifies that the addition of mineral admixture as partial replacement of cement improves the microstructure of the concrete (i.e., porosity and pore size distribution) as well as increasing the mechanical characteristics such as drying shrinkage and creep, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity; however, no single document is available in which review and comparison of the influence of the addition of these mineral admixtures on the mechanical characteristics of the hardened pozzolanic concretes are presented. In this paper, based on the reported results in the literature, mechanical characteristics of hardened concrete partially containing mineral admixtures including fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA) are discussed and it is concluded that the content and particle size of mineral admixture are the parameters which significantly influence the mechanical properties of concrete. All mineral admixtures enhance the mechanical properties of concrete except FA and GGBS which do not show a significant effect on the strength of concrete at 28 days; however, gain in strength at later ages is considerable. Moreover, the comparison of the mechanical characteristics of different pozzolanic concretes suggests that RHA and SF are competitive.

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2015

OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices amongst Pakistani females towards breas... more OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices amongst Pakistani females towards breast screening programmes. METHODS The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2013 to July2014 at Mayo Hospital, Lahore, and comprised attendants and patients who visited out-patients department and/or were treated as in-patients. The questionnaire contained 25 open and close-ended questions regarding knowledge and attitude, along with 7 questions regarding practices. Data was analysed using SPSS 17. RESULTS There were 1184 women with a mean age of 32.7±8.6 years. The mean score was 12.7±4.9. Positive family history of breast cancer was reported by 156(13.2%) women; 420(35.5%) believed advancing age was a risk factor; 1041(87.9%) never had breast self-examination; 1106(93.4%) never had a clinical breast examination; and 1171(98.9%) never had screening mammogram. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge and practices regarding breast cancer screening, breast self-examination and mammogra...

Cureus, 2021

Background Dialysis-associated morbidity and mortality among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patie... more Background Dialysis-associated morbidity and mortality among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients has been increasing, despite the advancement in pharmacological treatment and dialysis technology. The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of dialysis among ESRD patients presenting at the nephrology department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC). Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted during the year 2015-2016, including 105 ESRD patients. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire inquiring about patient's demographics and hemodialysis details. The outcomes in terms of survival and death within one month of dialysis were also recorded. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Results Gender distribution showed that most of the study patients were males (58.1%). The mean duration of ESRD was 7.65 ± 3.69 months while the mean duration of hemodialysis was 36.5 ± 5.65 hours. Among the com...

Rawal Medical Journal, 2013

BACKGROUND: To assess the quality of life and its relationship with sociodemographic variables am... more BACKGROUND: To assess the quality of life and its relationship with sociodemographic variables among physically disabled patients with artificial limb replacement reporting at artificial limb centre of a tertiary care facility. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the artificial limb centre of Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi - a tertiary care facility. 100 consecutive out- patients of both sexes between ages of 13-60 years with artificial limb replacement from December 2011 to July 2012 were included in the study. The patients below age of 13 years, comorbid congenital limb deformities other than limb loss, having language barrier and who refused to participate in study were excluded from the study. Participating patients underwent detail assessments which included: application of consent form, demographic profile assessment, and assessment of quality of life by applying WHO QOL BRIEF (Quality of life WHO Scale) Urdu version. Ethical permission was a...

Aim: To highlight the mode of injury and various factors affecting the outcome of splenic injurie... more Aim: To highlight the mode of injury and various factors affecting the outcome of splenic injuries in adult trauma population in developing countries. Study design: A prospective study comprised of 40 patients. Setting: West Surgical Ward, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Duration: October 2011 to September 2013. Methods: All the patients above 12 years of age either referred from the periphery or directly admitted in the emergency department with the diagnosis of splenic injury alone or associated with other organ injuries were included in the study. Results: Male to female ratio was 7:1 with the mean age of 28 years in the study. Mode of injury in 22(55%) patients was blunt trauma abdomen. Most patients sustained grade III (32.5%) and grade IV (25%) splenic injuries. Majority of the patients (60%) underwent splenectomy, being the most frequently performed procedure for splenic pathologies including trauma. Postoperative complications observed in the study were respiratory tract infection in...

Cast in situ Ferro-mesh layers and precast Ferrocement Laminate have been investigated on the bas... more Cast in situ Ferro-mesh layers and precast Ferrocement Laminate have been investigated on the basis of ease in application for local rural personnel without special skills and tools. Ten (10) RC beams including one control beam are intentionally designed and detailed in flexure using steel percentage of 0.968. Beams have been tested under two-point loading till service limit, then unloaded and have been strengthened in flexural dominant region using above mentioned flexural strengthening techniques and tested again under same loading arrangement till failure. Results showed that application of precast Ferrocement Laminate is more promising as it is easy for a local rural unskilled person to apply and enhancing load carrying capacity, stiffness and ductility.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To determine prevalence of hepatitis B and C Viral infections and risk fact... more ABSTRACT: Objectives: To determine prevalence of hepatitis B and C Viral infections and risk factors in patients undergoing general surgery. Methods: This descriptive case series was carried out in 436 patients who attended out-door patient and emergency departments and undergoing general surgery at West Surgical Ward, Mayo Hospital Lahore using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Data for demographic variables for frequencies and associations between variables were analyzed on SPSS version 12.0. Significance level was p<0.05. Results: Out of total 436 respondents, 117 (26.8%) were positive for HCV and 46 (10.55%) for HBV infections . Out of 117, 64 ( 54.7 %) respondents were males and 53 (45.3%) were fe males . Mean age of respondents was 33.3 ± 3.8 with the highest number (30.3%) were in the age group between 30 to 40 years of age.(Table 1) The seropositivity for HCV differ by gender, is more in males(p<0.004). Conclusion: Prevalence of Anti-HCV is more common than HBsAg in our study population. Shaving faces and armpits from barber, previous history of transfusion and surgery, nose/ear piercing were observed as common risk factors among anti-HCV and HBsAg positive patient in General surgical procedure. Key words: HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen), ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbant assay), Anti-HCV, Cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma.

ABSTRACT In this paper, microstructure of concrete is investigated using metakaolin (MK) as cemen... more ABSTRACT In this paper, microstructure of concrete is investigated using metakaolin (MK) as cement replacing material and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers. Total ten (10) mixes of concrete are examined by varying PVA fiber aspect ratio. It was found that MK refines the pore structure, improves interfacial transition zone (ITZ) due to its pozzolanic effects, reduces portlandite (Ca(OH)2) content and bridges the gap between matrix and aggregates due to finer particle size. Due to improvement in ITZ, the compressive strength was improved. There was no indication of Ca(OH)2 around the PVA fibers in the presence of MK and the interface between the fiber and matrix was observed very narrow.

Construction and Building Materials, 2015

ABSTRACT Highly reactive metakaolin was produced by calcination of Malaysian kaolin. Optimum cond... more ABSTRACT Highly reactive metakaolin was produced by calcination of Malaysian kaolin. Optimum condition for the calcination is 800 °C (1472 °F) and 3 h duration. 15% is optimum content of produced metakaolin based on compressive strength. Higher mechanical properties of metakaolin concrete better than silica fume. The cost of metakaolin is about 33% lesser than commercially available silica fume. a b s t r a c t This experimental investigation has been carried out to examine the effects of temperature and duration on Malaysian kaolin to form highly reactive metakaolin. Metakaolin has been produced through the cal-cination process at temperatures 600–800 °C (1112–1472 °F) for the duration from 1 to 5 h. X-ray diffrac-tion and loss on ignition are the usual process to identify the optimum temperature and duration of calcination required. In this study, to confirm the reactivity of metakaolin, compressive strength, splitting tensile and flexural strength of concrete at the age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days have been investigated using locally produced metakaolin as cement replacing material. It was found that locally produced metakaolin enhance the mechanical properties of concrete and compressive strength is about 5% higher than silica fume concrete at the age of 28 days. This study divulges that calcination at 800 °C (1472 °F) for 3 h is the most suitable condition to convert kaolin into highly reactive metakaolin.

Assessment of the effectiveness of ferrocement strengthening techniques i.e., cast in situ Ferro-... more Assessment of the effectiveness of ferrocement strengthening techniques i.e., cast in situ Ferro-mesh layers and precast ferrocement Laminate is the aim of this experimental investigation. To accomplish this objective, ten (10) reinforced concrete beams including one control beam have been intentionally designed and detailed to fail in flexure. Prior to strengthening, beams have been tested under two-point loading till service limit. Beams have been strengthened in the flexural dominant region only and tested to failure under the same loading arrangement. It has been concluded that strengthening through cast in situ Ferro-mesh layer is the most efficient technique, whereas strengthening of the beams by using precast Ferrocement Laminate B is not only easy to implement at household level, but is also promising in terms of enhancing load carrying capacity, stiffness and ductility.

Several review papers exist in literature related to the concrete containing mineral admixtures; ... more Several review papers exist in literature related to the concrete containing mineral admixtures; however, this paper reviews the durability characteristics of the concrete containing fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK) and rice husk ash (RHA). Durability related properties reviewed include permeability, resistance to sulfate attack, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), carbonation, chloride ion penetration, freezing and thawing, abrasion, fire, acid, and efflorescence. From review of existing literature, it is found that permeability of concrete depends upon the content of alumina in mineral admixtures, i.e. higher the alumina content, lesser the permeability which results higher resistance to sulfate and chloride ion penetration. Highly reactive mineral admixtures prevent more ASR and reduce efflorescence. The carbonation increases with the mineral admixtures because higher water binder ratio and lesser content of portlandite in concrete due to pozzolanic reaction. Mineral admixtures require air entrainment except MK and RHA for better resistance to freezing and thawing. Keywords—Alkali silica reaction, carbonation, durability, mineral admixture, permeability.

Procedia Engineering, 2014

This paper is about the analysis of a prestressed highway bridge and its strengthening. The bridg... more This paper is about the analysis of a prestressed highway bridge and its strengthening. The bridge wassimply supported I' Girder structure with four-lanes and itwas heavily loaded than its capacity; therefore, bridge was analysed in flexure using software "SAP 2000" for the actual or modified vehicular loading present over the bridge. Flexural analysis was performed in two stages: initially, the bridge was analysed for the loads for which it was originally designed and then the same bridge was checked for the modified vehicular load present over it. Analysis resultsrevealed that the stresses in the I-girders were exceeding in tension side and therefore bridge had a problem in serviceability due to heavy vehicular load (modified load) and therefore required strengthening. After strengthening the bridge using plate bonding strengthening technique, bridge was reanalysed against the modified loading which showed that the flexure capacity of the bridge is sufficient to withstand the heavy vehicular loads.

Advanced Materials Research, 2013

The aim of this paper is to investigate the serviceability performance of RC beams strengthened t... more The aim of this paper is to investigate the serviceability performance of RC beams strengthened through two Ferrocement strengthening techniques as Cast in situ Wire-mesh layers and precast Ferrocement Laminates. To assess the effectiveness of these strengthening techniques, eight (08) RC beams have been intentionally designed and detailed as a tension-controlled section and tested under two-point loading up to service load of 40 kN. Then, beams were strengthened by Cast in situ Wire-mesh layers and by precast Ferrocement Laminates. Experimental results in terms of stiffness have been compared within and across the groups to assess the effect of variation of development length and no. of wire-mesh layers.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Locally available kaolin has been calcined and used as cement replacing material (CRM) in High-st... more Locally available kaolin has been calcined and used as cement replacing material (CRM) in High-strength concrete (HSC). Total five (05) mixes of concrete have been examined using calcined kaolin (CK) of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight of cement. For each mix, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength have been determined by preparing three specimens. The effect of CK on the mechanical properties of HSC has been investigated at age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. Multiple linear regressions through least square error have been used to develop the expression and to predict the compressive, splitting tensile strengths and flexural strength of HSC. It has been found that CK as CRM increases the strength significantly. The models may predict the strengths closely match the measurements and optimum replacement of cement by CK.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

Locally produced metakaolin (MK) as the cement replacing material and PVA fibres has been used. T... more Locally produced metakaolin (MK) as the cement replacing material and PVA fibres has been used. The effect on workability and on the mechanical properties of concrete has been investigated. Total fifteen (15) mixes of concrete have been examined using MK 5 to 10% and PVA fibres of aspect ratio 45, 60, 90 and 120 with 1% volume fraction. Three (03) mixes without PVA fibre have been used as control mixes. For each mix, test for slump, cube compressive strength and splitting tensile strength has been performed. It has been found that MK and PVA fibres causes decrease in slump but use of MK and PVA fibres together improves the workability. The use of MK and PVA fibres has advantageous in increasing compressive strength and splitting tensile strength.

The Scientific World Journal, 2014

The mechanical properties of high-strength ductile concrete (HSDC) have been investigated using M... more The mechanical properties of high-strength ductile concrete (HSDC) have been investigated using Metakaolin (MK) as the cement replacing material and PVA fibers. Total twenty-seven (27) mixes of concrete have been examined with varying content of MK and PVA fibers. It has been found that the coarser type PVA fibers provide strengths competitive to control or higher than control. Concrete with coarser type PVA fibers has also refined microstructure, but the microstructure has been undergone with the increase in aspect ratio of fibers. The microstructure of concrete with MK has also more refined and packing of material is much better with MK. PVA fibers not only give higher stiffness but also showed the deflection hardening response. Toughness Index of HSDC reflects the improvement in flexural toughness over the plain concrete and the maximum toughness indices have been observed with 10% MK and 2% volume fraction of PVA fibers.

The Scientific World Journal, 2014

This paper presents a review of the properties of fresh concrete including workability, heat of h... more This paper presents a review of the properties of fresh concrete including workability, heat of hydration, setting time, bleeding, and reactivity by using mineral admixtures fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA). Comparison of normal and high-strength concrete in which cement has been partially supplemented by mineral admixture has been considered. It has been concluded that mineral admixtures may be categorized into two groups: chemically active mineral admixtures and microfiller mineral admixtures. Chemically active mineral admixtures decrease workability and setting time of concrete but increase the heat of hydration and reactivity. On the other hand, microfiller mineral admixtures increase workability and setting time of concrete but decrease the heat of hydration and reactivity. In general, small particle size and higher specific surface area of mineral admixture are favourable to produce highly den...

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Study has been conducted to investigate the effect of aspect ratio and volume fraction of PVA fib... more Study has been conducted to investigate the effect of aspect ratio and volume fraction of PVA fibres on the mechanical properties of concrete. Total eighteen (18) mixes of concrete have been examined using metakaolin up to 5% and PVA fibres of aspect ratio 45, 60, 90 and 120 with volume fraction 1 to 2%. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength at 7 days and 28 days have been determined to check the effect of volume fraction and the aspect ratio of PVA fibres. It has been found that 2% volume fraction is better than 1% and there is increasing trend up to a certain value of aspect ratio in the strengths of concrete.

The available literature identifies that the addition of mineral admixture as partial replacement... more The available literature identifies that the addition of mineral admixture as partial replacement of cement improves the microstructure of the concrete (i.e., porosity and pore size distribution) as well as increasing the mechanical characteristics such as drying shrinkage and creep, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity; however, no single document is available in which review and comparison of the influence of the addition of these mineral admixtures on the mechanical characteristics of the hardened pozzolanic concretes are presented. In this paper, based on the reported results in the literature, mechanical characteristics of hardened concrete partially containing mineral admixtures including fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA) are discussed and it is concluded that the content and particle size of mineral admixture are the parameters which significantly influence the mechanical properties of concrete. All mineral admixtures enhance the mechanical properties of concrete except FA and GGBS which do not show a significant effect on the strength of concrete at 28 days; however, gain in strength at later ages is considerable. Moreover, the comparison of the mechanical characteristics of different pozzolanic concretes suggests that RHA and SF are competitive.