Enrico Pagano | The University of RomaTre (original) (raw)
Papers by Enrico Pagano
Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions, 2021
Abstract The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabri... more Abstract The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulteriore in 1783, destroying a large part of the built environment and causing more than 35,000 victims, is analyzed here in light of very different knowledge and disciplines. The comparison is between the analysis of historical sources, the profound recognition and detailed survey of the construction technique, the experimental tests on faithful reproductions, and the validation of the physical-mathematical models, typical tools of contemporary seismic culture. From this comparison of methods and disciplines, typical of History, Conservation and Structural Engineering, a deep knowledge of the technique and the implications of this construction system and a generic judgment of efficacy and modernity are obtained. In addition, detailed mathematical models, capable of reproducing the experimental tests, have been calibrated and validated, and these are the first step toward a coarse modeling of an entire building, as well as a further contribution to the modeling of other wood-framed masonry systems. This work also helps to combat the skepticism of those who consider historical construction systems too complex to be framed in modern safety and risk theory.
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
The seismic period, that started in 1783 and lasted three years in the southern Calabria (South o... more The seismic period, that started in 1783 and lasted three years in the southern Calabria (South of Italy), caused massive damages: over 35,000 victims and relevant upheavals in the hydrogeological asset of the site. The Borbone government immediately dealt with the reconstruction of backward provinces, attempting to reorganize the economic and administrative systems by innovative criteria and by the construction with anti-seismic techniques. In this paper a preliminary reviewing of the historical sources is analysed to frame the reconstruction, highlighting the differences compared with the initial models. By the regional to the urban scale, it was assumed as case study the historical centre of Mileto, one of the five cities entirely rebuilt on another site after the earthquake. Mileto preserves the scheme of the urban planning conceived in the end of the Eighteenth century. Also in Mileto, there is the Episcopal Palace, characterized by several architectural and construction features to increase the seismic response. Despite the advanced state of deterioration, the original structure is still perfectly recognizable and allows to deepen the knowledge regarding the technology, that is unquestionably a cultural heritage to preserve, enhance and possibly to be reused. Accordingly, the authors prefigure the importance of carrying out a census of still standing buildings characterized by the Borbone anti-seismic system by suggesting possible research methodologies.
The seismic events which hit Central Italy on August 24, October 26 and October 3
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2017
Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions
Abstract The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabri... more Abstract The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulteriore in 1783, destroying a large part of the built environment and causing more than 35,000 victims, is analyzed here in light of very different knowledge and disciplines. The comparison is between the analysis of historical sources, the profound recognition and detailed survey of the construction technique, the experimental tests on faithful reproductions, and the validation of the physical-mathematical models, typical tools of contemporary seismic culture. From this comparison of methods and disciplines, typical of History, Conservation and Structural Engineering, a deep knowledge of the technique and the implications of this construction system and a generic judgment of efficacy and modernity are obtained. In addition, detailed mathematical models, capable of reproducing the experimental tests, have been calibrated and validated, and these are the first step toward a coarse modeling of an entire building, as well as a further contribution to the modeling of other wood-framed masonry systems. This work also helps to combat the skepticism of those who consider historical construction systems too complex to be framed in modern safety and risk theory.
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
The baraccato constructive system represents one of the most emblematic examples of historical ea... more The baraccato constructive system represents one of the most emblematic examples of historical earthquake-resistant timber-framed constructions, widely diffused in all those italian territories with high seismic risk. It was defined by the Bourbon government through a specific anti-seismic code issued one year later the catastrophic earthquake that struck Calabria Ultra in southern Italy in 1783. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the baraccato system represented the earthquake-resistant model in the post-seismic reconstruction plans for several Italian cities until the advent of reinforced concrete constructions in the early 20th century. To date, most of the baraccato houses identified are lost or they are in a state of ruin. In addition, many others have been badly reused and modified not respecting the original technique. Recent surveys conducted in some Calabrian centres have allowed us to identify several surviving examples that, put together all with other ones indicated in previous researches (Allegra, 2008; Bianco, 2010; Bianco, 2017; Valtieri, 2008), provide a general overview of the extension and the state of conservation of the baraccato heritage. In this work a first effort to evaluate the baraccato heritage presence in Calabria is conducted. The issues about preservation and enhancement of this heritage are also discussed. The emblematic case of Palazzo Vescovile in Mileto (VV) is presented in detail.
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
The Palazzo Vescovile in Mileto (Southern Italy), executed shortly thereafter the catastrophic ea... more The Palazzo Vescovile in Mileto (Southern Italy), executed shortly thereafter the catastrophic earthquake that struck the Calabria region, emblematically represents the application of principles and technical indications recommended in the Borbone anti-seismic code Istruzioni and included in treatises of Eighteenth century anti-seismic engineering. That building, characterized by various constructive events that caused a construction completion delay, presents devices aimed at consciously mitigating its seismic vulnerability including the building geometry (i.e. in plan bi-axial symmetry, a front elevation regular development and a height limited to only one storey) and constructive solutions regarding the nature and the organization of materials and resistant elements forming the load bearing structure. The vertical structural system is represented by masonry reinforced with timber frames which main function is to bond the building intersecting walls with the aim of obtaining a box behaviour of the Palazzo Vescovile under earthquake excitations. On that purpose the particular arrangement and morphology of the members nodes, often with the addition of metallic devices, contributes to transfer stresses to a three dimensional system of orthogonal walls. In addition to the vertical load bearing system the inter-storey floor also has a key role in influencing the building anti-seismic answer. In fact, the presence of notches strengthening the node beam to wooden ring, improves, together the latter, the resistance to out-of-plan actions. Furthermore, the floor is characterized by a moderate deformability, thanks to the narrow
Conference Presentations by Enrico Pagano
Proceedings of SHATIS 2019, 2019
Timber-framed masonry buildings, Simplified non-linear model, Equivalent frame method, Multi-scal... more Timber-framed masonry buildings, Simplified non-linear model, Equivalent frame method, Multi-scale analysis. Abstract This paper describes a method designed to assess the seismic capacity of the most ancient Baraccato structural system, identified in the Episcopal Palace of Mileto (VV) in the South of Italy. In particular, the timber-framed system was modelled through a multiscale approach, investigating the in-plane mechanical behaviour of a single Borbone wall on two different scales: the "fine" and the "coarse" ones, with the dual purpose to reproduce the results of some experimental tests and, at the same time, to provide an agile numerical tool for the seismic analysis of an entire building based on this system. To do this, a "micro" and "macro" model are defined, on the basis of specific hypotheses formulated with reference to the experimental evidences. The modelling at the microscopic scale was carried out through a discrete approach, considering all the resistant elements of the wall: timber frame, joints, masonry and interfaces, for each of which a constitutive law was defined. On its part, the modelling at the macroscopic scale represents the first step of a methodology to analyse an entire Borbone building. The equivalent frame approach, largely used for masonry building seismic analysis, is here extended to timber-framed masonry systems.
This paper describes a method designed to assess the seismic capacity of the most ancient Baracca... more This paper describes a method designed to assess the seismic capacity of the most ancient Baraccato structural system, identified in the Episcopal Palace of Mileto (VV) in the South of Italy. In particular, the timber-framed system was modelled through a multiscale approach, investigating the in-plane mechanical behaviour of a single Borbone wall on two different scales: the "fine" and the "coarse" ones, with the dual purpose to reproduce the results of some experimental tests and, at the same time, to provide an agile numerical tool for the seismic analysis of an entire building based on this system. To do this, a "micro" and "macro" model are defined, on the basis of specific hypotheses formulated with reference to the experimental evidences. The modelling at the microscopic scale was carried out through a discrete approach, considering all the resistant elements of the wall: timber frame, joints, masonry and interfaces, for each of which a constitutive law was defined. On its part, the modelling at the macroscopic scale represents the first step of a methodology to analyse an entire Borbone building. The equivalent frame approach, largely used for masonry building seismic analysis, is here extended to timber-framed masonry systems.
Books by Enrico Pagano
Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions, 2021
The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulterio... more The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulteriore in 1783, destroying a large part of the built environment and causing more than 35,000 victims, is analyzed here in light of very different knowledge and disciplines. The comparison is between the analysis of historical sources, the profound recognition and detailed survey of the construction technique, the experimental tests on faithful reproductions, and the validation of the physical-mathematical models, typical tools of contemporary seismic culture. From this comparison of methods and disciplines, typical of History, Conservation and Structural Engineering, a deep knowledge of the technique and the implications of this construction system and a generic judgment of efficacy and modernity are obtained. In addition, detailed mathematical models, capable of reproducing the experimental tests, have been calibrated and validated, and these are the first step toward a coarse modeling of an entire building, as well as a further contribution to the modeling of other wood-framed masonry systems. This work also helps to combat the skepticism of those who consider historical construction systems too complex to be framed in modern safety and risk theory.
Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions, 2021
The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulterio... more The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulteriore in 1783, destroying a large part of the built environment and causing more than 35,000 victims, is analyzed here in light of very different knowledge and disciplines. The comparison is between the analysis of historical sources, the profound recognition and detailed survey of the construction technique, the experimental tests on faithful reproductions, and the validation of the physical-mathematical models, typical tools of contemporary seismic culture.
From this comparison of methods and disciplines, typical of History, Conservation and Structural Engineering, a deep knowledge of the technique and the implications of this construction system and a generic judgment of efficacy and modernity are obtained.
In addition, detailed mathematical models, capable of reproducing the experimental tests, have been calibrated and validated, and these are the first step toward a coarse modeling of an entire building, as well as a further contribution to the modeling of other wood-framed masonry systems.
This work also helps to combat the skepticism of those who consider historical construction systems too complex to be framed in modern safety and risk theory.
Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions, 2021
Abstract The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabri... more Abstract The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulteriore in 1783, destroying a large part of the built environment and causing more than 35,000 victims, is analyzed here in light of very different knowledge and disciplines. The comparison is between the analysis of historical sources, the profound recognition and detailed survey of the construction technique, the experimental tests on faithful reproductions, and the validation of the physical-mathematical models, typical tools of contemporary seismic culture. From this comparison of methods and disciplines, typical of History, Conservation and Structural Engineering, a deep knowledge of the technique and the implications of this construction system and a generic judgment of efficacy and modernity are obtained. In addition, detailed mathematical models, capable of reproducing the experimental tests, have been calibrated and validated, and these are the first step toward a coarse modeling of an entire building, as well as a further contribution to the modeling of other wood-framed masonry systems. This work also helps to combat the skepticism of those who consider historical construction systems too complex to be framed in modern safety and risk theory.
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
The seismic period, that started in 1783 and lasted three years in the southern Calabria (South o... more The seismic period, that started in 1783 and lasted three years in the southern Calabria (South of Italy), caused massive damages: over 35,000 victims and relevant upheavals in the hydrogeological asset of the site. The Borbone government immediately dealt with the reconstruction of backward provinces, attempting to reorganize the economic and administrative systems by innovative criteria and by the construction with anti-seismic techniques. In this paper a preliminary reviewing of the historical sources is analysed to frame the reconstruction, highlighting the differences compared with the initial models. By the regional to the urban scale, it was assumed as case study the historical centre of Mileto, one of the five cities entirely rebuilt on another site after the earthquake. Mileto preserves the scheme of the urban planning conceived in the end of the Eighteenth century. Also in Mileto, there is the Episcopal Palace, characterized by several architectural and construction features to increase the seismic response. Despite the advanced state of deterioration, the original structure is still perfectly recognizable and allows to deepen the knowledge regarding the technology, that is unquestionably a cultural heritage to preserve, enhance and possibly to be reused. Accordingly, the authors prefigure the importance of carrying out a census of still standing buildings characterized by the Borbone anti-seismic system by suggesting possible research methodologies.
The seismic events which hit Central Italy on August 24, October 26 and October 3
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2017
Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions
Abstract The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabri... more Abstract The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulteriore in 1783, destroying a large part of the built environment and causing more than 35,000 victims, is analyzed here in light of very different knowledge and disciplines. The comparison is between the analysis of historical sources, the profound recognition and detailed survey of the construction technique, the experimental tests on faithful reproductions, and the validation of the physical-mathematical models, typical tools of contemporary seismic culture. From this comparison of methods and disciplines, typical of History, Conservation and Structural Engineering, a deep knowledge of the technique and the implications of this construction system and a generic judgment of efficacy and modernity are obtained. In addition, detailed mathematical models, capable of reproducing the experimental tests, have been calibrated and validated, and these are the first step toward a coarse modeling of an entire building, as well as a further contribution to the modeling of other wood-framed masonry systems. This work also helps to combat the skepticism of those who consider historical construction systems too complex to be framed in modern safety and risk theory.
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
The baraccato constructive system represents one of the most emblematic examples of historical ea... more The baraccato constructive system represents one of the most emblematic examples of historical earthquake-resistant timber-framed constructions, widely diffused in all those italian territories with high seismic risk. It was defined by the Bourbon government through a specific anti-seismic code issued one year later the catastrophic earthquake that struck Calabria Ultra in southern Italy in 1783. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the baraccato system represented the earthquake-resistant model in the post-seismic reconstruction plans for several Italian cities until the advent of reinforced concrete constructions in the early 20th century. To date, most of the baraccato houses identified are lost or they are in a state of ruin. In addition, many others have been badly reused and modified not respecting the original technique. Recent surveys conducted in some Calabrian centres have allowed us to identify several surviving examples that, put together all with other ones indicated in previous researches (Allegra, 2008; Bianco, 2010; Bianco, 2017; Valtieri, 2008), provide a general overview of the extension and the state of conservation of the baraccato heritage. In this work a first effort to evaluate the baraccato heritage presence in Calabria is conducted. The issues about preservation and enhancement of this heritage are also discussed. The emblematic case of Palazzo Vescovile in Mileto (VV) is presented in detail.
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2016
The Palazzo Vescovile in Mileto (Southern Italy), executed shortly thereafter the catastrophic ea... more The Palazzo Vescovile in Mileto (Southern Italy), executed shortly thereafter the catastrophic earthquake that struck the Calabria region, emblematically represents the application of principles and technical indications recommended in the Borbone anti-seismic code Istruzioni and included in treatises of Eighteenth century anti-seismic engineering. That building, characterized by various constructive events that caused a construction completion delay, presents devices aimed at consciously mitigating its seismic vulnerability including the building geometry (i.e. in plan bi-axial symmetry, a front elevation regular development and a height limited to only one storey) and constructive solutions regarding the nature and the organization of materials and resistant elements forming the load bearing structure. The vertical structural system is represented by masonry reinforced with timber frames which main function is to bond the building intersecting walls with the aim of obtaining a box behaviour of the Palazzo Vescovile under earthquake excitations. On that purpose the particular arrangement and morphology of the members nodes, often with the addition of metallic devices, contributes to transfer stresses to a three dimensional system of orthogonal walls. In addition to the vertical load bearing system the inter-storey floor also has a key role in influencing the building anti-seismic answer. In fact, the presence of notches strengthening the node beam to wooden ring, improves, together the latter, the resistance to out-of-plan actions. Furthermore, the floor is characterized by a moderate deformability, thanks to the narrow
Proceedings of SHATIS 2019, 2019
Timber-framed masonry buildings, Simplified non-linear model, Equivalent frame method, Multi-scal... more Timber-framed masonry buildings, Simplified non-linear model, Equivalent frame method, Multi-scale analysis. Abstract This paper describes a method designed to assess the seismic capacity of the most ancient Baraccato structural system, identified in the Episcopal Palace of Mileto (VV) in the South of Italy. In particular, the timber-framed system was modelled through a multiscale approach, investigating the in-plane mechanical behaviour of a single Borbone wall on two different scales: the "fine" and the "coarse" ones, with the dual purpose to reproduce the results of some experimental tests and, at the same time, to provide an agile numerical tool for the seismic analysis of an entire building based on this system. To do this, a "micro" and "macro" model are defined, on the basis of specific hypotheses formulated with reference to the experimental evidences. The modelling at the microscopic scale was carried out through a discrete approach, considering all the resistant elements of the wall: timber frame, joints, masonry and interfaces, for each of which a constitutive law was defined. On its part, the modelling at the macroscopic scale represents the first step of a methodology to analyse an entire Borbone building. The equivalent frame approach, largely used for masonry building seismic analysis, is here extended to timber-framed masonry systems.
This paper describes a method designed to assess the seismic capacity of the most ancient Baracca... more This paper describes a method designed to assess the seismic capacity of the most ancient Baraccato structural system, identified in the Episcopal Palace of Mileto (VV) in the South of Italy. In particular, the timber-framed system was modelled through a multiscale approach, investigating the in-plane mechanical behaviour of a single Borbone wall on two different scales: the "fine" and the "coarse" ones, with the dual purpose to reproduce the results of some experimental tests and, at the same time, to provide an agile numerical tool for the seismic analysis of an entire building based on this system. To do this, a "micro" and "macro" model are defined, on the basis of specific hypotheses formulated with reference to the experimental evidences. The modelling at the microscopic scale was carried out through a discrete approach, considering all the resistant elements of the wall: timber frame, joints, masonry and interfaces, for each of which a constitutive law was defined. On its part, the modelling at the macroscopic scale represents the first step of a methodology to analyse an entire Borbone building. The equivalent frame approach, largely used for masonry building seismic analysis, is here extended to timber-framed masonry systems.
Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions, 2021
The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulterio... more The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulteriore in 1783, destroying a large part of the built environment and causing more than 35,000 victims, is analyzed here in light of very different knowledge and disciplines. The comparison is between the analysis of historical sources, the profound recognition and detailed survey of the construction technique, the experimental tests on faithful reproductions, and the validation of the physical-mathematical models, typical tools of contemporary seismic culture. From this comparison of methods and disciplines, typical of History, Conservation and Structural Engineering, a deep knowledge of the technique and the implications of this construction system and a generic judgment of efficacy and modernity are obtained. In addition, detailed mathematical models, capable of reproducing the experimental tests, have been calibrated and validated, and these are the first step toward a coarse modeling of an entire building, as well as a further contribution to the modeling of other wood-framed masonry systems. This work also helps to combat the skepticism of those who consider historical construction systems too complex to be framed in modern safety and risk theory.
Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions, 2021
The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulterio... more The Borbone antiseismic system, which was born following the earthquake that hit Calabria Ulteriore in 1783, destroying a large part of the built environment and causing more than 35,000 victims, is analyzed here in light of very different knowledge and disciplines. The comparison is between the analysis of historical sources, the profound recognition and detailed survey of the construction technique, the experimental tests on faithful reproductions, and the validation of the physical-mathematical models, typical tools of contemporary seismic culture.
From this comparison of methods and disciplines, typical of History, Conservation and Structural Engineering, a deep knowledge of the technique and the implications of this construction system and a generic judgment of efficacy and modernity are obtained.
In addition, detailed mathematical models, capable of reproducing the experimental tests, have been calibrated and validated, and these are the first step toward a coarse modeling of an entire building, as well as a further contribution to the modeling of other wood-framed masonry systems.
This work also helps to combat the skepticism of those who consider historical construction systems too complex to be framed in modern safety and risk theory.