Zaal Kikvidze | Ivane Javaxishvilis Saxelmwifo Universiteti (original) (raw)
Papers by Zaal Kikvidze
General and Specialist Translation/Interpretation: Theory, Methods, Practice, 2024
In the present paper, we discuss how terms for various plants and medicines are represented in Ma... more In the present paper, we discuss how terms for various plants and medicines are represented in Materials for a Glossary of Foreign Pharmaceuticals of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Compiled by Ėduard Šteber, the book was published in 1902. The glossary consists of two lexicographic parts, the former being a collection of entries arranged in alphabetical order, each of them consisting of Latin terms for plants and medicines accompanied with equivalents from various languages and varieties of the Caucasus and Central Asia, whereas the latter is an alphabetically arranged list of foreign terms for plants and medicines accompanied with respective Latin names. Šteber provides terms and their translations in thirty-six languages and varieties of the Caucasus and Central Asia.
ქართული წყაროთმცოდნეობა // Georgian Source Studies, 2023
ბესარიონ ჯორბენაძეს, 2003
საენათმეცნიერო ძიებანი XLIV, 2023
International Journal of Multilingual Education, 2023
The paper is an attempt to reflect on various aspects of the reversible binomial form of address,... more The paper is an attempt to reflect on various aspects of the reversible binomial form of address, a Georgian equivalent of the English formula for addressing an audience Ladies and Gentlemen. The discussions of its constituent terms within the system of Georgian forms of address, of their etymology and semantic development, of some aspects related to its combinability with other terms lay a foundation for establishing explications of both its individual constituent terms and the reversible binomial form of address (including its both feminine-first and masculine-first variants, the ordering principles of which hardly pertaining to a speaker's gender preferences) based on the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. All of these aspects of the investigation facilitate identification of various, normally both language-and culture-specific peculiarities of the form and terms in point.
ენათმეცნიერების საკითხები Issues of Linguistics, 2022
Специальный и художественный перевод: теория, методология, практика: материалы докладов V Междуна... more Специальный и художественный перевод: теория, методология, практика: материалы докладов V Международной научно-практической конференции 6-7 апреля 2012 г. / под общей ред. А.Г. Гудманяна, С.И. Сидоренко. – Киев: Аграр Медиа Груп, 2012. – 436 с.
Сборник содержит материалы докладов на V Международной научно-практической конференции по актуальным вопросам теории и практики перевода, которая состоялась 6-7 апреля 2012 года в Национальном авиационном университете (г. Киев, Украина).
The paper is a discussion of gender-marked binomials (e.g., husband and wife) in English and Geor... more The paper is a discussion of gender-marked binomials (e.g., husband and wife) in English and Georgian with a view to a variety of possible constraints (phonemic, prosodic, semantic), accounting for their (ir) reversibility, and to biased interpretations as outcomes of what is referred to as the linguistic postulate and derivation thinking. Contrastive analyses of English and Georgian binomials will shed light on causal links between intra-and extra-linguistic interpretations of the phenomenon in point and on the possible positive impact of interference in the English of native Georgian-speakers as far as most of the Georgian gender-marked irreversible binomials are female-preferential.
The paper presents a glossary of sociolinguistic terms formed by means of a -lect. A greater part... more The paper presents a glossary of sociolinguistic terms formed by means of a -lect. A greater part of them were coined in the process of studying language contacts and language variation.
The paper presents the data not supporting the universalizations that, as a result of the males' ... more The paper presents the data not supporting the universalizations that, as a result of the males' age-long dominance, language generally portrays male worldview. A particular language, with its immnanent structure and patterns of usage, can also create some cultural (genderal among them,) paradoxes. The view that language is anti-feminine and it provides a negative semantic space for women cannot be considered universal, as Georgian demonstrates some realia far from androcentric. The essence of the paradox is as follows: firstly, the analyzed data do not support the assumptions that the words for women are semantically derogated lexical units, to a large extent. Therefore, the above-mentioned universalizations cannot be valid. Secondly, the Georgian-speaking commnunity is sexist in the same way as it is in western countries (if not more,), though the language does not allow this sexism to be conceptualized within itself.
The paper provides an adequate notional, terminological and structural/semantic treatment of what... more The paper provides an adequate notional, terminological and structural/semantic treatment of what is referred to as echo words in Georgian.
As far as the English man has been a rather outspoken instance for the sake of illustration of an... more As far as the English man has been a rather outspoken instance for the sake of illustration of androcentric sexist bias, it seems to be a good outset for examining similar lexical items in other languages in terms of representation of genders. Georgian, as a genetically and typologically distinct language, can be a reasonable choice. Irrespective of these background distinctions, the English man and the Georgian k’aci appear to have a lot in common.
It should also be noted that semantically man and k’aci have taken similar historical paths: like its English counterpart, in Old Georgian, k’aci referred to a human in general. Later, with the emergence of the generic term adamiani ‘human being,’ it gradually began to refer to human males, however, not losing its original meaning. The above said is true both with respect of its occurrence as an individual lexeme and its appearance in compound words.
Notwithstanding the co-existence of the meanings, Georgian-speakers do not find any traces of linguistic sexism and androcentric bias in the said practice.
The study exemplifies the data elucidated from lexicographic sources and two Georgian corpora.
In: Il, Elle: Entre Je(u), ed. by Dominique Gay-Sylvestre. Limoges: PULIM - Presses Universitaires de Limoges, 2015: 17-25.
В данной статье предлагается попытка анализа проблемы фонетического иконизма в лексикографических... more В данной статье предлагается попытка анализа проблемы фонетического иконизма в лексикографических трудах. Названную проблему следует обсудить в свете двух важных аспектов: в какой мере он представлен и как он переводится. Следует признаться, что лексикографы, как правило, не очень-то «жалуют» данное языковое
явление своим вниманием. Несмотря на то, что причиной этого является маргинальность фонетически мотивированных лексем в языке, его вряд-ли возможно считать объективным шагом. Что касается второго аспекта (т.е. проблемы их переводимости), их малая представительность в переводных словарях имеет объективное объяснение: их очень трудно переводить. Однако, трудности не означают невозможность. Их старались и стараются переводить. Самыми продуктивными источниками для таких разысканий представляются переводные словари. Что касается лексикографического источника, наш выбор
остановился на «Мингрельско-русском словаре», составленном Иосифом Кипшидзе,
In the studies, aimed at disclosing the logic of the specific character of honorific speech, the ... more In the studies, aimed at disclosing the logic of the specific character of honorific speech, the attention has been mainly focused on extralinguistic factors. Such factors are, of course, relevant; but this does not imply that linguistic means themselves are just an appropriate inventory and nothing else. In this paper we argue that mechanisms and rules, provided by a language, are basic in these cases. This can be highlighted with the study of honorifics and terms of address in Kartvelian languages (here, our discussion is based only on the Georgian and Zan evidence).
Some notes on gender differences in language and communication [in Georgian]
The paper argues that emerging lectal terms in contemporary sociolinguistics form a strictly orde... more The paper argues that emerging lectal terms in contemporary sociolinguistics form a strictly ordered terminological system, making up a semiotic circuit with salient implicational links.
The published glossary includes 53 entries. Some of the lectal terms (forinstance, agoralect, functiolect, hierlect,etc.) are not included owing to the fact that they have not so far gained currency and, therefore, are not compatible with the said semiotic circuit.
General and Specialist Translation/Interpretation: Theory, Methods, Practice, 2024
In the present paper, we discuss how terms for various plants and medicines are represented in Ma... more In the present paper, we discuss how terms for various plants and medicines are represented in Materials for a Glossary of Foreign Pharmaceuticals of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Compiled by Ėduard Šteber, the book was published in 1902. The glossary consists of two lexicographic parts, the former being a collection of entries arranged in alphabetical order, each of them consisting of Latin terms for plants and medicines accompanied with equivalents from various languages and varieties of the Caucasus and Central Asia, whereas the latter is an alphabetically arranged list of foreign terms for plants and medicines accompanied with respective Latin names. Šteber provides terms and their translations in thirty-six languages and varieties of the Caucasus and Central Asia.
ქართული წყაროთმცოდნეობა // Georgian Source Studies, 2023
ბესარიონ ჯორბენაძეს, 2003
საენათმეცნიერო ძიებანი XLIV, 2023
International Journal of Multilingual Education, 2023
The paper is an attempt to reflect on various aspects of the reversible binomial form of address,... more The paper is an attempt to reflect on various aspects of the reversible binomial form of address, a Georgian equivalent of the English formula for addressing an audience Ladies and Gentlemen. The discussions of its constituent terms within the system of Georgian forms of address, of their etymology and semantic development, of some aspects related to its combinability with other terms lay a foundation for establishing explications of both its individual constituent terms and the reversible binomial form of address (including its both feminine-first and masculine-first variants, the ordering principles of which hardly pertaining to a speaker's gender preferences) based on the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. All of these aspects of the investigation facilitate identification of various, normally both language-and culture-specific peculiarities of the form and terms in point.
ენათმეცნიერების საკითხები Issues of Linguistics, 2022
Специальный и художественный перевод: теория, методология, практика: материалы докладов V Междуна... more Специальный и художественный перевод: теория, методология, практика: материалы докладов V Международной научно-практической конференции 6-7 апреля 2012 г. / под общей ред. А.Г. Гудманяна, С.И. Сидоренко. – Киев: Аграр Медиа Груп, 2012. – 436 с.
Сборник содержит материалы докладов на V Международной научно-практической конференции по актуальным вопросам теории и практики перевода, которая состоялась 6-7 апреля 2012 года в Национальном авиационном университете (г. Киев, Украина).
The paper is a discussion of gender-marked binomials (e.g., husband and wife) in English and Geor... more The paper is a discussion of gender-marked binomials (e.g., husband and wife) in English and Georgian with a view to a variety of possible constraints (phonemic, prosodic, semantic), accounting for their (ir) reversibility, and to biased interpretations as outcomes of what is referred to as the linguistic postulate and derivation thinking. Contrastive analyses of English and Georgian binomials will shed light on causal links between intra-and extra-linguistic interpretations of the phenomenon in point and on the possible positive impact of interference in the English of native Georgian-speakers as far as most of the Georgian gender-marked irreversible binomials are female-preferential.
The paper presents a glossary of sociolinguistic terms formed by means of a -lect. A greater part... more The paper presents a glossary of sociolinguistic terms formed by means of a -lect. A greater part of them were coined in the process of studying language contacts and language variation.
The paper presents the data not supporting the universalizations that, as a result of the males' ... more The paper presents the data not supporting the universalizations that, as a result of the males' age-long dominance, language generally portrays male worldview. A particular language, with its immnanent structure and patterns of usage, can also create some cultural (genderal among them,) paradoxes. The view that language is anti-feminine and it provides a negative semantic space for women cannot be considered universal, as Georgian demonstrates some realia far from androcentric. The essence of the paradox is as follows: firstly, the analyzed data do not support the assumptions that the words for women are semantically derogated lexical units, to a large extent. Therefore, the above-mentioned universalizations cannot be valid. Secondly, the Georgian-speaking commnunity is sexist in the same way as it is in western countries (if not more,), though the language does not allow this sexism to be conceptualized within itself.
The paper provides an adequate notional, terminological and structural/semantic treatment of what... more The paper provides an adequate notional, terminological and structural/semantic treatment of what is referred to as echo words in Georgian.
As far as the English man has been a rather outspoken instance for the sake of illustration of an... more As far as the English man has been a rather outspoken instance for the sake of illustration of androcentric sexist bias, it seems to be a good outset for examining similar lexical items in other languages in terms of representation of genders. Georgian, as a genetically and typologically distinct language, can be a reasonable choice. Irrespective of these background distinctions, the English man and the Georgian k’aci appear to have a lot in common.
It should also be noted that semantically man and k’aci have taken similar historical paths: like its English counterpart, in Old Georgian, k’aci referred to a human in general. Later, with the emergence of the generic term adamiani ‘human being,’ it gradually began to refer to human males, however, not losing its original meaning. The above said is true both with respect of its occurrence as an individual lexeme and its appearance in compound words.
Notwithstanding the co-existence of the meanings, Georgian-speakers do not find any traces of linguistic sexism and androcentric bias in the said practice.
The study exemplifies the data elucidated from lexicographic sources and two Georgian corpora.
In: Il, Elle: Entre Je(u), ed. by Dominique Gay-Sylvestre. Limoges: PULIM - Presses Universitaires de Limoges, 2015: 17-25.
В данной статье предлагается попытка анализа проблемы фонетического иконизма в лексикографических... more В данной статье предлагается попытка анализа проблемы фонетического иконизма в лексикографических трудах. Названную проблему следует обсудить в свете двух важных аспектов: в какой мере он представлен и как он переводится. Следует признаться, что лексикографы, как правило, не очень-то «жалуют» данное языковое
явление своим вниманием. Несмотря на то, что причиной этого является маргинальность фонетически мотивированных лексем в языке, его вряд-ли возможно считать объективным шагом. Что касается второго аспекта (т.е. проблемы их переводимости), их малая представительность в переводных словарях имеет объективное объяснение: их очень трудно переводить. Однако, трудности не означают невозможность. Их старались и стараются переводить. Самыми продуктивными источниками для таких разысканий представляются переводные словари. Что касается лексикографического источника, наш выбор
остановился на «Мингрельско-русском словаре», составленном Иосифом Кипшидзе,
In the studies, aimed at disclosing the logic of the specific character of honorific speech, the ... more In the studies, aimed at disclosing the logic of the specific character of honorific speech, the attention has been mainly focused on extralinguistic factors. Such factors are, of course, relevant; but this does not imply that linguistic means themselves are just an appropriate inventory and nothing else. In this paper we argue that mechanisms and rules, provided by a language, are basic in these cases. This can be highlighted with the study of honorifics and terms of address in Kartvelian languages (here, our discussion is based only on the Georgian and Zan evidence).
Some notes on gender differences in language and communication [in Georgian]
The paper argues that emerging lectal terms in contemporary sociolinguistics form a strictly orde... more The paper argues that emerging lectal terms in contemporary sociolinguistics form a strictly ordered terminological system, making up a semiotic circuit with salient implicational links.
The published glossary includes 53 entries. Some of the lectal terms (forinstance, agoralect, functiolect, hierlect,etc.) are not included owing to the fact that they have not so far gained currency and, therefore, are not compatible with the said semiotic circuit.
Kartvelian Linguistic Diversity. October 31-November 1, 2024; Tbilisi, Georgia, 2024
IV საერთაშორისო კონფერენცია ტერმინოლოგია – მემკვიდრეობა და თანამედროვეობა. კონფერენციის მასალები, 2024
Linguistic Intersections of Language and Gender. 20-21 July 2023, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, 2023
სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია, ეძღვნება ბესარიონ ჯორბენაძის ხსოვნას, 2023
GENERAL AND SPECIALIST TRANSLATION/INTERPRETATION: THEORY, METHODS, PRACTICE
ASIAC yearly conference 2022
The renowned German botanist Karl Heinrich Emil Koch (1809-1879) visited the South Caucasus and E... more The renowned German botanist Karl Heinrich Emil Koch (1809-1879) visited the South Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia several times. His trips found comprehensive coverage in his rather substantial books having become sources of valuable information primarily for botanists as well as for historians and ethnographers. So far, linguists have not been attracted by his travelogues. Usually, this might be an outcome of either a deliberate neglect or an absence of relevant information in a source.
In 1843-44, K. Koch undertook his second trip to the region in point. He provided a description of his journey in the book published in 1846. The book is divided into chapters, one of which (Chapter Four) is entitled “Lazistan” (pp. 119-157). It is in this chapter where a linguist comes across interesting data. Leaving the valley of Bulep, after having stayed there for more than planned, the author writes: “Before I leave friendly Bulep, I will give you a list of all the fruits and herbs that the local residents eat or that are used by them for any purpose whatsoever, with the local, mostly Laz names, as they are generally used there” (Koch 1846: 131). What follows is a list of phytonyms (consisting of 42 items) (op. cit.: 131-132). The list is arranged as a set of dictionary entries: a local term (mostly of Laz origin) – its German translation; only two of them are accompanied with their Latin nomenclatures: Liwora – Attich (Sambucus Ebulus L.), and Boia – Kermesbeere (Phytolacca decandra L.) (op. cit.: 132).
Naturally enough, Koch’s lexical specimina are valuable for the history of studies of Laz as the most under-resourced among the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) languages. There are only three resources that chronologically precede Koch’s one: by Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro (1787), by Julius Heinrich von Klaproth (1823), and by Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Rosen (1844).
It should also be noted that K. Koch’s list of phytonyms is the most representative than those of his aforementioned predecessors, even that of G. Rosen who accompanied him during his journey to Eastern Anatolia.
III საერთაშორისო კონფერენცია "ტერმინოლოგია - მემკვიდრეობა და თანამედროვეობა" // 3rd International Conference "Terminology - Heritage and Modernity", 2022
ენათმეცნიერ-კავკასიოლოგთა VI საერთაშორისო სიმპოზიუმი, 2021
Linguistics Beyond and Within: Hierarchies, boundaries and continua in linguistics; 14–15 October 2021; Book of Abstracts
მეორე ენის სწავლა/სწავლება მულტილიგვური განათლების კონტექსტში Second Language Teaching Acquisition in the Context of Multilingual Education, 2021
INAR6: Address and Politeness, 2021
The paper addresses the etymology, development and use of the Georgian equivalent of Ladies and G... more The paper addresses the etymology, development and use of the Georgian equivalent of Ladies and Gentlemen (kalbat’on.eb.o da bat’on.eb.o [lady.PL.VOC and gentleman.PL.VOC]).
As for its etymology, initially I should target the Latin patron-us which was borrowed by Georgian through Megrelian, its sister language. The Megrelian p’at’on.i (the /r/ was deleted due to the phonotactic incompatibility of the /t’r/ in Megrelian) entered Georgian and, as a result of dissimilative voicing (p’>b), became bat’on.i. Initially, as an equivalent of the Palaeologan δεσπότης, it was used as a title to refer (bat’on.i [lord.NOM]) to and address (bat’on.o [lord.VOC]) kings and princes (the meaning persists in present-day Georgian). Later, it became a generic (gender-inclusive) term used to address superiors and strangers of both genders.
As a result of the influence of European languages (specifically, of mixed-gender binomial terms like Ladies and gentlemen), its feminine counterpart was coined (kalbat’on-o [lady.VOC]).
The 19th century saw the parallel use of the following three versions:
(1) bat’on[.eb].o
gentleman[.PL].VOC
(2) bat’on.eb.o da kalbat’on.eb.o
gentleman.PL.VOC and lady.PL.VOC
(3) kalbat’on.eb.o da bat’on.eb.o
lady.PL.VOC and gentleman.PL.VOC
In the early 20th century, the use of (1) was diminished and (2) and (3) became dominant. The queries in the Georgian National corpus yielded the following results: (2) – 109, (3) – 225. Actually, they are a single mixed-gender address term used as a reversible binomial. The ordering principles hardly pertain to a speaker’s gender preferences; more obviously, (2) is an instance when so called Panini’s Law (a shorter constituent precedes a longer one) is in effect: bat’on.eb.o has four syllables, while kalbat’on.eb.o has five. As for (3), it just follows the most widespread ordering convention in similar mixed-gender binomials of address.
Based on some previous work on address in Georgian (Braun 1988; Kikvidze & Tchantouria 2003), the paper will focus both the binomial term and its individual constituents with special reference to their combinability with pronominal and verb forms of address, and, based on the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach (Wierzbicka 2015), it will investigate their meanings and uses in a cross-linguistic perspective.
References
Braun, F. (1988). Terms of Address. Problems of Pattern and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Kikvidze, Z. & Tchantouria, R. (2003). Joint parameterization of honorifics and terms of address in Kartvelian languages. In De Jongh, D., Zeevat, H., Nilsenová, M. (eds.). Proceedings of the 3rd and 4th International Symposium on Language, Logic and Computation. Amsterdam: ILLC Scientific Publications; 53-57.
Wierzbicka, A. (2015). A whole cloud of culture condensed in a drop of semantics: The meaning of the German word Herr as a term of address. International Journal of Language and Culture 2/1: 1-37.
II საერთაშორისო კონფერენცია „ტერმინოლოგია - მემკვიდრეობა და თანამედროვეობა“ (14-15 ნოემბერი, 2020; თბილისი, საქართველო) II International Conference “Terminology – Heritage and Modernity” (November 14-15, 2020; Tbilisi, Georgia), 2020
Book of Abstracts 10th International Research Conference on Education, Language and Literature, 2020
Laz lexical data from English-Laz (19th c.) and Laz-English (21st c.) lexicographic sources Zaa... more Laz lexical data from English-Laz (19th c.) and Laz-English (21st c.) lexicographic sources
Zaal Kikvidze
International Black Sea University, Georgia
Levan Pachulia
Sukhumi State University, Georgia
The paper presents a systematic discussion of the Laz lexical data extracted from the three English-Laz and Laz-English lexicographic sources published in the late 19th and early 21st centuries: 1. Peacock, D. R. 1887. Original Vocabularies of Five West Caucasian Languages. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 19/1: 145-156; 2. Amse-de Jong, T. H. 2004. Laz-English Dictionary. Feudenstadt: Kaukasus-Verlag; 3. Kurdadze, R., Shonia, D., Tandilava, L., Nizharadze, L. 2015. Georgian-Megrelian-Laz-Svan-English Dictionary. Tbilisi: Petiti, 2015.
Lexical items and their translations from the aforementioned sources are compared taking D. R. Peacock’s dataset as a point of departure.
The present paper is part of a series of our joint publications on the history of English-Caucasian lexicography mostly based on D. R. Peacock’s and G. Ellis’s lexicographic collections.
General and Specialist Translation / Interpretation: Theory, Methods, Practice 13th International Conference April 3-4, 2020 Kyiv
General and Specialist Translation / Interpretation: Theory, Methods, Practice
კავკასიოლოგთა V საერთაშორისო კონგრესი // V International Congress of Caucasologists, 2019
წინამდებარე მოხსენება ეხება 1887 წელს „სამეფო სააზიო საზოგადოების ჟურნალში“ გამოქვეყნებულ ლექს... more წინამდებარე მოხსენება ეხება 1887 წელს „სამეფო სააზიო საზოგადოების ჟურნალში“ გამოქვეყნებულ ლექსიკოგრაფიულ ნაშრომს „ხუთი დასავლეთ კავკასიური ენის ორიგინალური ლექსიკა“, რომლის ავტორიც გახლავთ დემეტრიუს რუდოლფ პიკოკი.
მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ აღნიშნული რესურსი სხვადასხვა დროს არაერთ ავტორთანაა ნახსენები (ო. უორდროპი, ი. ყიფშიძე, ნ. ორლოვსკაია, მ. ოძელი, რ. ლაკრუა, ქ. გენებაშვილი, ი. ჩანტლაძე, ზ. კიკვიძე, ლ. ფაჩულია ...), მაინც არ არის ხელმისაწვდომი საკმაო ინფორმაცია როგორც ამ ნაშრომის, ისე მისი ავტორის შესახებ. ჩვენ ვეცდებით ზოგიერთი ამ ხარვეზის აღმოფხვრას.
დემეტრიუს რუდოლფ პიკოკი დაიბადა 1841 წლის 26 სექტემბერს რუსეთში, ტამბოვის გუბერნიაში ინგლისიდან სამუშაოდ გადაბარგებული ლანკაშირელი ფერმერის ოჯახში. მან განათლება მიიღო ინგლისსა და რუსეთში. 1881-1891 წლებში იგი გახლდათ დიდი ბრიტანეთის ვიცეკონსული ბათუმში. სხვადასხვა წყაროს ცნობით, მან იცოდა კავკასიაში გავრცელებული რამდენიმე ენა; გადმოცემის მიხედვით, მის კალამს ეკუთვნის წიგნი კავკასიის შესახებ, რომელიც არ გამოქვეყნებულა და რომლის ხელნაწერის ასავალ-დასავალი ამ დროისათვის უცნობია.
სამაგიეროდ ჩვენამდე მოაღწია ზემოხსენებულმა ლექსიკოგრაფიულმა რესურსმა, რომელიც დაბეჭდილია „სამეფო სააზიო საზოგადოების ჟურნალის“ 1887 წლის მე-19 ტომის 1-ელ ნომერში; იგი მოიცავს 12 გვერდს (145-156). ლექსიკოგრაფიულ მასალას წინ უძღვის სამეფო სააზიო საზოგადოების სწავლული მდივნის რ. ნ. კასტის შენიშვნა, საიდანაც ვგებულობთ, რომ სწორედ მას შეუგულიანებია დ. რ. პიკოკი ამ ლექსიკონის შესადგენად, მასვე მიუწოდებია სიტყვანი; იგი წერს: „როდესაც ვესტუმრე ტრანსკავკასიას 1882 წელს კავკასიის ენების შესახებ ინფორმაციის შეკრების მიზნით [...], ჩემთვის ცხადი გახდა არსებული სიტყვანების სიმწირე და ვუთხარი ეს ბატონ პიკოკს [...], ვისაც გარკვეული დროით უცხოვრია ფოთში და მოვლილი ჰქონდა ისეთი მხარეები, რომელთაც იშვიათად თუ ესტუმრებოდა ვინმე“. აქვეა დართული „სიტყვებისა და წინადადებების სიის შედგენის ინსტრუქცია,“ რომელიც შეუმუშავებიათ ბენგალიის სააზიო საზოგადოებაში.
საკუთრივ ლექსიკოგრაფიული ნაწილი შეიცავს 224 სალექსიკონო სტატიას; მათ შორისაა 99 სიტყვა (სხვადასხვა მეტყველების ნაწილი და ლექსიკო-სემანტიკური ჯგუფი), 103 სიტყვათფორმა და 22 წინადადება. მეთაური სიტყვები ინგლისურ ენაზეა მოცემული, რომლებსაც ახლავს ქართული, მეგრული, ლაზური, სვანური და აფხაზური შესატყვისები. უნდა აღინიშნოს, რომ ყველა სალექსიკონო ერთეული არ არის სრულად წარმოდგენილი: გვაქვს არაერთი „ცარიელი უჯრა.“ აღნიშნული ეხება არა ლექსემებს, არამედ სიტყვათფორმებსა და წინადადებებს.
ქართული, მეგრული, ლაზური, სვანური და აფხაზური ენობრივი მასალა გადმოცემულია ლათინური ანბანით, რიხარდ ლეპსიუსის მიერ შემუშავებული ტრანსლიტერაციის წესებით, რაც აშკარად არასაკმარისია კავკასიური ენების ფონემატური თავისებურებების ადეკვატური რეპრეზენტაციისათვის.
გარდა ზემოხსენებული „ცარიელი უჯრებისა“ და არასრულფასოვანი ტრანსლიტერაციისა, ყურადღებას იქცევს არაერთი არაადეკვატური თარგმანიც. მიუხედავად აღნიშნული ხარვეზებისა, ჩვენ მიერ განხილული ნაშრომი ფასეულ წყაროს წარმოადგენს იბერიულ-კავკასიური ენების შესწავლის ისტორიისათვის. მნიშვნელოვანია ის გარემოებაც, რომ პ. რ. პიკოკის ლექსიკოგრაფიული რესურსი არ წარმოადგენს ი. ა. გიულდენშტედტისა და პ. ს. პალასის ხაზის გაგრძელებას ან მიბაძვას; არანაირი ნიშანი არ არსებობს იმისა, რომ იგი იცნობდა მათს ნაშრომებს. მეორე მხრივ, იგი შესრულებულია ლაიბნიცისეული პარადიგმის ფარგლებში, რაც ითვალისწინებდა სხვადასხვა ენის სიტყვანების შედგენასა და მათს თარგმნას.
Challenges of Foreign Language Teaching IX: Voices of Creativity and Reason in ELT (October 17-18, 2019; Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic)
Prior to D. R. Peacock: Notes on the earliest English-Megrelian lexicographic resource
The paper is a discussion of the Megrelian data contained in George Ellis’s book Memoir of a Map ... more The paper is a discussion of the Megrelian data contained in George Ellis’s book Memoir of a Map of the Countries Comprehended Between the Black Sea and the Caspian; with an Account of the Caucasian Nations, and Vocabularies of Their Languages (1788). The final part of the book presents specimens of the Caucasian languages, including those belonging to the Kartvelian branch. There are 128 entries. The resource is organized in the following way: the leftmost column displays headwords in English, followed by translations into
Georgian, Megrelian, and Svan. The latter two (Megrelian and Svan) segments are deficient: not all of them contain translations into all the three languages. There are 62 entries with Megrelian equivalents. Detected spelling and/or transliteration errors and translation inadequacies
may seem abundant for a sample consisting of only 62 entries; however, G. Ellis’s lexicographic resource should be valued for adequate representations of Megrelian linguistic data and for being the earliest work in the history of English-Megrelian lexicography.
![Research paper thumbnail of ექოსებრი რედუპლიკაციის სამი ტიპი მეგრულში [Three Types of Echo Reduplication in Megrelian]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57984185/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](V International Symposium of Linguist-Caucasologists: The problems of parts of speech in Ibero-Caucasian Languages. Proceedings, 2018
Levan Pachulia Sukhumi State University, Georgia Zaal Kikvidze Institute of Linguistics, TSU, Geo... more Levan Pachulia
Sukhumi State University, Georgia
Zaal Kikvidze
Institute of Linguistics, TSU, Georgia
Three Types of Echo Reduplication in Megrelian
Based the classification of Georgian echo-pairs (Kikvidze 2017) and on available empirical data, we identified three types of echo reduplication in Megrelian:
Type 1: Turkish-like m-reduplication (mühleme)
• direction: from left to right
• the m- is either added onto an onset or replaces an initial consonant
• a base is a free form and a reduplicant is a bound form
• a resulting entity is the simulative plural
čin č’a-minč’a Wren and the like
t’ura-mura Jackal and the like
xača-mača Rabble
txozini-mozini To chase and the like
Type 1 presents definitely a contact-induced phenomenon. Megrelian is among numerous languages exhibiting it. “A cursory look at languages in the neighborhood of Turkish (including former possessions of the Ottoman empire) reveals that patterns which closely resemble mühleme can be found to the south, east, north and west, in languages for which relatively close contacts with Turkish are almost self-evident or historically well documented” (Stolz 2008: 116).
Type 2: Initial C/cluster deletion
• direction: from right to left
• a consonant or a consonant cluster is detached from the base and thus added to it as a reduplicant from its left side
• a base is free a form and a reduplicant is a bound form
• a resulting entity is an extension of a notional domain
aza-k’vaza Neat, strutting
ala-čala Rabble
aʒga-baʒga Tousled (hair)
aǯga-baǯga Sprawling out (legs)
Judging from the formal and semantic dimensions, it can hardly be assumed as a contact-induced phenomenon.
Type 3: Fossilized echo-pairs
• direction: undetermined
• a base (?) and a reduplicant (?) are both bound forms
• frequently, the meanings of such echo-pair words cannot be explicitly defined
ak’ak’e-bak’ak’e Glossolalia
ala-bala Here and there
oša-goša Sometimes
elesia-melesia Magic words
As far as the echo formations of Type 3 cannot be glossed, it is impossible to establish which of the constituents is a base and a reduplicant (thus, both of them are bound forms), hence, a direction of copying. This may be due either to the fact that they are borrowed echo-pairs or to the loss of the meaning of the base through time.
The present classification can be applied as a tentative framework for the description of echo-pairs in coterritorial and neighbouring languages either cognate or not.
References
Kikvidze, Z. 2017. Constructing Ad Hoc Categories in Georgian: Three Types of Echo-word Formations. Paper presented at the International Conference Building Categories in Interaction: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Categorization (October 19-20, 2018; University of Bologna, Italy).
Stolz, T. 2008. Total reduplication vs. echo-word formation in language contact situations. Language Contact and Contact Languages, ed by P. Siemund & N. Kintana. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins; pp. 107-132.
Written by the Georgian linguists Zaal Kikvidze and Levan Pachulia, the present book deals with t... more Written by the Georgian linguists Zaal Kikvidze and Levan Pachulia, the present book deals with the English-Caucasian lexicographic heritage left by the two British diplomats George Ellis (1753-1815) and Demetrius Rudolph Peacock (1842-1892). It offers a critical discussion of various aspects of the aforementioned work; besides, it provides abundant information about the lives and activities of the British authors. Part Three of the book is a collection of the originals of the works in point and of some essentially associated publications
Ტერმინოლოგიის პოლიტიკის სახელმძღვანელო: ტერმინოლოგიის პოლიტიკის შემუშავება და ენობრივ საზოგადოებაში დანერგვა, 2022
The Georgian translation of Guidelines for Terminology Policies. Formulating and implementing ter... more The Georgian translation of Guidelines for Terminology Policies. Formulating and implementing terminology policy in language communities / prepared by Infoterm. – Paris: UNESCO, 2005.
თბილისი: ბესარიონ ჯორბენაძის საზოგადოება Tbilisi: Besarion Jorbenadze Society
The present book is a collection of ten essays in sociolinguistics. Earlier versions of the essay... more The present book is a collection of ten essays in sociolinguistics. Earlier versions of the essays either appeared as scholarly publications or were presented at various conferences and symposia. The book contains their revised and expanded versions. The essays, included in the book, address current issues in sociolinguistics.
The present monograph was written within the framework of the project Phonosemantic Vocabulary in... more The present monograph was written within the framework of the project Phonosemantic
Vocabulary in Kartvelian Languages (Structure, Semantics, Pragmatics) (No 31/20) funded by
Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation in 2013-2016; the project was implemented at the
Institute of Linguistic Research (specifically, Research Group of Kartvelian Languages), Ilia State
University.
Success of the project proposal was due to a number of factors:
1. Phonetic symbolism and onomatopoeia, as rather significant linguistic phenomena in
Kartvelian languages, was not systematically described and analyzed by scholars; moreover, it was
not studied at all in Svan and Laz; however, these phenomena always attracted scholarly interest,
and this is well attested with occasionally published papers.
2. Notwithstanding the fact that phonosymbolic and onomatopoeic items are parts of actual
language, most of them were not considered “full-fledged members” of the lexicon. Their inclusion
in dictionaries were a disputable issue. Recently published dictionaries (Svan – A. Liparteliani’s
dictionary, Megrelian – O. Kajaia’s and A. Kobalia’s dictionaries, Laz – A. Tandilava’s dictionary,
Georgian Dialect Corpus and dialect dictionaries: http://www.corpora.co), providing a more
comprehensive description of the items in point, stated the necessity of the scholarly study of the
phenomenon in question, on the one hand, and facilitated its complete research.
The present book Phonosemantic Vocabulary in Kartvelian Languages provides analyses of a
number of significant linguistic problems associated with phonosemantics (as a linguistic process)
and phonosemantic vocabulary (as outcome of the process).
