A K M Shafiul Kadir | University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh (original) (raw)

Publications by A K M Shafiul Kadir

Oral cavity harbors large varieties of microorganisms. Some of them are commensals, and others ar... more Oral cavity harbors large varieties of microorganisms. Some of them are commensals, and others are pathogens. The oral microbial community has a microbial synergism in which some microorganisms play a vital role in creating an environment for the growth and proliferation of other microorganisms that can initiate various oral diseases. Oral hygiene procedures, including regular mouth rinsing and the use of antimicrobial agents in the form of antibiotics administered systemically or for local use, is widespread in dental practice. A non-judicious use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has led to the development of antimicrobial resistance in a wide variety of microorganisms. Its consequence is the ineffectiveness of commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents. The need for natural antimicrobial agents is on the rise. Natural antimicrobial agents have various bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties. This review paper describes the impact of various synthetic and natural antimicrobial agents on the oral microbiome. It lays out basic framework of treating oral microbial dysbiosis.

Introduction and importance: Radiation recall dermatitis (RRD) is a localized drug-induced inflam... more Introduction and importance: Radiation recall dermatitis (RRD) is a localized drug-induced inflammatory skin reaction occurring exclusively in a previously irradiated site months to years after discontinuation of ionizing radiation. The symptoms of RRD can range from mild redness to extensive dermatitis. Antineoplastic drugs such as doxorubicin, docetaxel, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine are most commonly associated with radiation recall reactions. These reactions can also occur with antibiotics and anti-tubercular drugs.
Case presentation: A 38-years-old woman with hormone receptor-negative, HER2-positive inflammatory breast cancer (right), clinical stage cT4dN1Mx, received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with AC > TH protocol at 3 weeks intervals (Anthracycline-Doxorubicin plus Cyclophosphamide X 4 cycles, then docetaxel plus Trastuzumab X 4 cycles) followed by modified radical mastectomy followed by adjuvant locoregional radiotherapy. She received the 5th cycle and 6th cycle trastuzumab monotherapy just before the start of surgery and radiotherapy, respectively. After 1 month of completion of radiotherapy, during her seventh cycle of Trastuzumab monotherapy, she developed mild edema with erythematous change over the previously irradiated area with fever. A skin biopsy was taken to exclude any recurrence; however, no evidence of malignancy was found.
Clinical discussion: We diagnosed it as a case of RRD. We managed her conservatively. Later, she was rechallenged with the same dose in subsequent cycles with systemic steroid coverage, which she tolerated very well, except for the reappearance of mild erythema following each cycle of maintenance dose of Trastuzumab.
Conclusion: Radiation recall dermatitis is an extremely rare phenomenon; hence, an acquaintance of clinicians with this rare entity is essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate management.

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, but potentially fatal mucocutaneous reaction, that ma... more Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, but potentially fatal mucocutaneous reaction, that may occur due to an immunologic response to certain medications. However, TEN triggered by Trastuzumab is extremely rare. Early diagnosis, recognition, and prompt cessation of the offending drugs and initiation of steroid therapy with supportive management are the most important actions for managing TEN. Although rare, it is important to be vigilant about this potential adverse reactions associated with trastuzumab to ensure patient safety and contribute to better outcomes.

Marburg virus is a deadly and contagious virus that has already become an outbreak in several cou... more Marburg virus is a deadly and contagious virus that has already become an outbreak in several countries. This letter evaluates the preparedness of South Asian countries for a potential outbreak of the virus, and link it with public health framework, laboratory capacity, surveillance and response system, policy and guideline, and public awareness. It is indicated that the level of preparedness for Marburg virus and other similar diseases in South Asian countries is inadequate, with most countries lacking the necessary framework, policies, and guidelines for effective deterrence and restraint of infectious diseases. There is an urgent need for action to strengthen preparedness and response efforts in the region, including the development of comprehensive policies and guidelines, collaboration between different agencies and departments, and increased public awareness of infectious diseases.

One of the main bacteria for caries formation is Streptococcus mutans. It is gram positive cocci... more One of the main bacteria for caries formation is Streptococcus mutans. It is gram positive cocci, encapsulated and produces acid which is responsible for tooth decay. Medicinal plants are found to be beneficial for treatment and prevention of various diseases from ancient times. The present review focuses on various common medicinal plants available for the prevention and treatment of tooth decay caused by Streptococcus mutans.

Background: The effects of modernization of lifestyle have led to a dramatic increase in the prev... more Background: The effects of modernization of lifestyle have led to a dramatic increase in the prevalence of diabetes globally with very high rates in developing nations, particularly in Asia and the Pacific. The study
was designed to show the link between lifestyle factors and having Diabetes Mellitus.
Methodology : A cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 205 slum dwellers in Dhaka city, Bangladesh to assess lifestyle and its relation with diabetes mellitus. Respondents were interviewed by the
pretested questionnaire. Proportion was presented by frequency and cross tabulation analysis. Associotion were analyzed by using Pearson’s chi-square (χ2) test.
Result: A statistically significant association is found between family history and having DM (p=0.12), where it is seen family history is a prominent risk factor of DM. Age group (p=0.00) and monthly family
income (p=0.00) has a greater influence on having diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, respondents aged 39 - 50 years had a higher prevalence of diabetes. It was also seen that the prevalence of diabetes was significantly much higher among subjects of high-income families, while Physical activity (p=.002) and timely taking meal (p=0.00) greatly affect the diabetic curve. Moreover, smokers and alcohol consumers were more likely to develop diabetes mellitus in the community.
Conclusion:This study suggests that improving quality of life, dietary habit, health awareness through public health promotional education, mass media campaigns and treatment strategies are urgently needed to prevent the growing burden associated with diabetes.

Nanotechnology has been becoming one of the most extensively used technologies in various fields ... more Nanotechnology has been becoming one of the most extensively used technologies in various fields of science, particularly biomedicine and bioengineering for the last two decades. The increased use of innocuous and biologically safe biomolecules to build optimized biocompatible nanomaterials has aided nanomaterial applications in the biomedical field to a considerable extent. Metallic nanoparticles take the lead among the various nanomaterials that have been developed due to their superior traits such as chemical stability, biocompatibility, and other physicochemical and biological characteristics. Metallic nanoparticles are synthesized using several techniques. However, chemical reduction is the most frequent way of synthesizing metallic nanoparticles because it is scalable, straightforward, affordable, and generates uniform-sized particles. Furthermore, the green synthesis approach to nanoparticle synthesis has recently gained popularity because of its non-toxic nature, low cost, resilience, and environmental friendliness. Various plants, animals and microorganisms have been used as potential sources for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Metallic nanoparticles can exist as monometallic nanoparticles such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), iron (Fe2O3), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), or as alloys of two or more metals such as copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), nickel oxide (NiO), magnesium oxide (MgO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) cerium dioxide (CeO2), silica (SiO2), iron-cobalt (Fe-Co) and iron platinum (Fe-Pt). Metallic nanoparticles have a wide range of applications, including drug delivery-antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, thrombolytic agents, gene delivery, and diagnostic-cell labelling, bioimaging, biosensors, etc. The proposed chapter concentrates on the various synthesis methods of metallic nanoparticles, biomedical applications as therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents (theranostic agents), possible cytotoxic effects, and their future perspectives.

Zoonotic viral infection is a major public health concern affecting all the Countries. Monkeypox ... more Zoonotic viral infection is a major public health concern affecting all the Countries. Monkeypox is currently spreading throughout the world, mainly among the MSM community. Although monkeypox has not yet affected Bangladesh, it may do so in the future due to sexual intercourse among the MSM community and cross-border relations with infected regions. Evidence of rapid increases in STDs among sex workers, the MSM community, and drug users imposes a potential risk of sexual transmission of monkeypox in Bangladesh. A multidisciplinary and integrated strategy and international collaboration are necessary for the cost-effective prevention and control of monkeypox in Bangladesh.

Amidst the aftermath of the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, global health sys... more Amidst the aftermath of the unprecedented challenges of the
COVID-19 pandemic, global health systems remain poised to
tackle emerging diseases. Among these, dengue fever has emerged
as a persistent concern in Southeast Asia, with Bangladesh at the
forefront. Since its initial outbreak in 2000, dengue has followed
the typical epidemic trajectory, marked by increasingly frequent
and expansive outbreaks that have spread across Bangladesh. With
nearly a quarter-century of dengue outbreaks in Bangladesh, the
disease has undoubtedly become an emerging outbreak of the
decade. Dengue, caused by the dengue virus (DENV) and primarily
transmitted through Aides mosquitoes, affects millions worldwide
annually. Most cases are mild, but severe dengue poses lifethreatening risks. Bangladesh faces a persistent dengue burden due
to urbanization, climate change, and high population density. An
escalating outbreak in 2023 necessitates urgent action. Dhaka city
is the epicenter, with around 80% of deaths and 64.5% of
hospitalizations nationally. The government has designated 63
medical facilities to manage cases, including specialized Dengue
cells. Efforts to control dengue vectors continue, but the unique
climate supports transmission. Public awareness and preventive
strategies are crucial. Dhaka city's vulnerability emphasizes precise
interventions. Dengue's economic impact strains healthcare and
households. Coordinated efforts are vital to combat dengue in
Bangladesh and globally. The World Health Organization (WHO)
plays a pivotal role in providing support and strategies for effective
management and control.

This chapter explores the role of innovative vaccines in combating emerging infectious diseases (... more This chapter explores the role of innovative vaccines in combating emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). The rapid evolution of these diseases presents significant global health challenges, necessitating urgent investment in state-of-the-art vaccines. The chapter emphasizes the importance of proactive measures to mitigate these threats, contributing to improved healthcare and global public health. It provides a comprehensive overview of recent vaccine advancements, highlights the urgency of cutting-edge vaccines, and examines emerging vaccine technologies. It also presents case studies demonstrating vaccine impact and discusses strategies for proactive containment of EIDs. Technological advancements, such as mRNA and viral vector platforms, are explored, showcasing their potential to revolutionize vaccine production and response times. It outlines proactive strategies for EID containment, emphasizing the importance of research initiatives, global collaboration, and preparedness.

The chapter explores the transformative potential of nanomedicine in revolutionizing drug deliver... more The chapter explores the transformative potential of nanomedicine in revolutionizing drug delivery. Nanomedicine, combining nanotechnology and medicine, offers innovative solutions for healthcare. It delves into advancements enabling targeted and controlled release of therapeutics, improving treatment efficacy while reducing side effects. Beginning with an introduction to nanomedicine’s applications, it discusses recent breakthroughs such as nanoparticle-based delivery systems and targeted therapy nanocarriers. Real-world case studies illustrate nanomedicine’s efficacy across various diseases. Addressing challenges in translation to clinical practice, including safety and regulatory hurdles, it emphasizes collaborative efforts among stakeholders. Looking forward, ongoing research for safer and more efficient drug delivery systems is highlighted, stressing the need for continued innovation. The chapter aligns with the book’s theme of showcasing cutting-edge biomedical developments to improve healthcare.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory process, initiated by the plaque biofilm that leads to loss of p... more Periodontitis is an inflammatory process, initiated by the plaque biofilm that leads to loss of periodontal attachment to the root surface and adjacent alveolar bone and gradually results in tooth loss. Periodontal pathogens can induce reactive oxygen species overproduction and thus may cause collagen and periodontal cell breakdown. Reactive oxygen species and free radicals are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders by increasing oxidative stress at the tissue and cellular level. Oxidative stress arises within tissues when the normal balance between reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant defense is altered and excess of reactive oxygen species and/or a depletion of antioxidants occur. When reactive oxygen species are scavenged by antioxidants, there can be a reduction of collagen degradation. Various forms of antioxidants have been introduced as an approach to fight dental diseases and improve general gingival health. Coenzyme Q...

Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series, Mar 18, 2022

The diverse nature of chemotherapeutic agents obtained from natural compounds has led to the unco... more The diverse nature of chemotherapeutic agents obtained from natural compounds has led to the uncovering of several novel anti-cancer mechanisms, which are crucial for their spectrum of activity. Alkaloids are a class of organic compounds that have contributed to developing drugs used to treat a wide array of illnesses. Several alkaloids extracted from natural sources have demonstrated anti-cancer properties against various types of cancer when tested using cell culture, preclinical, and clinical studies. Chemotherapeutic compounds obtained and synthesized from natural sources of alkaloids might be the best possible solution for reducing the harmful side effects of currently utilized anti-cancer products. The chapter provides a thorough and critical assessment of naturally occurring alkaloids with anti-cancer properties and an overview of some of the alkaloid-containing natural compounds that have demonstrated significant anti-proliferative activity and progressed to preclinical and/or clinical trials in the context of future drug development for cancer therapy.

The phrase "suicidal behavior" is frequently used to describe actions related to suicide, whether... more The phrase "suicidal behavior" is frequently used to describe actions related to suicide, whether fatal or not. Suicidal conduct, including suicidal thinking, planning, and attempts, is nonfatal suicidal behavior [1]. With 2584 suicides officially recorded in 2021 [2], Bangladesh, the eighth-most populated nation in the world, has seen an alarming rise in suicide mortality. In 2020, the suicide rate in Bangladesh was 3.85 per 100,000, ranking #153 in the world. The latest WHO figures show 5998 suicide fatalities, 0.84% of all deaths, and the suicide rate for 2019 increased from 2.78% in 2018 to 3.70% in 2019 [3]. In low-and middle-income nations, where suicidal behavior is still understudied, roughly four out of every five suicides worldwide occur, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) report [3]. The study then finds that most teenage suicidal behavior in Bangladesh is primarily brought on by several important causes, including stress, mental illness, unemployment, relationship issues, academic expectations, and inadequate educational systems. As a result, it primarily impacts those harmed pupils while concurrently causing misery for others. The main contributors to suicide attempts include young people's pessimism, drug abuse, childhood trauma, and previous attempts and contemplation [4]. Modern life makes individuals often lead a hectic life and do not prioritize spending time with friends and family [5]. That often makes people feel lonely. Social and religious considerations still shape the diagnosis and reporting of suicides, and families often conceal the fundamental nature of the action out of concern for police harassment and societal embarrassment. However, many industrialized countries do not view it as a crime. Since therapy is more expensive for those who require intensive mental health care, they must consider their options carefully. The number of people who experience depression may decrease with early identification, screening, and therapy, leading to decreasing the suicide rates. The population needs significantly more mental health care than is being provided. Modern electronic services will substantially aid in ensuring that patients obtain upper-edge counseling and psychological assistance while protecting their privacy and lowering expenses, which are not currently accessible in Bangladesh. In that case, the government urges citizens to adopt a comprehensive strategy to lessen the suicide-related burden in Bangladesh and to categorize it as a public health concern. The internet and social media are readily available tools for spreading messages about reducing suicide rates, disseminating knowledge about depression, and increasing mental health awareness. Therefore, we recommend that Bangladeshi psychologists and psychiatrists should contribute to accurate medical content on social media all over Bangladesh. Also, they should raise the awareness of their patients and their relatives about suicide aspects. Additionally, social media activists and public figures can share the accurate medical content, provided by psychologists and psychiatrists to help spread on a wide scale.

Monkeys and Monkeypox: Are we on the brink of another stigma? 1. Historical background The most r... more Monkeys and Monkeypox: Are we on the brink of another stigma? 1. Historical background The most recent multi-country outbreak is monkeypox (MPX) which has infected 45618 confirmed cases in 95 countries worldwide, as of August 25, 2022 [1]. In this regard, MPX was declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO), as of July 23, 2022 [2]. MPX is a zoonotic disease, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) which is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae [3]. In 1958, the MPXV was found in a colony of monkeys in Copenhagen of Denmark [3]. In 1970, the first patient with MPX was identified in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Since 1970, human MPX cases have been reported in 11 African countries.

Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not come to the end, monkeypox (MPX... more Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not come to the end, monkeypox (MPX) multi-country outbreak, a zoonotic viral disease, is now spreading worldwide [1]. MPX has infected total 62,406 confirmed cases, 61,827 of them have occurred in places without historical records of MPX across total 104 places, 97 of them have not reported MPX historically [2]. Given this quick spread, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared MPX as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on July 23, 2022 [3]. MPX is caused by a double-strand DNA virus, called monkeypox virus (MPXV) which could transmit from animal species to human. MPXis caused by a double-strand DNA virus called monkeypox virus (MPXV), which could transmit from animal species to humans. It is possible for an animal to transmit disease to a human through bites, scratches, the cooking of animals for food, or, directly and indirectly, contact with bodily secretions or lesion components [4]. Human-to-human transmission mostly happens when biological fluids like blood, pus, or fluid from skin lesions physically interact with one another's lesion surfaces [5]. Breathing-related droplets may only travel a short distance; therefore, extended face-to-face contact is necessary to avoid direct transmission [4]. In addition to direct contact with bodily fluids like coughing up saliva or lesion material, contamination of clothes can also result in indirect contact with the lesion component. While there is varying evidence of sexual transmission in the continuing non-endemic areas, most cases have been documented among males who have sex with men [6]. Congenital MPX can be transmitted via the placenta from the mother to the fetus and contact both at labor and afterward. Despite lower rates of infectious diseases, South Asia still has twentyfive percent of the global totals and is responsible for a significant portion of the worldwide burden. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were two influenza pandemics are another example of how research history supports the claim that in the South region, the ideologies of endemic, increase in chronic, and pandemic diseases intermingled, giving rise to new conceptions of shared risk and "cooperative citizenship." [7]. The problems posed by infectious diseases, such as TB, HIV, and malaria, have been exacerbated by new and developing dangers, including dengue, chikungunya, illnesses linked to healthcare, and antibiotic resistance [8]. These new and returning infectious disease threats pose a risk of economic disruption and potentially significant misery and numbers of deaths in south Asia. Information obtained from the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Center in the UK, which revealed approximately one-third of patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units, were from the ethnic group of Blacks, Asians, and Minorities, provided evidence in support of the belief that individuals of South Asian descent may be more likely to experience adverse outcomes [9]. Five out of the ten nations have a lower density of healthcare workers than what the WHO considers being an appropriate level. There are also very few healthcare

Key Heterocyclic Cores for Smart Anticancer Drug–Design Part I, 2022

The variety of natural compounds is indispensable due to their mechanism of action. For many yea... more The variety of natural compounds is indispensable due to their mechanism of action. For many years, natural compounds have been used to develop new classes of chemotherapeutic agents. Chemotherapeutic agents derived and synthesised from
natural sources could be the best possible alternatives to minimise the harmful after-effects of conventionally used agents against cancer, especially oral and maxillofacial
carcinoma and tumors. The proposed chapter concentrates on recent research on
various classes of natural scaffolds and their analogues that possess potent antitumor
activity. Moreover, we would like to provide an analysis of preclinical and/or clinically
investigated natural compounds. These compounds and their synthetic heterocyclic
analogues were found to be obtained through bioactivity and mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization, conjoined with modification using rational drug
design-based approaches and analogue synthesis. Structure-activity relationships,
structural change, and molecular mechanisms of action will all be examined.

IntechOpen eBooks, Apr 18, 2024

The oral and maxillofacial region is the site of numerous cancer forms. The most frequent cancer,... more The oral and maxillofacial region is the site of numerous cancer forms. The most frequent cancer, which accounts for more than 90% of these tumors, is squamous cell carcinoma. Genetic changes caused by malignant transformation later result in phenotypic changes in cells. Potentially malignant disorders and circumstances can lead to the development of some malignancies, such as oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Because OSCC and precursor lesions cannot be detected early, the 5-year survival rate for OSCC is still only about 50%. Early detection of oral cancer, particularly in the premalignant stage, can greatly reduce death and morbidity. The clinical, histological revelations and etiopathogenesis of a few potentially malignant disorders of the oral and maxillofacial region are reviewed in this chapter.

Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series, Mar 18, 2022

Key Heterocyclic Cores for Smart Anticancer Drug–Design Part I, 2022

IntechOpen eBooks, Apr 18, 2024