K. Brookhuis | University of Groningen (original) (raw)

Papers by K. Brookhuis

The values on parameters describing longitudinal driving behavior in car-following models differ ... more The values on parameters describing longitudinal driving behavior in car-following models differ substantially between drivers. Different individual interactions with the environment are assumed to play an important role, which might be explained through mental workload. Therefore a driving simulator experiment with a repeated measures design was performed to investigate to what extent perception of an incident in the other driving lane influences physiological indicators as well as subjective estimates of mental workload and longitudinal driving behavior. As almost none of the current models of car-following behavior incorporate mental workload as a determinant of driving behavior, an investigation was conducted by using a calibration approach for joint estimation to determine whether these models, represented by the intelligent driver model and the Helly model, adequately described longitudinal driving behavior in case of incidents in the other driving lane. The results indicated that perception of an incident in the other driving lane influenced mental workload as measured by physiological indicators and longitudinal driving behavior. In addition, the results indicated that current car-following models did not adequately describe driving behavior in case of incidents in the other driving lane.

Rational An increasing number of fatal road-accidents have been reported in which ecstasy was fou... more Rational An increasing number of fatal road-accidents have been reported in which ecstasy was found in the blood of drivers. Although, ecstasy is frequently found to have been used in combination with alcohol, studies on the acute effects of ecstasy co-administered with alcohol on driving performance are relatively rare. Objective The present study was designed to establish the extent of driver impairment as a consequence of ecstasy or combined ecstasy and alcohol use as compared to driving under the influence of 0.3‰, 0.5‰ and 0.8‰ alcohol. Furthermore, subjective performance was also assessed. Results Alcohol and ecstasy mainly influenced automated driving performance such as lateral and speed control. However, small to no effects of the substances were found on more complex driving behaviour. Overall, variance within the different driving measures was high especially when participants were treated with 3.4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and alcohol. Furthermore, equivalence testing showed that combined use may lead to impaired driving for some, but not all, drivers. Participants rated their own performance to be slightly worse than normal in both studies. Since driving was actually seriously deteriorated, this was a falsely positive assessment of their condition. Conclusions The dissociation between subjective perceptions and objective performance decrements are important notions for traffic safety since this may affect a driver's judgement of whether or not it is safe to drive. For example, an intoxicated individual might decide to drive because the feelings of alertness caused by MDMA cloud the impairing effects of other drugs such as alcohol, thereby creating a potentially serious risk for traffic safety.

To have knowledge about the acceptability of Intelligent Transport systems (ITS) is most benefici... more To have knowledge about the acceptability of Intelligent Transport systems (ITS) is most beneficial for the development of supported implementation strategies. So far, different theories and methods, also stemming from other domains, have been used to define and conceptualize the notion of acceptability. Previously we developed a theoretical concept to define acceptability of ISA based on different theories and methods used in ITS & ISA research. In the current paper we aim to find out which predefined indicators are relevant to define the acceptability of ISA. Background factors, contextual issues and ISA-device related factors are used as indicators to predict the level of acceptability. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is used to define the direct and indirect effects.

Ergonomics, 2012

Mood can influence our everyday behaviour and people often seek to reinforce, or to alter their m... more Mood can influence our everyday behaviour and people often seek to reinforce, or to alter their mood, for example by turning on music. Music listening while driving is a popular activity. However, little is known about the impact of music listening while driving on physiological state and driving performance. In the present experiment, it was investigated whether individually selected music can induce mood and maintain moods during a simulated drive. In addition, effects of positive, negative, and no music on driving behaviour and physiological measures were assessed for normal and high cognitive demanding rides. Subjective mood ratings indicated that music successfully maintained mood while driving. Narrow lane width drives increased task demand as shown in effort ratings and increased swerving. Furthermore, respiration rate was lower during music listening compared to rides without music, while no effects of music were found on heart rate. Overall, the current study demonstrates that music listening in car influences the experienced mood while driving, which in turn can impact driving behaviour.

European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research

Relative and absolute validity of a driving simulator were assessed regarding effects on mean spe... more Relative and absolute validity of a driving simulator were assessed regarding effects on mean speed and speed variation during distracting secondary tasks, and normal driving. 16 participants drove the same route four times, twice in a simulator and twice in the real world. They performed way finding tasks, using either a paper map or a route guidance system, and mobile phone conversation tasks. Furthermore, driving without secondary tasks on other road segments in the two methods was compared. As both mean speed and standard deviations of speed were not equivalent, absolute validity could not be established. However, as effects found in the experimental conditions varied in the same directions, evidence for relative validity was provided. It is concluded that driving performance regarding speed under distracting conditions may validly be researched in the driving simulator employed here.

Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2008

To monitor novice driver performance in the first years of solo driving, a test aimed at assessin... more To monitor novice driver performance in the first years of solo driving, a test aimed at assessing speed adaptation to the traffic situation was developed and evaluated. The Adaptation Test consisted of 18 traffic scenes presented in two (almost) identical photographs, which differed in one single detail, increasing the situation's complexity. As the pictures were presented randomly and participants could

Forensic Science International, 2002

In a double-blind placebo controlled study on psychomotor skills important for car driving (Study... more In a double-blind placebo controlled study on psychomotor skills important for car driving (Study 1), a 75 mg dose of AE3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was administered orally to 12 healthy volunteers who were known to be recreational MDMA-users. Toxicokinetic data were gathered by analysis of blood, urine, oral fluid and sweat wipes collected during the first 5 h after administration. Resultant plasma concentrations varied from 21 to 295 ng/ml, with an average peak concentration of 178 ng/ml observed between 2 and 4 h after administration. MDA concentrations never exceeded 20 ng/ml. Corresponding MDMA concentrations in oral fluid, as measured with a specific LC-MS/MS method (which required only 50 ml of oral fluid), generally exceeded those in plasma and peaked at an average concentration of 1215 ng/ml. A substantial intra-and inter-subject variability was observed with this matrix, and values ranged from 50 to 6982 ng/ml MDMA. Somewhat surprisingly, even 4-5 h after ingestion, the MDMA levels in sweat only averaged 25 ng/wipe.

Transportation Research Record, 2007

Observations of overtaking manoeuvres on two-lane rural roads were carried out to enhance the und... more Observations of overtaking manoeuvres on two-lane rural roads were carried out to enhance the understanding of driver behaviour prior to, during and after an overtaking manoeuvre. An instrumented vehicle was driven with different speeds while other vehicles' overtaking manoeuvres were recorded and analysed afterwards. The differences in duration of overtaking manoeuvres between different overtaking strategies and different speeds of the vehicle that was overtaken, turned out to be small. Fairly short perception-reaction times were observed, indicating that the decision to perform an overtaking manoeuvre is made before an appropriate gap in the oncoming traffic stream is available.

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are available on the market whilst the development of e... more Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are available on the market whilst the development of existing systems and new systems continues. Improving safety is one of the key purposes of these systems. ADAS would therefore be welcome to support overtaking manoeuvres, since these cause many fatal accidents each year. Before an ADAS could be developed that can assist drivers with overtaking a thorough task analysis of overtaking is necessary and presented in this paper. The overtaking manoeuvre is divided in five phases, in which more than 20 subtasks are distinguished. Next, possibilities of ADAS towards overtaking are verified. Almost all subtasks of an overtaking manoeuvre can be assisted with existing ADAS functionalities, combined in a so-called active overtaking assistant. Unfortunately, for the more complex subtasks such as 'judging the distance with the first opposing vehicle' and 'monitoring the deviations of the lead vehicle' no ADAS functionality is available yet.

The values on parameters describing longitudinal driving behavior in car-following models differ ... more The values on parameters describing longitudinal driving behavior in car-following models differ substantially between drivers. Different individual interactions with the environment are assumed to play an important role, which might be explained through mental workload. Therefore a driving simulator experiment with a repeated measures design was performed to investigate to what extent perception of an incident in the other driving lane influences physiological indicators as well as subjective estimates of mental workload and longitudinal driving behavior. As almost none of the current models of car-following behavior incorporate mental workload as a determinant of driving behavior, an investigation was conducted by using a calibration approach for joint estimation to determine whether these models, represented by the intelligent driver model and the Helly model, adequately described longitudinal driving behavior in case of incidents in the other driving lane. The results indicated that perception of an incident in the other driving lane influenced mental workload as measured by physiological indicators and longitudinal driving behavior. In addition, the results indicated that current car-following models did not adequately describe driving behavior in case of incidents in the other driving lane.

Rational An increasing number of fatal road-accidents have been reported in which ecstasy was fou... more Rational An increasing number of fatal road-accidents have been reported in which ecstasy was found in the blood of drivers. Although, ecstasy is frequently found to have been used in combination with alcohol, studies on the acute effects of ecstasy co-administered with alcohol on driving performance are relatively rare. Objective The present study was designed to establish the extent of driver impairment as a consequence of ecstasy or combined ecstasy and alcohol use as compared to driving under the influence of 0.3‰, 0.5‰ and 0.8‰ alcohol. Furthermore, subjective performance was also assessed. Results Alcohol and ecstasy mainly influenced automated driving performance such as lateral and speed control. However, small to no effects of the substances were found on more complex driving behaviour. Overall, variance within the different driving measures was high especially when participants were treated with 3.4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and alcohol. Furthermore, equivalence testing showed that combined use may lead to impaired driving for some, but not all, drivers. Participants rated their own performance to be slightly worse than normal in both studies. Since driving was actually seriously deteriorated, this was a falsely positive assessment of their condition. Conclusions The dissociation between subjective perceptions and objective performance decrements are important notions for traffic safety since this may affect a driver's judgement of whether or not it is safe to drive. For example, an intoxicated individual might decide to drive because the feelings of alertness caused by MDMA cloud the impairing effects of other drugs such as alcohol, thereby creating a potentially serious risk for traffic safety.

To have knowledge about the acceptability of Intelligent Transport systems (ITS) is most benefici... more To have knowledge about the acceptability of Intelligent Transport systems (ITS) is most beneficial for the development of supported implementation strategies. So far, different theories and methods, also stemming from other domains, have been used to define and conceptualize the notion of acceptability. Previously we developed a theoretical concept to define acceptability of ISA based on different theories and methods used in ITS & ISA research. In the current paper we aim to find out which predefined indicators are relevant to define the acceptability of ISA. Background factors, contextual issues and ISA-device related factors are used as indicators to predict the level of acceptability. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is used to define the direct and indirect effects.

Ergonomics, 2012

Mood can influence our everyday behaviour and people often seek to reinforce, or to alter their m... more Mood can influence our everyday behaviour and people often seek to reinforce, or to alter their mood, for example by turning on music. Music listening while driving is a popular activity. However, little is known about the impact of music listening while driving on physiological state and driving performance. In the present experiment, it was investigated whether individually selected music can induce mood and maintain moods during a simulated drive. In addition, effects of positive, negative, and no music on driving behaviour and physiological measures were assessed for normal and high cognitive demanding rides. Subjective mood ratings indicated that music successfully maintained mood while driving. Narrow lane width drives increased task demand as shown in effort ratings and increased swerving. Furthermore, respiration rate was lower during music listening compared to rides without music, while no effects of music were found on heart rate. Overall, the current study demonstrates that music listening in car influences the experienced mood while driving, which in turn can impact driving behaviour.

European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research

Relative and absolute validity of a driving simulator were assessed regarding effects on mean spe... more Relative and absolute validity of a driving simulator were assessed regarding effects on mean speed and speed variation during distracting secondary tasks, and normal driving. 16 participants drove the same route four times, twice in a simulator and twice in the real world. They performed way finding tasks, using either a paper map or a route guidance system, and mobile phone conversation tasks. Furthermore, driving without secondary tasks on other road segments in the two methods was compared. As both mean speed and standard deviations of speed were not equivalent, absolute validity could not be established. However, as effects found in the experimental conditions varied in the same directions, evidence for relative validity was provided. It is concluded that driving performance regarding speed under distracting conditions may validly be researched in the driving simulator employed here.

Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2008

To monitor novice driver performance in the first years of solo driving, a test aimed at assessin... more To monitor novice driver performance in the first years of solo driving, a test aimed at assessing speed adaptation to the traffic situation was developed and evaluated. The Adaptation Test consisted of 18 traffic scenes presented in two (almost) identical photographs, which differed in one single detail, increasing the situation's complexity. As the pictures were presented randomly and participants could

Forensic Science International, 2002

In a double-blind placebo controlled study on psychomotor skills important for car driving (Study... more In a double-blind placebo controlled study on psychomotor skills important for car driving (Study 1), a 75 mg dose of AE3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was administered orally to 12 healthy volunteers who were known to be recreational MDMA-users. Toxicokinetic data were gathered by analysis of blood, urine, oral fluid and sweat wipes collected during the first 5 h after administration. Resultant plasma concentrations varied from 21 to 295 ng/ml, with an average peak concentration of 178 ng/ml observed between 2 and 4 h after administration. MDA concentrations never exceeded 20 ng/ml. Corresponding MDMA concentrations in oral fluid, as measured with a specific LC-MS/MS method (which required only 50 ml of oral fluid), generally exceeded those in plasma and peaked at an average concentration of 1215 ng/ml. A substantial intra-and inter-subject variability was observed with this matrix, and values ranged from 50 to 6982 ng/ml MDMA. Somewhat surprisingly, even 4-5 h after ingestion, the MDMA levels in sweat only averaged 25 ng/wipe.

Transportation Research Record, 2007

Observations of overtaking manoeuvres on two-lane rural roads were carried out to enhance the und... more Observations of overtaking manoeuvres on two-lane rural roads were carried out to enhance the understanding of driver behaviour prior to, during and after an overtaking manoeuvre. An instrumented vehicle was driven with different speeds while other vehicles' overtaking manoeuvres were recorded and analysed afterwards. The differences in duration of overtaking manoeuvres between different overtaking strategies and different speeds of the vehicle that was overtaken, turned out to be small. Fairly short perception-reaction times were observed, indicating that the decision to perform an overtaking manoeuvre is made before an appropriate gap in the oncoming traffic stream is available.

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are available on the market whilst the development of e... more Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are available on the market whilst the development of existing systems and new systems continues. Improving safety is one of the key purposes of these systems. ADAS would therefore be welcome to support overtaking manoeuvres, since these cause many fatal accidents each year. Before an ADAS could be developed that can assist drivers with overtaking a thorough task analysis of overtaking is necessary and presented in this paper. The overtaking manoeuvre is divided in five phases, in which more than 20 subtasks are distinguished. Next, possibilities of ADAS towards overtaking are verified. Almost all subtasks of an overtaking manoeuvre can be assisted with existing ADAS functionalities, combined in a so-called active overtaking assistant. Unfortunately, for the more complex subtasks such as 'judging the distance with the first opposing vehicle' and 'monitoring the deviations of the lead vehicle' no ADAS functionality is available yet.