Roy Schlische | Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (original) (raw)

Papers by Roy Schlische

Research paper thumbnail of High-resolution stratigraphy of the Newark rift basin (early Mesozoic, eastern North America

Virtually the entire Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic age section of the early Meso-zoic Newar... more Virtually the entire Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic age section of the early Meso-zoic Newark continental rift basin has been recovered in over 6770 m of continuous core as part of the Newark Basin Coring Project (NBCP). Core was collected using an offset drilling method at seven sites in the central part of the basin. The cores span most of the fluvial Stockton Formation, all of the lacustrine Lockatong and Passaic formations , the Orange Mountain Basalt, and nearly all of the lacustrine Feltville Formation. The cores allow for the first time the full Triassic-age part of the Newark basin stratigraphic sequence to be described in detail. This includes the gray, purple, and red, mostly fluvial Stockton Formation as well as the 53 members that make up the lacustrine Lockatong (mostly gray and black) and Passaic (mostly red) formations. The nearly 25% overlap zones between each of the stratigraphically adjacent cores are used to test lateral correlations in detail, scale the cores to one another, and combine them in a 4660-m-thick composite section. This composite shows that the entire post-Stockton sedimentary section consists of a hierarchy of sedimentary cycles, thought to be of Milankovitch climate cycle origin. Lithostratigraphic and magnetostrati-graphic correlations between core overlap zones and outcrops demonstrate that the individual sedimentary cycles can be traced essentially basinwide. The agreement between the cyclostratigraphy and magne-tostratigraphy shows both the cycles and the polarity boundaries to be isochronous horizons. Detailed analysis of the Newark basin shows that high-resolution cyclos-tratigraphy is possible in lacustrine, primarily red-bed rift sequences and provides a fine-scale framework for global correlations and an understanding of continental tropical climate change. This paper is dedicated to the late Alfred Froelich.

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Research paper thumbnail of Implications of a comparison of the stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Argana (Morocco) and Fundy (Nova Scotia, Canada) Permian-Jurassic basins

The Argana rift basin of Morocco and the Fundy rift basin of the Maritime Provinces of Eastern Ca... more The Argana rift basin of Morocco and the Fundy rift basin of the Maritime Provinces of Eastern Canada are on the conjugate margins of the central Atlantic Ocean. In the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic these basins lie at similar paleolatitudes within the same great rift system. A comparison of the depositional-and tectono-stratigraphy reveal strong similarities, much greater that those shared between the Fundy basin and other rifts in eastern North America. Both the Argana and Fundy basins are comprised of four, mostly unconformity-bound, tectonostratigraphic sequences (TS I-IV) probably controlled by pulses of extension: TS I, is Permian in age and the depositional facies of the Argana basin looks more humid than the age equivalent in the Fundy basin and the latter may not be a rift sequence; TS II, is early Late Triassic (Carnian) in age and is the most humid looking facies in both basins; TS Ill, is late Late Triassic (Norian and Rhaetian) in age and is much more arid in both basins with abundant aeolianites and evaporites; TS IV, is latest Triassic and earliest Jurassic (late Rhaetian-early Hettangian) and shows an increase in the range of variability in climate-sensitive facies-its basal part contains the Triassic-Jurassic boundary an overlying basalt flow sequence and additional fluvial and lacustrine strata on top. The dramatic similarity in both facies and sequence stratigraphy between the Argana and Fundy basins, at least during the Triassic, argues for similar tectonic control, restricted to that latitudinal swath of Pangea, as well as similar paleoclimate.

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Research paper thumbnail of Implications of a comparison of the stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Argana (Morocco) and Fundy (Nova Scotia, Canada) Permian-Jurassic basins

The Argana rift basin of Morocco and the Fundy rift basin of the Maritime Provinces of Eastern Ca... more The Argana rift basin of Morocco and the Fundy rift basin of the Maritime Provinces of Eastern Canada are on the conjugate margins of the central Atlantic Ocean. In the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic these basins lie at similar paleolatitudes within the same great rift system. A comparison of the depositional-and tectono-stratigraphy reveal strong similarities, much greater that those shared between the Fundy basin and other rifts in eastern North America. Both the Argana and Fundy basins are comprised of four, mostly unconformity-bound, tectonostratigraphic sequences (TS I-IV) probably controlled by pulses of extension: TS I, is Permian in age and the depositional facies of the Argana basin looks more humid than the age equivalent in the Fundy basin and the latter may not be a rift sequence; TS II, is early Late Triassic (Carnian) in age and is the most humid looking facies in both basins; TS Ill, is late Late Triassic (Norian and Rhaetian) in age and is much more arid in both basins with abundant aeolianites and evaporites; TS IV, is latest Triassic and earliest Jurassic (late Rhaetian-early Hettangian) and shows an increase in the range of variability in climate-sensitive facies-its basal part contains the Triassic-Jurassic boundary an overlying basalt flow sequence and additional fluvial and lacustrine strata on top. The dramatic similarity in both facies and sequence stratigraphy between the Argana and Fundy basins, at least during the Triassic, argues for similar tectonic control, restricted to that latitudinal swath of Pangea, as well as similar paleoclimate.

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Research paper thumbnail of The Mesozoic Orpheus rift basin, offshore Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Canada: Synrift and early postrift evolution of a well-imaged North Atlantic rift basin

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Research paper thumbnail of Anatomy and evolution of the Triassic-Jurassic Continental Rift System, eastern North America

Tectonics, 1993

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Research paper thumbnail of Geometry and Origin of Fault-Related Folds in Extensional Settings

Aapg Bulletin, Nov 1, 1995

... Rollover Folds Associated with Detached Normal Faults Rollover folds (Figure 5) are common wi... more ... Rollover Folds Associated with Detached Normal Faults Rollover folds (Figure 5) are common within thick sedimentary successions associated with pas-sive margins, notably the Gulf Coast region and the Niger delta (see references and examples in Bally et ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Stratigraphy and structure of the Hopewell fault block, Newark basin, NJ: Climatic and structural controls on sedimentation

The Hopewell fault, which generally strikes northeast and dips to the southeast, is a predominant... more The Hopewell fault, which generally strikes northeast and dips to the southeast, is a predominantly normal fault with a dip separation of 2-3 km located in the Newark rift basin of New Jersey. In order to define the geometry of the Hopewell fault and its associated structures as well as the extent to which those structures influenced sedimentation, a 14-km-wide

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Research paper thumbnail of Groundwater flow and groundwater-stream interaction in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks: Insights from numerical models

Water Resources Research, 2007

Groundwater flow is influenced by topography, but in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks, it ... more Groundwater flow is influenced by topography, but in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks, it is also influenced by structure. Field evidence indicates that groundwater is older on the downdip side of a stream (asymmetry) and that dip-aligned streams receive more base flow than strike-aligned streams (anisotropy). We present detailed numerical models to evaluate the effects of various factors that influence

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Research paper thumbnail of Progress in understanding the structural geology, basin evolution, and tectonic history of the eastern North American rift system

The Great Rift Valleys of Pangea in Eastern …, 2003

... North American Rift System Roy W. Schlische Five key developments have contributed signifi-ca... more ... North American Rift System Roy W. Schlische Five key developments have contributed signifi-cantly to our understanding of the structural geology, basin evolution, and tectonic history of the eastern North American rift system: 1. Acquisition of new data. ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Half-graben basin filling models: new constraints on continental extensional basin development

Basin Research, 1991

Three end-member models of half-graben development (detachment fault, domino-style, and fault gro... more Three end-member models of half-graben development (detachment fault, domino-style, and fault growth) evolve differently through time and produce different basin-filling patterns. The detachment fault model incorporates a basin-bounding fault that soles into a subhorizontal ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Stratigraphic effects and tectonic implications of the growth of normal faults and extensional basins

Special Paper 303: Reconstructing the History of Basin and Range Extension Using Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 1996

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Research paper thumbnail of Overlapping Faults, Intrabasin Highs, and the Growth of Normal Faults

The Journal of Geology, 1994

Normal fault systems bounding extensional basins are typically adjoined by a series of subbasins ... more Normal fault systems bounding extensional basins are typically adjoined by a series of subbasins separated by intrabasin highs. The strata within these basins form syndepositional anticlines and synclines whose axes are transverse to the strike of the main bounding fault. One possible explanation for these intrabasin highs is that they result from persistent along-strike deficits in fault displacement. Such deficits

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Research paper thumbnail of Foreland crustal structure of the New York recess, northeastern United States

Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1997

Page 1. ABSTRACT A new structural model for the northeast part of the Central Appa-lachian forela... more Page 1. ABSTRACT A new structural model for the northeast part of the Central Appa-lachian foreland and fold-and-thrust belt is based on detailed field mapping, geophysical data, and balanced cross-section analysis. The ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Integrating Computers into the Field Geology Curriculum

Journal of Geoscience Education, 1998

ABSTRACT The Field Geology course at Rutgers University incor-porates computers in all projects, ... more ABSTRACT The Field Geology course at Rutgers University incor-porates computers in all projects, including the use of an Electronic Total Station (ETS) and portable Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in collecting field data. The ETS determines the distance and ...

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Research paper thumbnail of 580 Ky Duration of the Early Jurassic Flood Basalt Event in Eastern North America Estimated Using Milankovitch Cyclostratigraphy

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Research paper thumbnail of A review of recent developments concerning the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones

Journal of Structural Geology, Nov 1, 2010

Fault zones and fault systems have a key role in the development of the Earth's crust. They contr... more Fault zones and fault systems have a key role in the development of the Earth's crust. They control the mechanics and fluid flow properties of the crust, and the architecture of sedimentary deposits in basins. We review key advances in the study of the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones and fault systems. We emphasize that these three aspects of faults are intimately related and cannot be considered in isolation. For brevity, the review is concentrates on advances made primarily in the past 10 years, and also to fault zones in the brittle continental crust. Finally the paper outlines some key areas for future research in this field.

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Research paper thumbnail of Synsedimentary collapse of portions of the lower Blomidon Formation (Late Triassic), Fundy rift basin, Nova Scotia

Can J Earth Sci, 1995

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Research paper thumbnail of Transtensional arm of the early Mesozoic Fundy rift basin: Penecontemporaneous faulting and sedimentation

Geology, 1990

Formed as a major right-lateral fault zone during Paleozoic collisional orogenies and reactivated... more Formed as a major right-lateral fault zone during Paleozoic collisional orogenies and reactivated as a left-oblique system during the early Mesozoic, the east-striking Minas fault zone of Atlantic Canada controlled adjacent sedimentation in the Fundy rift basin, producing a series of synsedimentary microbasins. Northeast-striking boundary faults of the Fundy basin underwent mostly early Mesozoic normal slip and are reactivated Paleozoic thrusts. The adjacent basin has a much thicker section, transverse folds, and synthetic rider blocks. Contrasts in structural and stratigraphic styles are a response to local deformation controlled by reactivated fault zones of differing orientation under consistent northwest-southeast early Mesozoic extension rather than responses to a sequence of changing stress patterns.

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Research paper thumbnail of Benchmarking Analogue Models of Brittle Thrust Wedges

Journal of Structural Geology, 2016

Abstract We performed a quantitative comparison of brittle thrust wedge experiments to evaluate t... more Abstract We performed a quantitative comparison of brittle thrust wedge experiments to evaluate the variability among analogue models and to appraise the reproducibility and limits of model interpretation. Fifteen analogue modeling laboratories participated in this benchmark initiative. Each laboratory received a shipment of the same type of quartz and corundum sand and all laboratories adhered to a stringent model building protocol and used the same type of foil to cover base and sidewalls of the sandbox. Sieve structure, sifting height, filling rate, and details on off-scraping of excess sand followed prescribed procedures. Our analogue benchmark shows that even for simple plane-strain experiments with prescribed stringent model construction techniques, quantitative model results show variability, most notably for surface slope, thrust spacing and number of forward and backthrusts. One of the sources of the variability in model results is related to slight variations in how sand is deposited in the sandbox. Small changes in sifting height, sifting rate, and scraping will result in slightly heterogeneous material bulk densities, which will affect the mechanical properties of the sand, and will result in lateral and vertical differences in peak and boundary friction angles, as well as cohesion values once the model is constructed. Initial variations in basal friction are inferred to play the most important role in causing model variability. Our comparison shows that the human factor plays a decisive role, and even when one modeler repeats the same experiment, quantitative model results still show variability. Our observations highlight the limits of up-scaling quantitative analogue model results to nature or for making comparisons with numerical models. The frictional behavior of sand is highly sensitive to small variations in material state or experimental set-up, and hence, it will remain difficult to scale quantitative results such as number of thrusts, thrust spacing, and pop-up width from model to nature.

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Research paper thumbnail of 580 Kyr duration of the early Jurassic flood basalt event in eastern North America estimated using Milankovitch cyclostratigraphy

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Research paper thumbnail of High-resolution stratigraphy of the Newark rift basin (early Mesozoic, eastern North America

Virtually the entire Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic age section of the early Meso-zoic Newar... more Virtually the entire Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic age section of the early Meso-zoic Newark continental rift basin has been recovered in over 6770 m of continuous core as part of the Newark Basin Coring Project (NBCP). Core was collected using an offset drilling method at seven sites in the central part of the basin. The cores span most of the fluvial Stockton Formation, all of the lacustrine Lockatong and Passaic formations , the Orange Mountain Basalt, and nearly all of the lacustrine Feltville Formation. The cores allow for the first time the full Triassic-age part of the Newark basin stratigraphic sequence to be described in detail. This includes the gray, purple, and red, mostly fluvial Stockton Formation as well as the 53 members that make up the lacustrine Lockatong (mostly gray and black) and Passaic (mostly red) formations. The nearly 25% overlap zones between each of the stratigraphically adjacent cores are used to test lateral correlations in detail, scale the cores to one another, and combine them in a 4660-m-thick composite section. This composite shows that the entire post-Stockton sedimentary section consists of a hierarchy of sedimentary cycles, thought to be of Milankovitch climate cycle origin. Lithostratigraphic and magnetostrati-graphic correlations between core overlap zones and outcrops demonstrate that the individual sedimentary cycles can be traced essentially basinwide. The agreement between the cyclostratigraphy and magne-tostratigraphy shows both the cycles and the polarity boundaries to be isochronous horizons. Detailed analysis of the Newark basin shows that high-resolution cyclos-tratigraphy is possible in lacustrine, primarily red-bed rift sequences and provides a fine-scale framework for global correlations and an understanding of continental tropical climate change. This paper is dedicated to the late Alfred Froelich.

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Research paper thumbnail of Implications of a comparison of the stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Argana (Morocco) and Fundy (Nova Scotia, Canada) Permian-Jurassic basins

The Argana rift basin of Morocco and the Fundy rift basin of the Maritime Provinces of Eastern Ca... more The Argana rift basin of Morocco and the Fundy rift basin of the Maritime Provinces of Eastern Canada are on the conjugate margins of the central Atlantic Ocean. In the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic these basins lie at similar paleolatitudes within the same great rift system. A comparison of the depositional-and tectono-stratigraphy reveal strong similarities, much greater that those shared between the Fundy basin and other rifts in eastern North America. Both the Argana and Fundy basins are comprised of four, mostly unconformity-bound, tectonostratigraphic sequences (TS I-IV) probably controlled by pulses of extension: TS I, is Permian in age and the depositional facies of the Argana basin looks more humid than the age equivalent in the Fundy basin and the latter may not be a rift sequence; TS II, is early Late Triassic (Carnian) in age and is the most humid looking facies in both basins; TS Ill, is late Late Triassic (Norian and Rhaetian) in age and is much more arid in both basins with abundant aeolianites and evaporites; TS IV, is latest Triassic and earliest Jurassic (late Rhaetian-early Hettangian) and shows an increase in the range of variability in climate-sensitive facies-its basal part contains the Triassic-Jurassic boundary an overlying basalt flow sequence and additional fluvial and lacustrine strata on top. The dramatic similarity in both facies and sequence stratigraphy between the Argana and Fundy basins, at least during the Triassic, argues for similar tectonic control, restricted to that latitudinal swath of Pangea, as well as similar paleoclimate.

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Research paper thumbnail of Implications of a comparison of the stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Argana (Morocco) and Fundy (Nova Scotia, Canada) Permian-Jurassic basins

The Argana rift basin of Morocco and the Fundy rift basin of the Maritime Provinces of Eastern Ca... more The Argana rift basin of Morocco and the Fundy rift basin of the Maritime Provinces of Eastern Canada are on the conjugate margins of the central Atlantic Ocean. In the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic these basins lie at similar paleolatitudes within the same great rift system. A comparison of the depositional-and tectono-stratigraphy reveal strong similarities, much greater that those shared between the Fundy basin and other rifts in eastern North America. Both the Argana and Fundy basins are comprised of four, mostly unconformity-bound, tectonostratigraphic sequences (TS I-IV) probably controlled by pulses of extension: TS I, is Permian in age and the depositional facies of the Argana basin looks more humid than the age equivalent in the Fundy basin and the latter may not be a rift sequence; TS II, is early Late Triassic (Carnian) in age and is the most humid looking facies in both basins; TS Ill, is late Late Triassic (Norian and Rhaetian) in age and is much more arid in both basins with abundant aeolianites and evaporites; TS IV, is latest Triassic and earliest Jurassic (late Rhaetian-early Hettangian) and shows an increase in the range of variability in climate-sensitive facies-its basal part contains the Triassic-Jurassic boundary an overlying basalt flow sequence and additional fluvial and lacustrine strata on top. The dramatic similarity in both facies and sequence stratigraphy between the Argana and Fundy basins, at least during the Triassic, argues for similar tectonic control, restricted to that latitudinal swath of Pangea, as well as similar paleoclimate.

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Research paper thumbnail of The Mesozoic Orpheus rift basin, offshore Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Canada: Synrift and early postrift evolution of a well-imaged North Atlantic rift basin

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Research paper thumbnail of Anatomy and evolution of the Triassic-Jurassic Continental Rift System, eastern North America

Tectonics, 1993

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Research paper thumbnail of Geometry and Origin of Fault-Related Folds in Extensional Settings

Aapg Bulletin, Nov 1, 1995

... Rollover Folds Associated with Detached Normal Faults Rollover folds (Figure 5) are common wi... more ... Rollover Folds Associated with Detached Normal Faults Rollover folds (Figure 5) are common within thick sedimentary successions associated with pas-sive margins, notably the Gulf Coast region and the Niger delta (see references and examples in Bally et ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Stratigraphy and structure of the Hopewell fault block, Newark basin, NJ: Climatic and structural controls on sedimentation

The Hopewell fault, which generally strikes northeast and dips to the southeast, is a predominant... more The Hopewell fault, which generally strikes northeast and dips to the southeast, is a predominantly normal fault with a dip separation of 2-3 km located in the Newark rift basin of New Jersey. In order to define the geometry of the Hopewell fault and its associated structures as well as the extent to which those structures influenced sedimentation, a 14-km-wide

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Research paper thumbnail of Groundwater flow and groundwater-stream interaction in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks: Insights from numerical models

Water Resources Research, 2007

Groundwater flow is influenced by topography, but in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks, it ... more Groundwater flow is influenced by topography, but in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks, it is also influenced by structure. Field evidence indicates that groundwater is older on the downdip side of a stream (asymmetry) and that dip-aligned streams receive more base flow than strike-aligned streams (anisotropy). We present detailed numerical models to evaluate the effects of various factors that influence

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Research paper thumbnail of Progress in understanding the structural geology, basin evolution, and tectonic history of the eastern North American rift system

The Great Rift Valleys of Pangea in Eastern …, 2003

... North American Rift System Roy W. Schlische Five key developments have contributed signifi-ca... more ... North American Rift System Roy W. Schlische Five key developments have contributed signifi-cantly to our understanding of the structural geology, basin evolution, and tectonic history of the eastern North American rift system: 1. Acquisition of new data. ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Half-graben basin filling models: new constraints on continental extensional basin development

Basin Research, 1991

Three end-member models of half-graben development (detachment fault, domino-style, and fault gro... more Three end-member models of half-graben development (detachment fault, domino-style, and fault growth) evolve differently through time and produce different basin-filling patterns. The detachment fault model incorporates a basin-bounding fault that soles into a subhorizontal ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Stratigraphic effects and tectonic implications of the growth of normal faults and extensional basins

Special Paper 303: Reconstructing the History of Basin and Range Extension Using Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 1996

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Research paper thumbnail of Overlapping Faults, Intrabasin Highs, and the Growth of Normal Faults

The Journal of Geology, 1994

Normal fault systems bounding extensional basins are typically adjoined by a series of subbasins ... more Normal fault systems bounding extensional basins are typically adjoined by a series of subbasins separated by intrabasin highs. The strata within these basins form syndepositional anticlines and synclines whose axes are transverse to the strike of the main bounding fault. One possible explanation for these intrabasin highs is that they result from persistent along-strike deficits in fault displacement. Such deficits

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Research paper thumbnail of Foreland crustal structure of the New York recess, northeastern United States

Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1997

Page 1. ABSTRACT A new structural model for the northeast part of the Central Appa-lachian forela... more Page 1. ABSTRACT A new structural model for the northeast part of the Central Appa-lachian foreland and fold-and-thrust belt is based on detailed field mapping, geophysical data, and balanced cross-section analysis. The ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Integrating Computers into the Field Geology Curriculum

Journal of Geoscience Education, 1998

ABSTRACT The Field Geology course at Rutgers University incor-porates computers in all projects, ... more ABSTRACT The Field Geology course at Rutgers University incor-porates computers in all projects, including the use of an Electronic Total Station (ETS) and portable Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in collecting field data. The ETS determines the distance and ...

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Research paper thumbnail of 580 Ky Duration of the Early Jurassic Flood Basalt Event in Eastern North America Estimated Using Milankovitch Cyclostratigraphy

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of A review of recent developments concerning the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones

Journal of Structural Geology, Nov 1, 2010

Fault zones and fault systems have a key role in the development of the Earth's crust. They contr... more Fault zones and fault systems have a key role in the development of the Earth's crust. They control the mechanics and fluid flow properties of the crust, and the architecture of sedimentary deposits in basins. We review key advances in the study of the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones and fault systems. We emphasize that these three aspects of faults are intimately related and cannot be considered in isolation. For brevity, the review is concentrates on advances made primarily in the past 10 years, and also to fault zones in the brittle continental crust. Finally the paper outlines some key areas for future research in this field.

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Research paper thumbnail of Synsedimentary collapse of portions of the lower Blomidon Formation (Late Triassic), Fundy rift basin, Nova Scotia

Can J Earth Sci, 1995

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Transtensional arm of the early Mesozoic Fundy rift basin: Penecontemporaneous faulting and sedimentation

Geology, 1990

Formed as a major right-lateral fault zone during Paleozoic collisional orogenies and reactivated... more Formed as a major right-lateral fault zone during Paleozoic collisional orogenies and reactivated as a left-oblique system during the early Mesozoic, the east-striking Minas fault zone of Atlantic Canada controlled adjacent sedimentation in the Fundy rift basin, producing a series of synsedimentary microbasins. Northeast-striking boundary faults of the Fundy basin underwent mostly early Mesozoic normal slip and are reactivated Paleozoic thrusts. The adjacent basin has a much thicker section, transverse folds, and synthetic rider blocks. Contrasts in structural and stratigraphic styles are a response to local deformation controlled by reactivated fault zones of differing orientation under consistent northwest-southeast early Mesozoic extension rather than responses to a sequence of changing stress patterns.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Benchmarking Analogue Models of Brittle Thrust Wedges

Journal of Structural Geology, 2016

Abstract We performed a quantitative comparison of brittle thrust wedge experiments to evaluate t... more Abstract We performed a quantitative comparison of brittle thrust wedge experiments to evaluate the variability among analogue models and to appraise the reproducibility and limits of model interpretation. Fifteen analogue modeling laboratories participated in this benchmark initiative. Each laboratory received a shipment of the same type of quartz and corundum sand and all laboratories adhered to a stringent model building protocol and used the same type of foil to cover base and sidewalls of the sandbox. Sieve structure, sifting height, filling rate, and details on off-scraping of excess sand followed prescribed procedures. Our analogue benchmark shows that even for simple plane-strain experiments with prescribed stringent model construction techniques, quantitative model results show variability, most notably for surface slope, thrust spacing and number of forward and backthrusts. One of the sources of the variability in model results is related to slight variations in how sand is deposited in the sandbox. Small changes in sifting height, sifting rate, and scraping will result in slightly heterogeneous material bulk densities, which will affect the mechanical properties of the sand, and will result in lateral and vertical differences in peak and boundary friction angles, as well as cohesion values once the model is constructed. Initial variations in basal friction are inferred to play the most important role in causing model variability. Our comparison shows that the human factor plays a decisive role, and even when one modeler repeats the same experiment, quantitative model results still show variability. Our observations highlight the limits of up-scaling quantitative analogue model results to nature or for making comparisons with numerical models. The frictional behavior of sand is highly sensitive to small variations in material state or experimental set-up, and hence, it will remain difficult to scale quantitative results such as number of thrusts, thrust spacing, and pop-up width from model to nature.

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Research paper thumbnail of 580 Kyr duration of the early Jurassic flood basalt event in eastern North America estimated using Milankovitch cyclostratigraphy

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