sardar Hassan Khal hamza | Salahaddin University-Erbil (original) (raw)
Uploads
Papers by sardar Hassan Khal hamza
American Journal of Islam and Society, 1992
I consider the task of reviewing this book an honor as well as a challenge. My task is made even ... more I consider the task of reviewing this book an honor as well as a challenge. My task is made even more difficult and the challenge moE significant when I read excellent reviews from both intellectual spectra, Western as well as Islamic. From the West, Kenneth Boulding, an eminent behavioral scientist and social economist, expresses his admiration both for the author's readable style as well as the depth and the maturity of his knowledge when he writes: This is an excellent work. .. His understanding is quite sophisticated. At the same time his style is clear and he writes with humanity and a very deep concern for the welfare of the human race. From the East, the book has already received and incorporated comments and suggestions from a number of economists at the forefront of research in Islamic economics, among them Dr. Nejatullah Siddiqui and Professor Khurshid Ahmad. The latter economist has very succinctly summarized not only his own views but also t h m of other Islamic scholars when, in the foreword, he writes: Dr. Chapra has dealt with the subject as a trained social scientist and objective Islamic scholar. His grasp of the contemporary
This study explores the organizational effectiveness in both private and public sector organizati... more This study explores the organizational effectiveness in both private and public sector organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan and examines whether organizational culture types and leadership styles influence organizational effectiveness. For that reason, a deep literature review was developed on that past studies. By using Competing Values Model (CVM) data were collected and measured. In order to answer the research questions and test hypotheses independently a sample of 272 managers form distinct organizations in both sectors are chosen for this research and correlation coefficient test and regression analysis methods are used to test the relation. Moreover, organizational culture and leadership style were regressed on organizational effectiveness. Thus, the managers’ perception data indicate organizational effectiveness can be predicted by both organizational culture types and leadership style. Therefore, this author can conclude there is a positive relation between variables. The findi...
Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2018
This study examines gender parity in private and public sector organizations across Iraqi Kurdist... more This study examines gender parity in private and public sector organizations across Iraqi Kurdistan. To know the leadership style of both genders a cross-gender comparison was made and the differences are highlighted. On past studies on this topic a discussion was created and in depth literature was reviewed. The research based on a sample size of 272 managers in both private and public sectors. The data in this research shows the level of male and female participant in managerial position and based on those findings a discussion was developed on both gender parity and recruitment transparency. The results indicate there is gender inequality in both sector organizations and they have failed to achieve gender balance in their organizations. The findings also suggest that women turnover are high after the first five years at their job and those who stay long they have struggled to get promoted to senior positions. This is despite the fact that the data show that women are more educated and better managers when the span of control widen to 50 employees or above. The dominated leadership style among both sexes is Transformational leadership style which can be viewed effective if the use and allocate resources reasonably. At the end some recommendations was made to government and companies across Iraqi Kurdistan to achieve gender parity and take economic advantage of this underused talented women managers.
European Journal of Business and Management, 2015
The mean purpose of this paper was to highlight some of the key features of Kurds cultural values... more The mean purpose of this paper was to highlight some of the key features of Kurds cultural values in Iraq. This paper has been divided into too many parts. The first part culture and some of culture definitions were examined. In the field of cross cultural study Hofstede's work on cultural dimensions has been regarded as a paradigm. Therefore, in the second part of this paper, Hofstede's study, arguments in support and against his work has been discussed broadly. In the third part the author have looked at Iraq's culture in Hofstede's cultural dimensions study and what each index means. It was argued by many scholars that Hofsted's typology can only work best when measurements are on national level which it looks at the whole nation as homogenous society. Therefore, it was regarded as not applicable at individual level. In the light of this criticism a new framework was introduced by Dorfman & Howell (1988) later it was extended to five dimensions by Yoo, et al. (2011). In the fourth part CVSCALE framework as a self-administered quantitative survey questionnaire was discussed and explained why it can be a better alternative to Hofstede's scale which measures culture at individual levels. Based on the CVSCALE cultural orientation of Kurds in Iraq have been discovered and discussed. Even though, still many scholars still refer to Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the validity of measurements holds no guarantee after almost three decades. This paper suggests cultural values can change over time, thus culture is not static. The sample of this study was based on 743 individuals from one of the biggest public university in Erbil the capital city of Kurdistan region but only 441 were valid to be used. The result of this sample seemed to be not in line with Hofsteded's finding. Although there were some limitations with size and scope of sample, the finding demonstrates that Iraqi Kurds culture have some major differences compared with the original study done on Iraq by Hofstede, for example this research has indicated a decrease in PDI, MAS and moved from being short term to long term oriented culture compared to the original study. Therefore, the author concludes that there is a shift in the result of these cultural dimensions and it needs to be re-investigated every so often. It is hoped that the new finding will benefits the literature in general and culture of nations in particular, also it would help international managers understand cultural values of people in this part of the world.
ZANCO Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2018
This study examines gender parity in private and public sector organizations across Iraqi Kurdist... more This study examines gender parity in private and public sector organizations across Iraqi Kurdistan. To know the leadership style of both genders a cross-gender comparison was made and the differences are highlighted. On past studies on this topic a discussion was created and in depth literature was reviewed. The research based on a sample size of 272 managers in both private and public sectors. The data in this research shows the level of male and female participant in managerial position and based on those findings a discussion was developed on both gender parity and recruitment transparency. The results indicate there is gender inequality in both sector organizations and they have failed to achieve gender balance in their organizations. The findings also suggest that women turnover are high after the first five years at their job and those who stay long they have struggled to get promoted to senior positions. This is despite the fact that the data show that women are more educated and better managers when the span of control widen to 50 employees or above. The dominated leadership style among both sexes is Transformational leadership style which can be viewed effective if the use and allocate resources reasonably. At the end some recommendations was made to government and companies across Iraqi Kurdistan to achieve gender parity and take economic advantage of this underused talented women managers.
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 2019
This study investigates the relationship between national and organizational culture with organiz... more This study investigates the relationship between national and organizational culture with organizational leadership. A deep literature review on the past study was established. In order to explore the leadership styles in both private and public sector organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan and answer the research questions, the perceived styles of 272 managers were measured. Through MLQ 5X survey questionnaires by Avolio and Bass (2004) data were gathered and evaluated. Also to examine the research hypotheses and investigate the relationship between variables both multi-regression and correlation coefficient tests were used. Additionally, national culture and organizational culture were regressed on organizational leadership and opposite was conducted too. The managers' perception results indicate that organizations in both sectors are dominated by Laissez-faire and transactional leadership behaviors. The findings from analyses also suggest that there is a positive relationship between variables. The results demonstrated that both national culture and organizational culture influence different leadership styles in organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan. Moreover, the test result also indicated that leadership style, particularly Laissez-faire as the dominant style is a strong predictor of both dominant organizational culture types in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education , 2021
This study explores the organizational effectiveness in both private and public sector organizati... more This study explores the organizational effectiveness in both private and public sector organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan and examines whether organizational culture types and leadership styles influence organizational effectiveness. For that reason, a deep literature review was developed on that past studies. By using Competing Values Model (CVM) data were collected and measured. In order to answer the research questions and test hypotheses independently a sample of 272 managers form distinct organizations in both sectors are chosen for this research and correlation coefficient test and regression analysis methods are used to test the relation. Moreover, organizational culture and leadership style were regressed on organizational effectiveness. Thus, the managers' perception data indicate organizational effectiveness can be predicted by both organizational culture types and leadership style. Therefore, this author can conclude there is a positive relation between variables. The finding also shows that both independent variables can impact organizational effectiveness in public sector, while only leadership style can predict the dependent variable in private sector. At the end, some recommendations were proposed and further research in these areas was strongly advised.
ZANCO Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2018
This paper examines the relationship between national culture and organizational culture in the c... more This paper examines the relationship between national culture and organizational culture in the context of private and public sector organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan. To understand the influence of national culture on organizational culture a cross-sectorial comparison has been made between both sector organizations. A discussion was built on past research and theoretical framework and it highlights some of the cultural approaches and typologies. This study also explains who are the Kurds, Kurdistan, their national culture and organizational culture perspectives. Through self-response survey questionnaires the national culture and organizational culture dimensions of some major organizations in private and public sectors in Iraqi Kurdistan were discovered. Multiregression analyses as well as correlation coefficient tests were conducted to determine whether variables have any statistically significant relationship. Thus, national culture variable was regressed on organizational culture variable in both sectors independently. The results from analyses indicated that there is a significant relationship between national culture and organizational culture in Iraqi Kurdistan. The analysis also showed that national culture impacts organizational culture in private sector whereas, no effect or weak correlation were seen in public sector organizations. Organizations in general and public sector in particular were dominated by hierarchy culture followed by clan culture. But the dominated culture in private sector organizations was hierarchy culture followed by market culture. The findings also demonstrated that there is a negative relationship between demographic variable and organizational culture. A conceptual figure was proposed and some recommendations were suggested. Please note this research was written by "Time New Roman" theme font throughout of this research and the title font size is 14, the research itself is written by the size 12 and in some areas such as table/s and figures the size of the font was reduced to 10 due to lack of space.
British Journal of Marketing Studies, 2015
There are growing interest in the consequences of culture for global marketing and advertising an... more There are growing interest in the consequences of culture for global marketing and advertising and many recent researches urged companies to consider the necessity of adapting their international marketing strategies to the culture of the consumer (De Mooij and Hofstede, 2010). In order to investigate the influence of national culture on international marketing and consumer behavior and answer the research questions in Iraqi Kurdistan, this paper tend to identify Hofstede cultural dimensions and explain how these dimensions may impact the global marketing management. This paper was divided into three main parts. The first part of this research concentrates on international marketing as well as national culture and tries to investigate the past research on how national culture as an independent variable may influence international marketing and consumer behavior as dependent variable. In the second part of this study, two main questions were raised and a quantitative self-respond questionnaire was used to measure the cultural values at individual level. This research used convenience sample method and it is based on the sample of 272 professionals mostly managers at different levels and combined with the previous research sample of 441 students to bring consistency and reliability to the research and also reduce sample error. In the third part, data were measured and analyzed and at the end a discussion was developed to answer the questions. The findings explain the relationship between both variables and support the past works by De Mooij and Hofstede as concrete works that can be applied by international managers. Therefore, this author can conclude that this paper provide strong argument that there is positive relationship between national culture and international marketing and consumer behavior. There are some suggestions for more cross-cultural research in this part of the world.
European Journal of Business and Management , 2015
The mean purpose of this paper was to highlight some of the key features of Kurds cultural values... more The mean purpose of this paper was to highlight some of the key features of Kurds cultural values in Iraq. This paper has been divided into too many parts. The first part culture and some of culture definitions were examined. In the field of cross cultural study Hofstede's work on cultural dimensions has been regarded as a paradigm. Therefore, in the second part of this paper, Hofstede's study, arguments in support and against his work has been discussed broadly. In the third part the author have looked at Iraq's culture in Hofstede's cultural dimensions study and what each index means. It was argued by many scholars that Hofsted's typology can only work best when measurements are on national level which it looks at the whole nation as homogenous society. Therefore, it was regarded as not applicable at individual level.
Books by sardar Hassan Khal hamza
LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2016
This in-depth study of organizational practice in Iraqi Kurdistan is unique in a way that there i... more This in-depth study of organizational practice in Iraqi Kurdistan is unique in a way that there is no other work in this scale produce such significant results. This is a practical study shows the Kurdish managers’ perceptions in how they handle their home & work values together & how these values are reflected in their everyday managerial practice & decision making. This is a realistic & uncensored picture of today’s management in private & public sector organizations in Kurdistan region. It explores the dominant cultural values, organizational cultures & leadership style in both sectors & investigates the relationship between these variables. It examines the influence of national culture on international marketing & consumer behavior in a properly balanced account. This research continues by exploring the effect of organizational culture & leadership on organizational effectiveness & Based on the available data it identifies the gender parity in these organizations. Nevertheless, it contains some valuable insights & recommendations for government & policy makers, companies & managers, academics & professionals, to the current unusual situation & possible future changes.
American Journal of Islam and Society, 1992
I consider the task of reviewing this book an honor as well as a challenge. My task is made even ... more I consider the task of reviewing this book an honor as well as a challenge. My task is made even more difficult and the challenge moE significant when I read excellent reviews from both intellectual spectra, Western as well as Islamic. From the West, Kenneth Boulding, an eminent behavioral scientist and social economist, expresses his admiration both for the author's readable style as well as the depth and the maturity of his knowledge when he writes: This is an excellent work. .. His understanding is quite sophisticated. At the same time his style is clear and he writes with humanity and a very deep concern for the welfare of the human race. From the East, the book has already received and incorporated comments and suggestions from a number of economists at the forefront of research in Islamic economics, among them Dr. Nejatullah Siddiqui and Professor Khurshid Ahmad. The latter economist has very succinctly summarized not only his own views but also t h m of other Islamic scholars when, in the foreword, he writes: Dr. Chapra has dealt with the subject as a trained social scientist and objective Islamic scholar. His grasp of the contemporary
This study explores the organizational effectiveness in both private and public sector organizati... more This study explores the organizational effectiveness in both private and public sector organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan and examines whether organizational culture types and leadership styles influence organizational effectiveness. For that reason, a deep literature review was developed on that past studies. By using Competing Values Model (CVM) data were collected and measured. In order to answer the research questions and test hypotheses independently a sample of 272 managers form distinct organizations in both sectors are chosen for this research and correlation coefficient test and regression analysis methods are used to test the relation. Moreover, organizational culture and leadership style were regressed on organizational effectiveness. Thus, the managers’ perception data indicate organizational effectiveness can be predicted by both organizational culture types and leadership style. Therefore, this author can conclude there is a positive relation between variables. The findi...
Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2018
This study examines gender parity in private and public sector organizations across Iraqi Kurdist... more This study examines gender parity in private and public sector organizations across Iraqi Kurdistan. To know the leadership style of both genders a cross-gender comparison was made and the differences are highlighted. On past studies on this topic a discussion was created and in depth literature was reviewed. The research based on a sample size of 272 managers in both private and public sectors. The data in this research shows the level of male and female participant in managerial position and based on those findings a discussion was developed on both gender parity and recruitment transparency. The results indicate there is gender inequality in both sector organizations and they have failed to achieve gender balance in their organizations. The findings also suggest that women turnover are high after the first five years at their job and those who stay long they have struggled to get promoted to senior positions. This is despite the fact that the data show that women are more educated and better managers when the span of control widen to 50 employees or above. The dominated leadership style among both sexes is Transformational leadership style which can be viewed effective if the use and allocate resources reasonably. At the end some recommendations was made to government and companies across Iraqi Kurdistan to achieve gender parity and take economic advantage of this underused talented women managers.
European Journal of Business and Management, 2015
The mean purpose of this paper was to highlight some of the key features of Kurds cultural values... more The mean purpose of this paper was to highlight some of the key features of Kurds cultural values in Iraq. This paper has been divided into too many parts. The first part culture and some of culture definitions were examined. In the field of cross cultural study Hofstede's work on cultural dimensions has been regarded as a paradigm. Therefore, in the second part of this paper, Hofstede's study, arguments in support and against his work has been discussed broadly. In the third part the author have looked at Iraq's culture in Hofstede's cultural dimensions study and what each index means. It was argued by many scholars that Hofsted's typology can only work best when measurements are on national level which it looks at the whole nation as homogenous society. Therefore, it was regarded as not applicable at individual level. In the light of this criticism a new framework was introduced by Dorfman & Howell (1988) later it was extended to five dimensions by Yoo, et al. (2011). In the fourth part CVSCALE framework as a self-administered quantitative survey questionnaire was discussed and explained why it can be a better alternative to Hofstede's scale which measures culture at individual levels. Based on the CVSCALE cultural orientation of Kurds in Iraq have been discovered and discussed. Even though, still many scholars still refer to Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the validity of measurements holds no guarantee after almost three decades. This paper suggests cultural values can change over time, thus culture is not static. The sample of this study was based on 743 individuals from one of the biggest public university in Erbil the capital city of Kurdistan region but only 441 were valid to be used. The result of this sample seemed to be not in line with Hofsteded's finding. Although there were some limitations with size and scope of sample, the finding demonstrates that Iraqi Kurds culture have some major differences compared with the original study done on Iraq by Hofstede, for example this research has indicated a decrease in PDI, MAS and moved from being short term to long term oriented culture compared to the original study. Therefore, the author concludes that there is a shift in the result of these cultural dimensions and it needs to be re-investigated every so often. It is hoped that the new finding will benefits the literature in general and culture of nations in particular, also it would help international managers understand cultural values of people in this part of the world.
ZANCO Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2018
This study examines gender parity in private and public sector organizations across Iraqi Kurdist... more This study examines gender parity in private and public sector organizations across Iraqi Kurdistan. To know the leadership style of both genders a cross-gender comparison was made and the differences are highlighted. On past studies on this topic a discussion was created and in depth literature was reviewed. The research based on a sample size of 272 managers in both private and public sectors. The data in this research shows the level of male and female participant in managerial position and based on those findings a discussion was developed on both gender parity and recruitment transparency. The results indicate there is gender inequality in both sector organizations and they have failed to achieve gender balance in their organizations. The findings also suggest that women turnover are high after the first five years at their job and those who stay long they have struggled to get promoted to senior positions. This is despite the fact that the data show that women are more educated and better managers when the span of control widen to 50 employees or above. The dominated leadership style among both sexes is Transformational leadership style which can be viewed effective if the use and allocate resources reasonably. At the end some recommendations was made to government and companies across Iraqi Kurdistan to achieve gender parity and take economic advantage of this underused talented women managers.
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 2019
This study investigates the relationship between national and organizational culture with organiz... more This study investigates the relationship between national and organizational culture with organizational leadership. A deep literature review on the past study was established. In order to explore the leadership styles in both private and public sector organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan and answer the research questions, the perceived styles of 272 managers were measured. Through MLQ 5X survey questionnaires by Avolio and Bass (2004) data were gathered and evaluated. Also to examine the research hypotheses and investigate the relationship between variables both multi-regression and correlation coefficient tests were used. Additionally, national culture and organizational culture were regressed on organizational leadership and opposite was conducted too. The managers' perception results indicate that organizations in both sectors are dominated by Laissez-faire and transactional leadership behaviors. The findings from analyses also suggest that there is a positive relationship between variables. The results demonstrated that both national culture and organizational culture influence different leadership styles in organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan. Moreover, the test result also indicated that leadership style, particularly Laissez-faire as the dominant style is a strong predictor of both dominant organizational culture types in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education , 2021
This study explores the organizational effectiveness in both private and public sector organizati... more This study explores the organizational effectiveness in both private and public sector organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan and examines whether organizational culture types and leadership styles influence organizational effectiveness. For that reason, a deep literature review was developed on that past studies. By using Competing Values Model (CVM) data were collected and measured. In order to answer the research questions and test hypotheses independently a sample of 272 managers form distinct organizations in both sectors are chosen for this research and correlation coefficient test and regression analysis methods are used to test the relation. Moreover, organizational culture and leadership style were regressed on organizational effectiveness. Thus, the managers' perception data indicate organizational effectiveness can be predicted by both organizational culture types and leadership style. Therefore, this author can conclude there is a positive relation between variables. The finding also shows that both independent variables can impact organizational effectiveness in public sector, while only leadership style can predict the dependent variable in private sector. At the end, some recommendations were proposed and further research in these areas was strongly advised.
ZANCO Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2018
This paper examines the relationship between national culture and organizational culture in the c... more This paper examines the relationship between national culture and organizational culture in the context of private and public sector organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan. To understand the influence of national culture on organizational culture a cross-sectorial comparison has been made between both sector organizations. A discussion was built on past research and theoretical framework and it highlights some of the cultural approaches and typologies. This study also explains who are the Kurds, Kurdistan, their national culture and organizational culture perspectives. Through self-response survey questionnaires the national culture and organizational culture dimensions of some major organizations in private and public sectors in Iraqi Kurdistan were discovered. Multiregression analyses as well as correlation coefficient tests were conducted to determine whether variables have any statistically significant relationship. Thus, national culture variable was regressed on organizational culture variable in both sectors independently. The results from analyses indicated that there is a significant relationship between national culture and organizational culture in Iraqi Kurdistan. The analysis also showed that national culture impacts organizational culture in private sector whereas, no effect or weak correlation were seen in public sector organizations. Organizations in general and public sector in particular were dominated by hierarchy culture followed by clan culture. But the dominated culture in private sector organizations was hierarchy culture followed by market culture. The findings also demonstrated that there is a negative relationship between demographic variable and organizational culture. A conceptual figure was proposed and some recommendations were suggested. Please note this research was written by "Time New Roman" theme font throughout of this research and the title font size is 14, the research itself is written by the size 12 and in some areas such as table/s and figures the size of the font was reduced to 10 due to lack of space.
British Journal of Marketing Studies, 2015
There are growing interest in the consequences of culture for global marketing and advertising an... more There are growing interest in the consequences of culture for global marketing and advertising and many recent researches urged companies to consider the necessity of adapting their international marketing strategies to the culture of the consumer (De Mooij and Hofstede, 2010). In order to investigate the influence of national culture on international marketing and consumer behavior and answer the research questions in Iraqi Kurdistan, this paper tend to identify Hofstede cultural dimensions and explain how these dimensions may impact the global marketing management. This paper was divided into three main parts. The first part of this research concentrates on international marketing as well as national culture and tries to investigate the past research on how national culture as an independent variable may influence international marketing and consumer behavior as dependent variable. In the second part of this study, two main questions were raised and a quantitative self-respond questionnaire was used to measure the cultural values at individual level. This research used convenience sample method and it is based on the sample of 272 professionals mostly managers at different levels and combined with the previous research sample of 441 students to bring consistency and reliability to the research and also reduce sample error. In the third part, data were measured and analyzed and at the end a discussion was developed to answer the questions. The findings explain the relationship between both variables and support the past works by De Mooij and Hofstede as concrete works that can be applied by international managers. Therefore, this author can conclude that this paper provide strong argument that there is positive relationship between national culture and international marketing and consumer behavior. There are some suggestions for more cross-cultural research in this part of the world.
European Journal of Business and Management , 2015
The mean purpose of this paper was to highlight some of the key features of Kurds cultural values... more The mean purpose of this paper was to highlight some of the key features of Kurds cultural values in Iraq. This paper has been divided into too many parts. The first part culture and some of culture definitions were examined. In the field of cross cultural study Hofstede's work on cultural dimensions has been regarded as a paradigm. Therefore, in the second part of this paper, Hofstede's study, arguments in support and against his work has been discussed broadly. In the third part the author have looked at Iraq's culture in Hofstede's cultural dimensions study and what each index means. It was argued by many scholars that Hofsted's typology can only work best when measurements are on national level which it looks at the whole nation as homogenous society. Therefore, it was regarded as not applicable at individual level.
LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2016
This in-depth study of organizational practice in Iraqi Kurdistan is unique in a way that there i... more This in-depth study of organizational practice in Iraqi Kurdistan is unique in a way that there is no other work in this scale produce such significant results. This is a practical study shows the Kurdish managers’ perceptions in how they handle their home & work values together & how these values are reflected in their everyday managerial practice & decision making. This is a realistic & uncensored picture of today’s management in private & public sector organizations in Kurdistan region. It explores the dominant cultural values, organizational cultures & leadership style in both sectors & investigates the relationship between these variables. It examines the influence of national culture on international marketing & consumer behavior in a properly balanced account. This research continues by exploring the effect of organizational culture & leadership on organizational effectiveness & Based on the available data it identifies the gender parity in these organizations. Nevertheless, it contains some valuable insights & recommendations for government & policy makers, companies & managers, academics & professionals, to the current unusual situation & possible future changes.