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Papers by Astrid Reisinger Coracini
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2016
The Arms Trade Treaty, 2021
The Emerging Practice of the International Criminal Court, 2009
The crime of aggression is a crime under customary international law. At the same time it is list... more The crime of aggression is a crime under customary international law. At the same time it is listed as one of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole in an international treaty, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). This chapter analyses national definitions of the international crime of aggression in the light of the current state of the negotiations to codify this crime for adjudication before the ICC. It presents an examples of national legislation, and provides an overview of the main features and identify convergent and deviating elements. The chapter examines under what circumstances states establish jurisdiction to adjudicate and actually empower domestic courts to enforce the crime of aggression. Finally, it concludes by assessing the findings of the comparative study and analysing the interrelationship between international and domestic definitions of the crime of aggression. Keywords: crime of aggression; customary international law; International Criminal Court (ICC); jurisdiction; Rome Statute
The first review conference to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in June... more The first review conference to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in June 2010 in Kampala successfully concluded decades of negotiations over a statutory definition of the crime of aggression and its prosecution by a permanent international criminal court. The main unresolved issues to be addressed by the review conference concerned the determination of an act of aggression as a (procedural) prerequisite for the exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression and the appropriate activation procedure for a provision on aggression. Most importantly, the compromise of Kampala could safeguard an independent and effective criminal prosecution of the crime of aggression by not subjugating the Court’s exercise of jurisdiction to decisions of outside organs. However, in case of a referral of a situation by a State Party or the initiation of a proprio motu investigation, the Court’s reach over perpetrators is significantly narrowed with a view to crimes of aggre...
Criminal Law Forum, Jan 1, 2011
Revised version of the Introductory Remarks delivered at the occasion of the International Crimin... more Revised version of the Introductory Remarks delivered at the occasion of the International Criminal Law Symposium in Honour of Professor Otto Triffterer's 80th Birthday, University of Salzburg, 8 March 2011
Sumario: I. Introducción. - II. Desde Roma a Kampala. - III. Hacia un ejercicio fáctico de compet... more Sumario: I. Introducción. - II. Desde Roma a Kampala. - III. Hacia un ejercicio fáctico de competencia. - IV. Marco Jurisdiccional. - V. Conclusiones
Goettingen J. Int'l L., Jan 1, 2010
The first review conference to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in June... more The first review conference to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in June 2010 in Kampala successfully concluded decades of negotiations over a statutory definition of the crime of aggression and its prosecution by a permanent international criminal court. The main unresolved issues to be addressed by the review conference concerned the determination of an act of aggression as a (procedural) prerequisite for the exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression and the appropriate activation procedure for a provision on aggression. Most importantly, the compromise of Kampala could safeguard an independent and effective criminal prosecution of the crime of aggression by not subjugating the Court’s exercise of jurisdiction to decisions of outside organs. However, in case of a referral of a situation by a State Party or the initiation of a proprio motu investigation, the Court’s reach over perpetrators is significantly narrowed with a view to crimes of aggression involving a non-state party or a state-party that does not accept the Court’s exercise of jurisdiction. These concessions, built on state consent to the exercise of criminal prosecution over individuals and elements of reciprocity, concepts that are alien to the Rome Statute, form part of a political compromise that enabled the activation of the Court’s jurisdiction over the crime of aggression.
¿Qué es exactamente lo que se acordó en Kampala sobre el crimen de agresión? ", una cuestión que,... more ¿Qué es exactamente lo que se acordó en Kampala sobre el crimen de agresión? ", una cuestión que, efectivamente, requiere una reflexión. La Resolución sobre el crimen de agresión es un conglomerado de cuatro sofisticados documentos de valor jurídico divergentes: una Resolución con fuerza legal, modificaciones al Estatuto de la CPI que están sujetas a ratificación o aceptación, enmiendas a los Elementos de los Crímenes y los "entendimientos". Dejando a un lado la complejidad de estos textos, la interpretación jurídica se ve desafiada por el hecho de que no hubo debate en el Pleno sobre las últimas tres versiones del Presidente y del Proyecto de Resolución. Los trabajos preparatorios son por lo tanto de poca ayuda, en lo que respecta a la interpretación de algunas partes de la resolución.
Inspirada por la discusión en línea sobre el crimen de agresión, me gustaría aportar algunas ideas preliminares (que representan mis opiniones personales y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de la delegación de Austria) con un enfoque particular en los aspectos de las condiciones bajo las cuales la CPI podrá ejercer su competencia respecto del crimen de agresión y el procedimiento de enmienda.
In an earlier post Dapo Akande asked: “What Exactly was Agreed in Kampala on the Crime of Aggress... more In an earlier post Dapo Akande asked: “What Exactly was Agreed in Kampala on the Crime of Aggression?”, a question that indeed mandates some reflection. The Resolution on the Crime of Aggression is a sophisticated conglomerate of four documents of divergent legal value: an enabling Resolution, amendments to the ICC Statute that are subject to ratification or acceptance, amendments to the Elements of Crimes and “Understandings”. Let aside the complexity of these texts, legal interpretation is challenged by the fact that there was no plenary debate on the last three versions of the President’s non-paper and the Draft Resolution. The preparatory works are therefore of limited help with regard to the interpretation of some parts of the Resolution.
Inspired by the vivid online discussion on the crime of aggression, I would like to contribute some preliminary thoughts (which represent my personal views and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Austrian delegation) with a particular focus on aspects of the conditions under which the ICC may exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression and the amendment procedure.
DiePresse.com | Rechtspanorama | Recht allgemein | Artikel drucken Neuer Straftatbestand gegen Ag... more DiePresse.com | Rechtspanorama | Recht allgemein | Artikel drucken Neuer Straftatbestand gegen Aggressoren 20.06.2010 | 18:36 | ASTRID REISINGER CORACINI UND KIRSTEN SCHMALENBACH (Die Presse) Der Internationale Strafgerichtshof verfolgt künftig die Planung oder Durchführung von Angriffskriegen. GRAZ/SALZBURG. Die Staatengemeinschaft hat entschieden: Künftig wird das Verbrechen der Aggression vom Internationalen Strafgerichtshof (IStGH) verfolgt. Das ist der Erfolg der ersten Staatenkonferenz zur Überprüfung des IStGH-Statuts, die von 31. Mai bis 11. Juni in Kampala (Uganda) stattfand. Zentrales Anliegen der Vertreter der 111 Mitgliedstaaten -darunter auch Österreich -war es, das Verbrechen der Aggression im Statut zu definieren und die Bedingungen festzulegen, unter denen der IStGH seine Gerichtsbarkeit über das Verbrechen der Aggression ausüben darf.
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle der Nachkriegsjudikatur in Gerichtsentsche... more Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle der Nachkriegsjudikatur in Gerichtsentscheidungen zeitgenössischer internationaler Strafgerichte. Er widmet sich der Frage, inwieweit und auf welcher rechtlichen Grundlage die Rezeption von Urteilen wegen NS-Gewaltverbrechen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des (materiellen) Völkerstrafrechts nehmen konnte bzw. kann. Dabei soll insbesondere die Bedeutung jener Strafverfahren beleuchtet werden, die, abseits des Prozesses gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher in Nürnberg1 vor alliierten, ordentlichen oder außerordentlichen nationalen Gerichten durchgeführt wurden. Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind vor allem Entscheidungen jener internationalen Gerichte, die primär gewohnheitsrechtliches Völkerstrafrecht anwenden. Sie können auf nationale Gerichtsentscheidungen sowohl zum Nachweis von Staatenpraxis als auch im Sinne einer Rechtserkenntnisquelle zurückgreifen.Da die Anwendung ungeschriebenen Gewohnheitsrechts in einem Strafverfahren kontinentaleuropäisch geprägte JuristInnen auf den ersten Blick befremden mag, soll eingangs die Frage des völkerrechtlichen Rechtsquellenkatalogs und dessen Relevanz für das Völkerstrafrecht erörtert werden. Im Anschluss wird die Rezeption der Nachkriegsprozesse in der Judikatur internationaler Strafgerichte anhand ausgewählter Beispiele dargestellt. Dabei sollen Einflüsse auf die Entwicklung einzelner Straftatbestände ebenso wie auf Regelungen des Allgemeinen Teils näher beleuchtet werden. Abschließend ist der Frage nachzugehen, inwieweit die Nachkriegsjudikatur Einfluss auf die Rechtsprechung des ständigen Internationalen Strafgerichtshof nehmen kann, der als Vertragsorgan primär an sein eigenes Statut gebunden ist.
This article takes a closer look at the current definition of the crime of aggression as containe... more This article takes a closer look at the current definition of the crime of aggression as contained in draft article 8bis of the SWGCA proposals. It discusses the structural guidelines of this provision, material and mental elements of the definition of the crime of aggression as well as the question of Elements of Crime. Within this framework, the paper analyses the negotiations that led to the current formulation and evaluates the present drafting against the definition of the crime of aggression under customary international law.
The ten decisions rendered by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the context of ‘Appeal an... more The ten decisions rendered by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the context of ‘Appeal and Revision’, which is found in Part 8 of the ICC Statute, concern two situations under investigation. Two decisions of 2005 relate to the situation in Uganda, and eight decisions of 2006 to the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Both situations were referred to the ICC by a state party in accordance with Article 13, sub a and Article 14 of the ICC Statute.
Following the self referral by the DRC in March 2004, the prosecutor initiated his first investigation according to Article 53 of the ICC Statute in June 2004. The previous referral by Uganda (December 2003), concerning the situation in Northern Uganda, led to the opening of an investigation in July 2004. By the end of 2006, only one case related to the situation in the DRC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, was pending before the Court. Against this background, it is understandable that the ICC has not yet explored the complete range of procedural remedies provided for in Part 8 of the ICC Statute. The Chambers had only been confronted with requests related to appeals of a “decision with respect to jurisdiction or admissibility” (Article 82 paragraph 1, sub a of the ICC Statute) and appeals on other issues requiring leave of the Court (Article 82 paragraph 1, sub d of the ICC Statute).
The two decisions concerning the situation in Uganda, as well as two of the DRC decisions, were taken on the situation level. The other six DRC decisions were delivered in the context of the Lubanga case. Most of the analysed decisions were rendered by the two Pre-Trial Chambers in charge of the respective situations, dealing with applications for leave to appeal by the prosecution and defence, as well as other procedural moves by the prosecution. The three Appeals Chamber decisions, two upon applications by the defendant in the Lubanga case, and one upon application by the prosecution in the DRC situation, also concerned procedural questions.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2016
The Arms Trade Treaty, 2021
The Emerging Practice of the International Criminal Court, 2009
The crime of aggression is a crime under customary international law. At the same time it is list... more The crime of aggression is a crime under customary international law. At the same time it is listed as one of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole in an international treaty, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). This chapter analyses national definitions of the international crime of aggression in the light of the current state of the negotiations to codify this crime for adjudication before the ICC. It presents an examples of national legislation, and provides an overview of the main features and identify convergent and deviating elements. The chapter examines under what circumstances states establish jurisdiction to adjudicate and actually empower domestic courts to enforce the crime of aggression. Finally, it concludes by assessing the findings of the comparative study and analysing the interrelationship between international and domestic definitions of the crime of aggression. Keywords: crime of aggression; customary international law; International Criminal Court (ICC); jurisdiction; Rome Statute
The first review conference to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in June... more The first review conference to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in June 2010 in Kampala successfully concluded decades of negotiations over a statutory definition of the crime of aggression and its prosecution by a permanent international criminal court. The main unresolved issues to be addressed by the review conference concerned the determination of an act of aggression as a (procedural) prerequisite for the exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression and the appropriate activation procedure for a provision on aggression. Most importantly, the compromise of Kampala could safeguard an independent and effective criminal prosecution of the crime of aggression by not subjugating the Court’s exercise of jurisdiction to decisions of outside organs. However, in case of a referral of a situation by a State Party or the initiation of a proprio motu investigation, the Court’s reach over perpetrators is significantly narrowed with a view to crimes of aggre...
Criminal Law Forum, Jan 1, 2011
Revised version of the Introductory Remarks delivered at the occasion of the International Crimin... more Revised version of the Introductory Remarks delivered at the occasion of the International Criminal Law Symposium in Honour of Professor Otto Triffterer's 80th Birthday, University of Salzburg, 8 March 2011
Sumario: I. Introducción. - II. Desde Roma a Kampala. - III. Hacia un ejercicio fáctico de compet... more Sumario: I. Introducción. - II. Desde Roma a Kampala. - III. Hacia un ejercicio fáctico de competencia. - IV. Marco Jurisdiccional. - V. Conclusiones
Goettingen J. Int'l L., Jan 1, 2010
The first review conference to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in June... more The first review conference to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in June 2010 in Kampala successfully concluded decades of negotiations over a statutory definition of the crime of aggression and its prosecution by a permanent international criminal court. The main unresolved issues to be addressed by the review conference concerned the determination of an act of aggression as a (procedural) prerequisite for the exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression and the appropriate activation procedure for a provision on aggression. Most importantly, the compromise of Kampala could safeguard an independent and effective criminal prosecution of the crime of aggression by not subjugating the Court’s exercise of jurisdiction to decisions of outside organs. However, in case of a referral of a situation by a State Party or the initiation of a proprio motu investigation, the Court’s reach over perpetrators is significantly narrowed with a view to crimes of aggression involving a non-state party or a state-party that does not accept the Court’s exercise of jurisdiction. These concessions, built on state consent to the exercise of criminal prosecution over individuals and elements of reciprocity, concepts that are alien to the Rome Statute, form part of a political compromise that enabled the activation of the Court’s jurisdiction over the crime of aggression.
¿Qué es exactamente lo que se acordó en Kampala sobre el crimen de agresión? ", una cuestión que,... more ¿Qué es exactamente lo que se acordó en Kampala sobre el crimen de agresión? ", una cuestión que, efectivamente, requiere una reflexión. La Resolución sobre el crimen de agresión es un conglomerado de cuatro sofisticados documentos de valor jurídico divergentes: una Resolución con fuerza legal, modificaciones al Estatuto de la CPI que están sujetas a ratificación o aceptación, enmiendas a los Elementos de los Crímenes y los "entendimientos". Dejando a un lado la complejidad de estos textos, la interpretación jurídica se ve desafiada por el hecho de que no hubo debate en el Pleno sobre las últimas tres versiones del Presidente y del Proyecto de Resolución. Los trabajos preparatorios son por lo tanto de poca ayuda, en lo que respecta a la interpretación de algunas partes de la resolución.
Inspirada por la discusión en línea sobre el crimen de agresión, me gustaría aportar algunas ideas preliminares (que representan mis opiniones personales y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de la delegación de Austria) con un enfoque particular en los aspectos de las condiciones bajo las cuales la CPI podrá ejercer su competencia respecto del crimen de agresión y el procedimiento de enmienda.
In an earlier post Dapo Akande asked: “What Exactly was Agreed in Kampala on the Crime of Aggress... more In an earlier post Dapo Akande asked: “What Exactly was Agreed in Kampala on the Crime of Aggression?”, a question that indeed mandates some reflection. The Resolution on the Crime of Aggression is a sophisticated conglomerate of four documents of divergent legal value: an enabling Resolution, amendments to the ICC Statute that are subject to ratification or acceptance, amendments to the Elements of Crimes and “Understandings”. Let aside the complexity of these texts, legal interpretation is challenged by the fact that there was no plenary debate on the last three versions of the President’s non-paper and the Draft Resolution. The preparatory works are therefore of limited help with regard to the interpretation of some parts of the Resolution.
Inspired by the vivid online discussion on the crime of aggression, I would like to contribute some preliminary thoughts (which represent my personal views and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Austrian delegation) with a particular focus on aspects of the conditions under which the ICC may exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression and the amendment procedure.
DiePresse.com | Rechtspanorama | Recht allgemein | Artikel drucken Neuer Straftatbestand gegen Ag... more DiePresse.com | Rechtspanorama | Recht allgemein | Artikel drucken Neuer Straftatbestand gegen Aggressoren 20.06.2010 | 18:36 | ASTRID REISINGER CORACINI UND KIRSTEN SCHMALENBACH (Die Presse) Der Internationale Strafgerichtshof verfolgt künftig die Planung oder Durchführung von Angriffskriegen. GRAZ/SALZBURG. Die Staatengemeinschaft hat entschieden: Künftig wird das Verbrechen der Aggression vom Internationalen Strafgerichtshof (IStGH) verfolgt. Das ist der Erfolg der ersten Staatenkonferenz zur Überprüfung des IStGH-Statuts, die von 31. Mai bis 11. Juni in Kampala (Uganda) stattfand. Zentrales Anliegen der Vertreter der 111 Mitgliedstaaten -darunter auch Österreich -war es, das Verbrechen der Aggression im Statut zu definieren und die Bedingungen festzulegen, unter denen der IStGH seine Gerichtsbarkeit über das Verbrechen der Aggression ausüben darf.
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle der Nachkriegsjudikatur in Gerichtsentsche... more Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle der Nachkriegsjudikatur in Gerichtsentscheidungen zeitgenössischer internationaler Strafgerichte. Er widmet sich der Frage, inwieweit und auf welcher rechtlichen Grundlage die Rezeption von Urteilen wegen NS-Gewaltverbrechen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des (materiellen) Völkerstrafrechts nehmen konnte bzw. kann. Dabei soll insbesondere die Bedeutung jener Strafverfahren beleuchtet werden, die, abseits des Prozesses gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher in Nürnberg1 vor alliierten, ordentlichen oder außerordentlichen nationalen Gerichten durchgeführt wurden. Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind vor allem Entscheidungen jener internationalen Gerichte, die primär gewohnheitsrechtliches Völkerstrafrecht anwenden. Sie können auf nationale Gerichtsentscheidungen sowohl zum Nachweis von Staatenpraxis als auch im Sinne einer Rechtserkenntnisquelle zurückgreifen.Da die Anwendung ungeschriebenen Gewohnheitsrechts in einem Strafverfahren kontinentaleuropäisch geprägte JuristInnen auf den ersten Blick befremden mag, soll eingangs die Frage des völkerrechtlichen Rechtsquellenkatalogs und dessen Relevanz für das Völkerstrafrecht erörtert werden. Im Anschluss wird die Rezeption der Nachkriegsprozesse in der Judikatur internationaler Strafgerichte anhand ausgewählter Beispiele dargestellt. Dabei sollen Einflüsse auf die Entwicklung einzelner Straftatbestände ebenso wie auf Regelungen des Allgemeinen Teils näher beleuchtet werden. Abschließend ist der Frage nachzugehen, inwieweit die Nachkriegsjudikatur Einfluss auf die Rechtsprechung des ständigen Internationalen Strafgerichtshof nehmen kann, der als Vertragsorgan primär an sein eigenes Statut gebunden ist.
This article takes a closer look at the current definition of the crime of aggression as containe... more This article takes a closer look at the current definition of the crime of aggression as contained in draft article 8bis of the SWGCA proposals. It discusses the structural guidelines of this provision, material and mental elements of the definition of the crime of aggression as well as the question of Elements of Crime. Within this framework, the paper analyses the negotiations that led to the current formulation and evaluates the present drafting against the definition of the crime of aggression under customary international law.
The ten decisions rendered by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the context of ‘Appeal an... more The ten decisions rendered by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the context of ‘Appeal and Revision’, which is found in Part 8 of the ICC Statute, concern two situations under investigation. Two decisions of 2005 relate to the situation in Uganda, and eight decisions of 2006 to the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Both situations were referred to the ICC by a state party in accordance with Article 13, sub a and Article 14 of the ICC Statute.
Following the self referral by the DRC in March 2004, the prosecutor initiated his first investigation according to Article 53 of the ICC Statute in June 2004. The previous referral by Uganda (December 2003), concerning the situation in Northern Uganda, led to the opening of an investigation in July 2004. By the end of 2006, only one case related to the situation in the DRC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, was pending before the Court. Against this background, it is understandable that the ICC has not yet explored the complete range of procedural remedies provided for in Part 8 of the ICC Statute. The Chambers had only been confronted with requests related to appeals of a “decision with respect to jurisdiction or admissibility” (Article 82 paragraph 1, sub a of the ICC Statute) and appeals on other issues requiring leave of the Court (Article 82 paragraph 1, sub d of the ICC Statute).
The two decisions concerning the situation in Uganda, as well as two of the DRC decisions, were taken on the situation level. The other six DRC decisions were delivered in the context of the Lubanga case. Most of the analysed decisions were rendered by the two Pre-Trial Chambers in charge of the respective situations, dealing with applications for leave to appeal by the prosecution and defence, as well as other procedural moves by the prosecution. The three Appeals Chamber decisions, two upon applications by the defendant in the Lubanga case, and one upon application by the prosecution in the DRC situation, also concerned procedural questions.