Roman Numeral in Python (original) (raw)

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Published on 07 October 2018 (Updated: 15 May 2023)

Welcome to the Roman Numeral in Python page! Here, you'll find the source code for this program as well as a description of how the program works.

Current Solution

import sys


# This function returns value of each Roman symbol
def value(r):
    return {
        'I': 1,
        'V': 5,
        'X': 10,
        'L': 50,
        'C': 100,
        'D': 500,
        'M': 1000
    }[r]


def roman_to_decimal(string):
    res = 0
    i = 0

    while i < len(string):

        # Getting value of symbol s[i]
        s1 = value(string[i])

        if i+1 < len(string):

            # Getting value of symbol s[i+1]
            s2 = value(string[i + 1])

            # Comparing both values
            if s1 >= s2:

                # Value of current symbol is greater
                # or equal to the next symbol
                res += s1
                i += 1
            else:

                # Value of current symbol is less than
                # to the next symbol
                res = res + s2 - s1
                i += 2
        else:
            res += s1
            i += 1

    return res


def exit_with_error(msg):
    print(msg)
    sys.exit(1)


def main(args):
    if len(args) < 1:
        exit_with_error('Usage: please provide a string of roman numerals')

    try:
        roman_numeral = sys.argv[1]
        print(roman_to_decimal(roman_numeral))
    except KeyError:
        exit_with_error('Error: invalid string of roman numerals')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main(sys.argv[1:])

Roman Numeral in Python was written by:

• Jeremy Grifski
• Parker Johansen
• prateeksharma21
• Vikram Rayavarapu

This article was written by:

• Jeremy Grifski
• rzuckerm
• Vikram Rayavarapu

If you see anything you'd like to change or update, please consider contributing.

How to Implement the Solution

The Main Function

Breaking down this solution bottom up,

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main(sys.argv[1:])

This bit of code checks to see if this is the main module run. If it is then it calls the mainfunction and passes user input to it. In this case the user input would be a string like "XV" (to convert from roman numeral to decimal number).

def main(args):
    if len(args) < 1:
        exit_with_error('Usage: please provide a string of roman numerals')

    try:
        roman_numeral = sys.argv[1]
        print(roman_to_decimal(roman_numeral))
    except KeyError:
        exit_with_error('Error: invalid string of roman numerals')

This is the main function of this file. It parses the input, then calls our roman to decimal function (and it also prints the results). It also deals with any errors raised.

Throw Errors

def exit_with_error(msg):
    print(msg)
    sys.exit(1)

This function prints a message and then exits the script with an error, sys.exit(1). If any non-zero value is returned then the program didn't complete properly. This function is called if the user input isn't correct.

Roman Numeral to Decimal number in Python

def roman_to_decimal(string):
    res = 0
    i = 0

    while i < len(string):

        # Getting value of symbol s[i]
        s1 = value(string[i])

        if i+1 < len(string):

            # Getting value of symbol s[i+1]
            s2 = value(string[i + 1])

            # Comparing both values
            if s1 >= s2:

                # Value of current symbol is greater
                # or equal to the next symbol
                res += s1
                i += 1
            else:

                # Value of current symbol is less than
                # to the next symbol
                res = res + s2 - s1
                i += 2
        else:
            res += s1
            i += 1

    return res

Finally we're at the brain of the entire program. This function takes an roman numeral as string and returns in form of Decimal number (Integer type). This function roman_to_decimal call another function called value. That function can map the each digit of roman numeral to decimal equivalent:

# This function returns value of each Roman symbol
def value(r):
    return {
        'I': 1,
        'V': 5,
        'X': 10,
        'L': 50,
        'C': 100,
        'D': 500,
        'M': 1000
    }[r]

For example, if XV is the input:

• First take res as zero (res = 0) and i (useful for accesing characters of input string) as zero (i = 0)
• While i less than length of input in roman numeral we keep on iterating loop.
• We store respective value of first character of roman numeral (with value function) in s1.
• Then we check that i+1 is less than that of length of string or not. We use this because we need to get value of next character of roman numeral into s2. If i+1 is greater than length of string then we take the res as res + s1 (res += s1) and increment i by 1 and rerurns the result.
• If the value of s1 is greater than or equal to s2, then we update res as res + s1 (res += s1) and increment i by 1.
• else we update the value of res equal to res + s2 - s1 (res = res + s2 - s1) and increment i by 2 (i += 2).
• Finally we return the result in variable res.

How to Run the Solution

If we want to run this program, we should probably download a copy of Roman Numeral in Python. After that, we should make sure we have the latest Python interpreter. From there, we can run the following command in the terminal:

python roman_numeral.py "XIV"

Alternatively, we can copy the solution into an online Python interpreter and hit run then you need to modify sys.argv[1] to your inputs.