Arina Isti'anah | Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta Indonesia (original) (raw)

Papers by Arina Isti'anah

Language is regarded as a tool to present the ideologies of its users, including how media portra... more Language is regarded as a tool to present the ideologies of its users, including how media portray a particular issue in their headlines. Rohingya has gained much attention from media, including SouthEast Asian newspapers. The massive clearing done by Myanmar government triggers the attention of media. Headlines are regarded as the important element of news since their jobs are to attract the readers and frame the ideologies of the readers as well as the media themselves. This paper attempts at discussing how SouthEast Asian media present Rohingya in their headlines. Five newspapers were involved: The Jakarta Post from Indonesia, Malaysia Kini from Malaysia, Mmtimes from Myanmar, The Nation from Thailand, and Daily Star from Bangladesh, taken during 2017. The analysis was focused on the choice of Theme in the headlines as it is the departing message of the headlines. The approach conducted was Faiclough's Critical Discourse Analysis utilizing the textual function of language offered by Halliday. The analysis revealed that SouthEast Asian media had similarities and differences in portraying Rohingya issue. The similarities were seen from the reflected ideologies, responsibility and blame, and the types of employed Themes. The difference was found in the way each media portrayed the ideologies. However, all media agreed to show their responsibility to end and solve Rohingya crisis to achieve peace and harmony amongst SouthEast Asian countries.

In the grammatical level of analysis, transitivity is one of the choices. The role of verb in a c... more In the grammatical level of analysis, transitivity is one of the choices. The role of verb in a clause determines its process and participants, and thus imply particular meanings. This research took two chapters as the research data taken from a novel by Åsne Seierstad entitled The Bookseller of Kabul. Talking about literature about Afghanistan society, what attracts this research is the Afghan character named Sharifa. The research found that Seierstad employed various types of processes, participants and circumstances to describe Sharifa. First, the use of Actor and of material process aims at portraying the responsibility of an Afghan wife in spite of the sorrow seen from the mental process with Sharifa as the Senser. The use of relational process with Sharifa as the Carrier is to attach her to particular character, both physical and psychological states. In sum, the novel portrays the Afghan wife as a submissive, yet devoted character.

This research focuses on analyzing speech and thought presentation in the story by means of styli... more This research focuses on analyzing speech and thought presentation in the story by means of stylistic approach proposed by Leech and Short (2007). There are two main objectives in this research: (1) to find out speech and thought presentation techniques used in the story and (2) to figure out how those techniques reveal the characterization of the story. Three types of speech presentation were found in the analysis: Free Direct Speech (FDS) in 56%, Direct Speech (DS) in 41%, and Indirect Speech (IS) in 3%. Indirect Thought (IT) is the only thought presentation found in the data, presented in 15 utterances. The FDS technique suggests that the context of speech in the story is clear enough, referring to who the speakers are. That is, why the readers are involved in the story. By employing IT in the whole thought presentation, Lahiri involves herself in the character's consciousness.

Rohingya case has attracted worldwide attention as it is regarded as humanity rather than racial ... more Rohingya case has attracted worldwide attention as it is regarded as humanity rather than racial issue. The case has become viral throughout the world by means of, one of which, newspaper headlines. Media plays an important role to blow this humanity issue. Critical Discourse Analysis is urgently required to deconstruct the role of media in portraying that issue. Newspaper headlines on Rohingya case published in Myanmar and Bangladesh were analyzed in terms of their textual structures, employing Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar. The data were taken in a purposive sample technique by observing twenty newspaper headlines from two newspaper companies: Mmtimes from Myanmar and The Nation from Bangladesh, taken during 2017. Both newspapers used topical Theme in their headlines, yet the participants chosen as the Themes are different. Myanmar headlines involved Actor, Goal, Sayer and Verbiage as their Themes. Bangladesh headlines, on the other hand, employed Actor, Goal, Carrier, Token and Sayer as the Themes. The ideologies concluded from different Theme features in the headlines are different. Myanmar newspaper headlines cover the Rohingya issue by blowing up the good deeds by Myanmar government, while Bangladesh newspaper headlines show the actions done by Rohingyans to save themselves.

The study of main characters becomes one of delicate angles to observe in literary work. Instead ... more The study of main characters becomes one of delicate angles to observe in literary work. Instead of the various literary criticisms, linguistics also provides stylistics as the approach to appreciate and interpret literary work, including character analysis. ―Interpreter of Maladies‖ is one of the short stories written by Jhumpa Lahiri which attracts readers' attention. Readers may comment the way Lahiri portrays the main character of the story, Mr. Kapasi. To interpret the character's feeling in the story, Halliday's Functional Linguistics is employed to observe what happens in the character's thought. The previous purpose is facilitated by transitivity analysis focusing on the mental process analysis. Transitivity focuses on the clause analysis as the unit which brings meanings, including types of participants in the clause. Halliday divides mental process into four: perceptive, cognitive, emotive, and desiderative. The analysis shows that perceptive, cognitive, and affective dominate the narrator's description on Mr. Kapasi, while desiderative appears the least in the main character. The choice of those mental process types signals that Lahiri portrays Mr. Kapasi as an attentive, intellectual, and affectionate character.

In this digital era, college students have become familiar with social media such as Facebook, tw... more In this digital era, college students have become familiar with social media such as Facebook, twitter, and Instagram. For English Letters Students, they also use English when updating their status, tweeting their thought, or giving captions in their photos. That phenomenon results in the students' interest in analyzing language use in social media, proven by some theses examining social media as the data. It means that the students have started to observe English language and literacy as social practice, for example is when a student observed English Letters students' grammatical errors in their social media accounts. That fact reveals the student's awareness of the importance of English language and literacy as social practice. A questionnaire was distributed to 64 students who take Language Research Methodology Class. Most of them access Instagram and Facebook in their daily life and spend half of their day accessing the media. Their activities involve reading posts on information and observe comments in the form of sentences. Pedagogical implication of the students' responses was teachers should bring social issues which happen in society in which the students live to build their critical thinking. Therefore, the students are involved in social practice while developing their critical literacy.

Blended learning is believed to improve students' understanding in learning second language. The ... more Blended learning is believed to improve students' understanding in learning second language. The employment of offline and online activities is expected to give better outcome than the traditional face-to-face activities. This article presents how blended learning was applied in an English grammar class and whether it significantly improved students' achievement after the treatment. The participants involved in this research were 26 students of the the second semester students of the English Letters Department, Sanata Dharma University. A pre-experimental research was conducted by comparing the means of the participants' scores in both pre-test and post-test. The analysis figured out that there was a significant improvement, proven by the paired t-test analysis. The p-value 0.00 was less than alpha 0.05. This research concluded that blended learning was effective to assist the students to learn English grammar. To strengthen the findings, this research also involved pre-questionnaire and post-questionnaire to understand students' responses on the use of blended learning. In the end of the semester, most students found that online activities help them comprehend and practice the materials. Students' reflective journals also revealed that blended learning was able to improve their understanding and interest in learning English grammar.

This research presented the stylistic analysis of a poem by Maya Angelou, Equality. The poem was ... more This research presented the stylistic analysis of a poem by Maya Angelou, Equality. The poem was chosen as it became Angelou's one of well-known poems. The Stylistic analysis aimed at comprehending the meanings of either literary or non-literary text by means of observing the language device used in the texts. In this article, the stylistic analysis was conducted to analyze Maya Angelou's Equality. To achieve the goal of stylistic analysis, there were some language levels to observe; they were phonological, graphological, grammatical, and semantic levels. In the phonological level, the repetition of rhyme in some stanzas, assonance, consonance, and alliteration were used to voice Angelou's dream about freedom for black people. In the graphological level, the use of prominent punctuation in stanzas 3, 6, and 9 stressed equality as the requirement for the freedom she expected. In the grammatical level, Angelou used pronoun I and you as the dominant words in the poem, revealed different class the poet experienced in the country. The use of metaphors in the poem brought the same meaning as freedom, voice, effort, and racism that black people experienced in America. This research concludes that stylistics applies to analyze literary work so that thorough appreciation to it can be achieved.

A noun phrase is one of the important elements in building a sentence. Every noun phrase has its ... more A noun phrase is one of the important elements in building a sentence. Every noun phrase has its own head of the phrase. The structure of the noun phrase can be different according to the modification of the head. There are two kinds of modification to the head of the phrase: pre-modification and post-modification. The existence of the modifiers plays certain roles to the noun phrase. This article presents how the pre-modification affects the character in a literary work. Cassandra Clare's Mortal Instruments: City of Bones was chosen as the work to observe. Stylistic approach is used in order to conduct this study. The data of the study is collected from the noun phrases found in one of the character's utterances, Jace Wayland. The analysis presented in this article covers the types of structure, distribution, and function of noun phrases. This study found several results of the analysis. First, there are seven types of noun phrase structure found in the utterances of Jace Wayland. Second, there are four main functions of a noun phrase in a clause: subject, object, prepositional complement, and predicative complement. Third, the noun phrases also have significant role in revealing the character of Jace Wayland: being descriptive and direct.

Style is a distinctive feature found in language use. One example of language use is a speech. In... more Style is a distinctive feature found in language use. One example of language use is a speech. In stylistics, the use of modality in a speech can reveal the speaker's style. Subsequently, a style that is shown through the modality can reflect the speaker's ideology. This study aimed to find out the ideology reflected by the modality of Melania Trump's and Ivanka Trump's campaign speeches. The speeches were delivered at the Republican National Convention last July 19 th , 2016. There were two objectives discussed in this study. First is to find out the type of modality employed by Melania Trump and Ivanka Trump in their campaign speeches. Second is to reveal the ideologies reflected by the use of the modality. A stylistic approach was employed to discuss the types of modality to figure out the ideologies reflected. The data were taken by employing population study. From the analysis, it was found out that there were four types of modality employed by Melania Trump's speech: inclination, obligation, potentiality and ability, and probability. In Ivanka Trump's speech, there were five types of modality found: inclination, usuality, potentiality and ability, probability, and obligation. There were two ideologies reflected by the use of modality. The ideologies found in both speeches were similar. Those were commitment and self-promotion. The commitments were proved by the existence of inclination, while self-promotion is proven by the existence of potentiality and ability, and usuality types of modality.

Learning journal enables students to reflect of what they have experienced in the learning proces... more Learning journal enables students to reflect of what they have experienced in the learning process. This article presents the students' learning journal in grammar class. For some students, grammar is seen as a course which does not attract their interest. It resulted on their ignorance of the course. However, students have to face the fact that grammar is an integral part of their literacy as it affects the meaning of their utterances, both spoken and written. The participants involved were the 37 students of English Letters Department, Sanata Dharma University. The students were in Structure IV course, one of grammar classes offered by the study program. The instruments involved were the students' learning journal wrtten during the semester and their final grades. The learning journal was analyzed by means of Halliday's transitivity. The findings reveal that most of the students used material process in their learning journal, while mental and relational processes do not appear often in the journal. The students' achievement in class is dominated by an A in the end of the semester. Relating the two findings above, this article concludes that students' practice of their knowledge in their social life affects their achievement in class. The employment of material process in the students' learning journal reveals the students' practice and purpose of learning grammar.

Words become the source for understanding the meanings of language. In relation to the study of m... more Words become the source for understanding the meanings of language. In relation to the study of meanings, this paper attempts at presenting the contrastive and contextual analysis of the verb RUN. The contrastive analysis is conducted in order to find the distinctive features of the word RUN and its synonymous words. After finding out the features differentiating the verb RUN, the contextual analysis is conducted. The contextual analysis displays the features which take place in the verb RUN in various fields. Based on the analysis, RUN has features of " manner " , " agent " , " situation " , " distance " or " duration " , " direction " and " purpose ". The feature AGENT dominates the feature of RUN in the contexts which equals 28%. The context of initiating the action causes the appearance of the feature AGENT. The feature distance or duration appears the least in the context of regular activity. The occurrence of the same feature in different contexts proves that a word shares the same feature in the different context, in other words, overlapping features happens.

This research is an investigation into the language use in people's opinions of capital punishmen... more This research is an investigation into the language use in people's opinions of capital punishment for drug convicts in The Jakarta Post. Capital punishment was executed to six drug convicts on January 18 th , 2015. Controversy about this action has risen before and after the execution. People give their opinions in social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and newspapers. The Jakarta Post is a well-known English newspaper in Indonesia which has a lot of readers. People choose this newspaper to convey their ideas so that their opinions will be read by people around the world. As the issue about capital punishment is popular recently, this research attempts at finding out people's ideology about capital punishment for drug convicts. Critical discourse analysis was conducted in this research as an approach to figure out how language use by the people can reveal their ideology of capital punishment. This research focused on observing four opinions of capital punishment for drug convicts in The Jakarta Post. The analysis shows that material processes dominate the opinions, followed by relational, mental and verbal processes. The ideologies revealed in the opinions are power, pessimism, and criticism. Before the execution, pessimism dominates the opinions, while after the execution criticism appears most in the opinions. Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah investigasi terhadap penggunaan bahasa dalam opini masyarakat mengenai hukuman mati

Jakarta governor election has been a popular topic recently. People who are interested in politic... more Jakarta governor election has been a popular topic recently. People who are interested in politics also comment the election. This paper attempts to analyze four selected opinions about the election, given by those who are interested in politics, by employing transitivity analysis. The method employed in this research was Critical Discourse Analysis which mainly focused on transitivity analysis. Based on the analysis, most opinions utilized material processes to show what Jakarta people expect from the governor, reflected by Actor-Goal, Affected, and Goal-Recipient participants.

The development of literary approaches to appreciate texts offers distinctive ways and purposes. ... more The development of literary approaches to appreciate texts offers distinctive ways and purposes. The various approaches offered so far are about post-structuralism, postmodernism, feminist, gender, post colonialism, and some others. Those are practiced by scholars who are interested in studying literature. Studying literature means studying text, so language enthusiasts attempt to appreciate it by applying a different approach, stylistics. Stylistics is the study of style in language use including literary works. What makes this method different from other literary criticism is the employment of the linguistic features in the texts: graphology, phonology, lexis, and syntax . The researches done by some researchers reviewed in this article prove that stylistic analysis is an applicable and effective way to appreciate literary work. The existence of certain linguistic features in literary work is able to prove how linguistic features constitute meanings and effects. The grammatical sentences in the work compose the meanings and effects of it. Consequently, more understanding literary work can be reached.

This paper tries to observe the English teachers' awareness and representation of the English asp... more This paper tries to observe the English teachers' awareness and representation of the English aspiration and stress rules. The research purposes to find out whether or not the teachers are aware of the English aspiration and stress rules, and to find out how the teachers represent the English aspiration and stress rules. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the teachers' awareness of the English aspiration and stress rules is very low. It is indicated with the percentage which equals to 44% and 48% for English aspiration and stress rules. In representing the English aspiration and stress rules, the teachers face the problems in producing aspiration in the pronunciation, placing the right stress and pronouncing three and four X in the coda position. There are two reasons affecting the teachers' awareness of the English aspiration and stress rules namely exposure and L1 influence.

Language occurs in society as a means of communication. In relation with society, Hymes (1962) pr... more Language occurs in society as a means of communication. In relation with society, Hymes (1962) proposes a theory named ethnography SPEAKING. This theory tends to analyze the relation between culture and language as the starting point. Hymes' SPEAKING model treats language as modes of speech according to the ways in which they construct and reflect social life within particular speech communities. This paper aims at analyzing Hosni Mubarak's and Muammar Qaddafi's speeches using SPEAKING analysis. The speeches by Mubarak and Qaddafi are chosen because they gave the speech in certain situations which can interpret the social life in Egypt and Libya. Based on the analysis, Mubarak and Qaddafi employ the different strategy in SPEAKING which shows the different society reflected by the speeches.

Learning a new language always creates challenges to the learners. As learners start to make an e... more Learning a new language always creates challenges to the learners. As learners start to make an effort to produce sentences in the L2, they might find difficulties to express themselves as their knowledge or the vocabulary of L2 are incomplete. To approach the new language, to be able to produce sentences, and to maintain the flow of the speech, learners develop strategies. One of them is by making good use of the knowledge they have of L1. As a result, L2 learners might alternate the use of L1 and L2. This phenomenon is known as code switch. "Code switch is when an individual alternates between languages" (Skiba, 1997). In most L2 classrooms, teachers discourage the students to do it. However, the occurrences of the code switch are unavoidable as a strategy developed by learners to approach the new language. This study aims at finding the use of code switch among students of the English Letters Department, particularly semester 2 students, who have studied English for about one year in the university. In the classroom situations, they are required to use English only and discouraged to use Indonesian. Yet, they also switch codes from English to Indonesian. This research intends to figure out the reasons for the code switch and see forms of code switch by the students. From the findings of this study, teachers can choose the best teaching strategy and comprehend the students' barriers in producing English fluently and accurately.