The journey from stem cell to macrophage (original) (raw)

“…These extrinsic signals translate into HSC activity via various transcription factors. Among them, several are known to induce HSC bias towards myeloid cell production, including PU.1, C/EBPα, Egr-1, Irf8, Klf4 and Mafb 19 . Once monocytes and neutrophils are produced, their release into circulation is tightly regulated by a number of signals, including CCR2 ligands and CXCL12.…”

Section: The Macrophage Lineagementioning

“…These extrinsic signals translate into HSC activity via various transcription factors. Among them, several are known to induce HSC bias towards myeloid cell production, including PU.1, C/EBPα, Egr-1, Irf8, Klf4 and Mafb 19 . Once monocytes and neutrophils are produced, their release into circulation is tightly regulated by a number of signals, including CCR2 ligands and CXCL12.…”

Section: The Macrophage Lineagementioning

“…The study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the tumor microenvironment has generated not only new anticancer treatments, such as immuno- and antiangiogenic therapies, but also a new field of fundamental investigation centered on the ontogeny of tumor-infiltrating host cells (McAllister and Weinberg, 2014; Pittet et al, 2014). This research has discovered that growing tumors can continuously recruit new hematopoietic cells from the circulation by releasing signals that amplify the production of hematopoietic progenitors in remote hematopoietic organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

“…Some products/cytokines are reported to promote bone healing, while others have been suggested to inhibit the process. Transplanted MSCs not only have the capability to differentiate into osteoblasts, but they are also known for their immunomodulatory effect via a variety of mechanisms [Pittet et al, 2014]. MSCs can be polarized into either a proinflammatory or immunosuppressive phenotype based on tolllike receptors (TLRs).…”

Section: Mscs and Immunomodulatory Effectsmentioning