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Papers by Zafer Korkmaz
Anadolu Araştırmaları, 2024
This article discussed the Late Roman Red Slip Ware which was found during the excavations of Bui... more This article discussed the Late Roman Red Slip Ware which was found during the excavations of Buildings A and B in Amemurium (Rough Cilicia). The wares concern three groups: African Red Slip Ware (ARSW), Late Roman C (LRC) and Late Roman D (LRD). ARS forms that were identified are Hayes 50, 67, 73/76, 99, 104, 105 and 106. LRC forms that were identified are Hayes 1, 3 and 10. The last and major group is LRD of which the following forms were recognised: Hayes 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11, Meyza Type H12D and the so-called Well Form. The proportions of these three ware groups are: LRD 83.6 %, LRC 9.7% and ARS 6.6%. The inhabitants of these buildings, and Anemurium as a whole, definitely belonged to the LRD cultural region. Most of this pottery can be dated to the second half of the 6th century and the first half of the 7th century AD. Many of the ceramics evaluated in this article represent the last production phases of these three groups
Seleucia, 2023
In this study, Building A and Building B which excavated between 2018-2021 were evaluated. These ... more In this study, Building A and Building B which excavated between 2018-2021 were evaluated. These dated to the 6th and 7th centuries which used as residence and workshop/shop (tabernae). Buildings are at the north wing of the Central (III 5) Bath building. The buildings built on a terrain with 8 % slope. Th e land has terraced with the walls that extending in the north-south direction. Th ese walls are also fully aligned with the walls which forming the northern spaces of the Central (III 5) Bath. Th e buildings with a courtyard and entrance from the east, are on a row in east-west oriented alley. A simple architectural design, a courtyard, small front rooms and large back rooms was used in the planning of the residence. The houses reflect the characteristics of the rural houses of the Early Byzantine Period with these features. Building A is a one-storey with the hearth, glass slag, glass mold, glass goblets, African Red Slip, Phocaean Red Slip/Late Roman C and Cypriot Red Slip Wares, cooking pots, amphorae, bronze belt buckle, applique, fishing hook, flake weight, cruciform column head, remains and materials such as a marble tiled floor. Bronze lamp hangers and weights, marble mortars and an inscribed amphora with a prayer from the Torah (Psalms 28:3) on the mouth were found in Building B, as well as ceramic material similar to Building A. Th e staircase in the hall in building B indicates the existence of the second floor.
Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi International Journal of Ancient History, 2023
Bu makale, Akhisar Müzesi'nde bulunan beş adet siyah ve kırmızı figürlü lekythos'un incelemesini ... more Bu makale, Akhisar Müzesi'nde bulunan beş adet siyah ve kırmızı figürlü lekythos'un incelemesini sunmaktadır. Lekythosların bezemeleri; mitolojik sahneler, palmet dizisi ve tek palmetten oluşur. Lekythoslardan ikisi mitolojik sahnelerle bezenmiştir; siyah figürlü olan Haimon grubuna aittir ve MÖ 5. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine tarihlendirilmektedir. Kırmızı figürlü olan ise Karlsruhe 280 grubuna ait olup MÖ 5. yüzyıla tarihlendirilmektedir. Diğer üç lekythos ise palmet motif bezemelidir. İlki siyah figürlü olup Küçük Aslan Grubu’na aittir. İki yatay sıra palmetten oluşan bezeme, MÖ 5. Yüzyılın başlarına kadar gitmektedir. Son ikisi kırmızı figürlü tek palmet bezemeli bodur lekythoslardır. Lekythos, Attika Seramiği’nin Lidya Bölgesi’nde kullanımının sadece Sardis kentiyle sınırlı olmadığını kanıtlamaktadır. Buna göre MÖ 5. Yüzyılda bölgedeki Pers hakimiyetinin yerleşim dokusunu etkilemediğini ve Attika seramiğinin Bölge geneline yayıldığı gerçeğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca bu seramik buluntular, Çaltepe gibi yerlerin zaman içinde farklı konut kullanımlarına sahip olduğu konusunda fikir vermektedir.
Konya Kitabı VI, 2003
Modern Ermenek adı, bazı kasıtlı iddiaların aksine, Roma İmparatorlarından Caligula, Claudius vey... more Modern Ermenek adı, bazı kasıtlı iddiaların aksine, Roma İmparatorlarından Caligula, Claudius veya Neron'un sıfatı olan Germanikus adından türemiştir. Kentin Germanikopolis adından önceki adının Clibanus veya Clibanum olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Ermenek, Germanikopolis, Clibanum, Clibanus
ABSTRACT
The modern name Ermenek, contrary to some deliberate claims, is derived from the name Germanikus, which was the epithet of the Roman Emperors Caligula, Claudius or Nero. It is thought that the name of the city before Germanikopolis is Clibanus or Clibanum.
Key Words: Ermenek. Germanikopolis, Clibanum, Clibanus.
LYCUS DERGİSİ, 2021
Büyüközer, A. , Gider Büyüközer, Z. , Korkmaz, Z. & Sevmen, D. (2021)A Settlement from the Strato... more Büyüközer, A. , Gider Büyüközer, Z. , Korkmaz, Z. & Sevmen, D. (2021)A Settlement from the Stratonikeia Territorium: Koranza Historical Background of Settlement in the Light of Archaeological and Epigraphic Data from the Late Bronze Age to the Roman Imperial Period. Lycus Dergisi, Issue 4, 1-55. In this study, the historical scene of Koranza, which is located in the territory of Stratonikeia, is discussed. The name Koranza is one of the most common centers seen as a demotic name in the inscriptions found in the region. As a result of both the studies carried out in the past years and the data obtained from the archaeological surveys that have been continuing since 2018, it has been determined that Koranza has a history dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. In the studies carried out in Western Anatolia, the spread of the finds belonging to the last phase of the Mycenaean culture in the Aegean geography was limited to the Eastern Aegean islands and the coastline of Western Anatolia. However, the finds discovered in Çine-Tepecik Höyük in recent years and showing that the relations with the Mycenaean culture were effective, revealed that this geographical border also includes the Çine (Marsyas) region. The data obtained from the excavations carried out in Stratonikeia and its surroundings and the pottery dated to the LH IIIC period, which we identified during the surveys we conducted in the region, show that the Yatağan Plain should be included in the spread of Mycenaean pottery. The name Koranza, with its different pronunciations, begins to appear in the 4th century BC. While Koranza used to be an independent city with its own branches and ruled by an archon, it became the deme of Stratonikeia due to the establishment of Stratonikeia in the 3rd century BC and subsequently being the political ruler of the region. The name of Koranza, which has the sanctuary of Artemis and Apollo since at least the 4th century BC, is seen as a place name associated with the goddess Artemis, as we understand from the epigraphic data. The cult of Artemis was the most important cult of the region until the Temple of Hekate in Lagina was built. Although the cult of Artemis lost its importance after the cult of Hecate came to the fore, the inscriptions recovered from the region show that the cult of Artemis continued until the Roman Imperial Period. Keywords: Caria, Stratonikeia, Koranza, Mycenaean Pottery, Artemis-Apollo Sanctuary.
Modern Dünya Sistemi, Emperyalizm ve Mesafe-Değişim Oranı Teorilerinin Uyarlama Örnekleri Işığında Yeni Bir Öneri: Tabal-Yeni Asur İlişkisi, 2021
Öz Yazıda, Erken Demir Çağı’nda ve devamında Orta Demir Çağı ile birlikte tarih sahnesine çıkan T... more Öz
Yazıda, Erken Demir Çağı’nda ve devamında Orta Demir Çağı ile birlikte tarih sahnesine çıkan Tabal-Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu ilişkileri Modern Dünya Sistemi, Emperyalizm, Mesafe-Değişim Oranı ve Ticaret Diasporası teorilerinin düşünce kalıplarına uyarlanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, teorilerin düşünce kalıplarının daha önceki uyarlama örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Erken Demir Çağı’na ait Orta Anadolu’da tespit edilen bulgular üzerinden, devlet yapılanmasının nitelikleri üzerine sağlıklı değerlendirme yapmak mümkün değildir. Buna karşın, Geç Hitit coğrafyasında arkeolojik bulgular ve kısmen yazılı belgeler devlet yapılanmasına dair bir takım düşüncelerin oluşmasına yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu bulgulara göre Güney Anadolu’da “taşra ya da
perifer modeli imparatorluk” yönetimi uygulanmıştır. Yeni Asur Krallığı’nın MÖ 9. yüzyılın ortalarından MÖ 8. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar olan sürede Tabal Ülkesi’ne yaklaşımı, modern dünya sistemi teorisine göre eşitsiz
değişime dayalı, periferine hâkim olan çekirdek devlet tanımı ile uyumludur. MÖ 8. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ortaya çıkan Asur-Urartu rekabeti sebebi ile Asur, Tabal Ülkesi’nin yönetiminde gayriresmi imparatorluk sistemine geçtiğini göstermektedir. II. Sargon Dönemi’nde daha önceki Tabal krallarına yapılmayan bir muamele yapılarak, Tabal kralının oğlu Ambaris, Asur sarayına damat olmuştur. Ayrıca aynı kral döneminde çeyiz yolu ile ülkenin toprakları genişletilmiştir. Ancak tüm bu el üstünde tutmaya rağmen, MÖ 8. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Tabal Ülkesi Yeni Asur Krallığı’nın eyaleti olur. Tabal Ülkesi’nin eyalet olmasına kadar geçen sürede sorunların çözümü için Yeni Asur Krallığı, askeri faaliyetlerin yanında seçeneklerin tümünü uygulamıştır. Bu uygulamalar,
mesafe-değişim oranı teorisine göre Yeni Asur Krallığı’nın diplomasinin tüm seçeneklerini kullandığını ve maliyet unsurundan kaçındığını göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Tabal, Yeni Asur, modern dünya sistemi, mesafe-değişim oranı, gayriresmi imparatorluk, ticaret diasporası, teorik arkeoloji
Abstract
In this paper, Tabal-New Assyrian Empire relations, which emerged on the stage of history with the Early Iron Age and the Middle Iron Age, were evaluated by adapting them to the thought patterns of the Modern
World System, Imperialism, Distance-Parity and Trade Diaspora theories. In the article, previous adaptation examples of the thought patterns of the theories are given. It is not possible to make a sound evaluation on the characteristics of the state structure based on the findings found in Central Anatolia belonging to the Early Iron Age. On the other hand, archaeological findings and partially written documents in the Late Hittite geography help to form some ideas about state structure. According to these findings, the "provincial or peripheral model
empire" administration was applied in southern Anatolia. The approach of the Neo-Assyrian Kingdom on the Land of Tabal from the middle of the 9th century BC to the middle of the 8th century BC is compatible with the definition of a core state that dominates its periphery, based on unequal change, according to the modern world system theory. Due to the Assyrian-Urartian rivalry that emerged in the second half of the 8th century BC, Assyria shows that the Tabal Country has passed into the unofficial imperial system. During the Sargon II Period, the Tabal king’s son Ambaris became a groom to the Assyrian palace, a treatment that was not done to the previous Tabal kings. In addition, during the same king period, its lands were expanded by dowry. However, despite all this esteem, Tabal became a province of the Neo-Assyrian Kingdom towards the end of the 8th century BC. In order to solve the problems until the Tabal Country became a state, the New Assyrian Kingdom applied all options besides military activities. These applications show that according to the distance-rate of change theory, the Neo-Assyrian Kingdom used all the options of diplomacy and avoided the cost factor.
Keywords: Tabal, Neo-Assyrian, modern world system, distance-parity model, informal empire, trade diaspora, theoretical archeology
Cevat Başaran'a 60. Yaş Armağanı Essays for Cevat Başaran's 60 th Birthday Occasion, 2019
Climate change and the drought are considered to be one of the causes of the Sea Peoples Migratio... more Climate change and the drought are considered to be one of the causes of the Sea Peoples Migration which caused in the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. In this period, the migration and climate change has not been able to stop cultural contact between Greece and the Levant region. In this paper the archaeological relationship between Greece-Levant region and Greece-South of the Greece are discussed in terms of Paleoclimate and How the climate affects the cultural contacts.
A N O D O S Studies of the Ancient World 14/2014, 2019
The main scope of this paper is to describe the lekythoi from the point of workshop, painter and... more The main scope of this paper is to describe the lekythoi from the point of workshop, painter and dating. Ereğli Museum lekythoi are studied according to their body and ornaments in three groups. These are: cylinder lekythos with apobates scene (no. 1) and palmette chain ornamented (no. 2) and a squat lekythos with net pattern (no. 3). The figured lekythos which considered in Type II secondary shape group is in silhouette, evokes Haimonean Group. The palmetted lekythos belong to the Class of Athens 581. All of the material attract notice with their poor quality style features and careless ornaments. The Ereğli lekythoi are dated back to the begining of the 6th century B.C. to the third half of the 4th century B.C. in terms of their stylistic features.
Ereğli Museum, Black figure, Cylinder Lekythos, Haimon Group, Squat Lekythos
SOMA 2009 Proceedings of the XIII Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (24-24 April 2009, Konya), 2011
Books by Zafer Korkmaz
In Greek altar tradition it seems that columns altars were derived from the enclosed altars. They... more In Greek altar tradition it seems that columns altars were derived from the enclosed altars. They were first classified and described by M. ç. Şahin under the monumental altars as columns altars. These have a horseshoe-shaped ground plan according to M. ç. Şahin and are usually made of a staircase and a courtyard where the altar stands. They are referred to in the literature as monumental altars, colossal altars or pomp altars. In this article the column altars will be investigated. These altars were different from others, since the columns were integrated into the altar architecture. The columns were placed either on a podium or on a wall socket. in the intercolumniations or behind the columns are the statues either directly on the stylobate or on pedestals. Questions to be addressed are: What is the reason for this luxurious altar architecture? in this context, the altar of Artemis at Ephesus, the Artemis altar in Magnesia on the Maeander, the great altar of Pergamon, the altar of Athena Polias in Priene and the Asklepios Altar on Kos serve as examples and are examined in detail.
Keywords: Columns Altars, Royal Cult, Helenistic Period, Monarchy, Altars
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sütunlu Altarlar, Kral Kültü, Hellenistik Dönem, Monarşi, Altarlar
The finds evaluated at this paper were collected during surveys conducted by Prof. Dr. Tuba Ökse ... more The finds evaluated at this paper were collected during surveys conducted by Prof. Dr. Tuba Ökse between 1992 and 2000. 580 settlements were identified in those years. It was observed that the material from 64 settlements was mostly dated to the Late Hellenistic and Roman periods. These 64 settlements were largely located in the western part of the Upper Kızılırmak Basin. The potsherds from these settlements fall into two groups. The first one is coarse wares; the other is fine wares. The fine ware group consist of Eastern Sigillata A, Eastern Sigillata B, and Eastern Sigillata C, each represented by imported and regional examples. All of the imported examples have the common clay and slip characteristics of eastern sigillata. The clay used in both groups is well refined and its colour ranges from reddish brown and buff to dark brown. The slip varies from light reddish brown to cinnamon. The production places of the examples of imported pottery of the Roman period vary in accordance with the ceramic group to which they belong. Ceramics of the ESA ware group resemble the ceramics found in Northern Syria and the eastern part of Southern Anatolia regarding clay, slip, and form. Ceramics of the ESB ware group are similar to examples from Western Anatolian and Northern Syrian centres based on their clay, slip, and form. No local production of the examples for the ESC ware group was found. Therefore it is thought that there was no connection between Sivas and the centres that this ceramic may belong to. Examples belong to the ESC ware group are thought to have been imported from the Western Anatolian centres. In light of the research carried out within the province, it is understood that these imported ceramics were more common in Upper Kızılırmak Basin. It is thought that this region had the highest foreign trade volume in Sivas between the 1st century B.C. and 2nd century A.D. as inferred from the frequent presence of these ceramics in the area.
Conference Presentations by Zafer Korkmaz
The Greeks and Romans in the Black Sea and the Importance of the Pontic Region for the Graeco-Roman World (7th century BC-5th century AD): 20 Years On (1997-2017) Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities (Constanţa – 18-22 September 2017)
This paper presents Attic red-figure vases from Sinop Museum, 90% of them found at excavations of... more This paper presents Attic red-figure vases from Sinop Museum, 90% of them found at excavations of necropolis sites in Sinop(e). The repertoire consist of lekythoi, kraters, hydria, lebetes and pelikes, which are the forms commonly used in the Black Sea region. Some of these, depicting wedding scenes, Dionysiac play, Eros and Aphrodite and palmette motifs evoke the style of the Meidias Painter; the other scenes and figures depicted on the collection are: Amazon and griffin, eros and maenad, siren, Satyr, crawling baby and one animal. The aim of this paper is to introduce the iconographical motifs and scenes of daily life which were
widely used in the Black Sea region on red-figure vases and to illuminate Sinope’s cultural and commercial relations with Athens through these ceramics. The publication of red-figure pottery from Sinope is intended as a contribution to the documentation of the nature and pattern of red-figured vases of the Black Sea region.
Anadolu Araştırmaları, 2024
This article discussed the Late Roman Red Slip Ware which was found during the excavations of Bui... more This article discussed the Late Roman Red Slip Ware which was found during the excavations of Buildings A and B in Amemurium (Rough Cilicia). The wares concern three groups: African Red Slip Ware (ARSW), Late Roman C (LRC) and Late Roman D (LRD). ARS forms that were identified are Hayes 50, 67, 73/76, 99, 104, 105 and 106. LRC forms that were identified are Hayes 1, 3 and 10. The last and major group is LRD of which the following forms were recognised: Hayes 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11, Meyza Type H12D and the so-called Well Form. The proportions of these three ware groups are: LRD 83.6 %, LRC 9.7% and ARS 6.6%. The inhabitants of these buildings, and Anemurium as a whole, definitely belonged to the LRD cultural region. Most of this pottery can be dated to the second half of the 6th century and the first half of the 7th century AD. Many of the ceramics evaluated in this article represent the last production phases of these three groups
Seleucia, 2023
In this study, Building A and Building B which excavated between 2018-2021 were evaluated. These ... more In this study, Building A and Building B which excavated between 2018-2021 were evaluated. These dated to the 6th and 7th centuries which used as residence and workshop/shop (tabernae). Buildings are at the north wing of the Central (III 5) Bath building. The buildings built on a terrain with 8 % slope. Th e land has terraced with the walls that extending in the north-south direction. Th ese walls are also fully aligned with the walls which forming the northern spaces of the Central (III 5) Bath. Th e buildings with a courtyard and entrance from the east, are on a row in east-west oriented alley. A simple architectural design, a courtyard, small front rooms and large back rooms was used in the planning of the residence. The houses reflect the characteristics of the rural houses of the Early Byzantine Period with these features. Building A is a one-storey with the hearth, glass slag, glass mold, glass goblets, African Red Slip, Phocaean Red Slip/Late Roman C and Cypriot Red Slip Wares, cooking pots, amphorae, bronze belt buckle, applique, fishing hook, flake weight, cruciform column head, remains and materials such as a marble tiled floor. Bronze lamp hangers and weights, marble mortars and an inscribed amphora with a prayer from the Torah (Psalms 28:3) on the mouth were found in Building B, as well as ceramic material similar to Building A. Th e staircase in the hall in building B indicates the existence of the second floor.
Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi International Journal of Ancient History, 2023
Bu makale, Akhisar Müzesi'nde bulunan beş adet siyah ve kırmızı figürlü lekythos'un incelemesini ... more Bu makale, Akhisar Müzesi'nde bulunan beş adet siyah ve kırmızı figürlü lekythos'un incelemesini sunmaktadır. Lekythosların bezemeleri; mitolojik sahneler, palmet dizisi ve tek palmetten oluşur. Lekythoslardan ikisi mitolojik sahnelerle bezenmiştir; siyah figürlü olan Haimon grubuna aittir ve MÖ 5. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine tarihlendirilmektedir. Kırmızı figürlü olan ise Karlsruhe 280 grubuna ait olup MÖ 5. yüzyıla tarihlendirilmektedir. Diğer üç lekythos ise palmet motif bezemelidir. İlki siyah figürlü olup Küçük Aslan Grubu’na aittir. İki yatay sıra palmetten oluşan bezeme, MÖ 5. Yüzyılın başlarına kadar gitmektedir. Son ikisi kırmızı figürlü tek palmet bezemeli bodur lekythoslardır. Lekythos, Attika Seramiği’nin Lidya Bölgesi’nde kullanımının sadece Sardis kentiyle sınırlı olmadığını kanıtlamaktadır. Buna göre MÖ 5. Yüzyılda bölgedeki Pers hakimiyetinin yerleşim dokusunu etkilemediğini ve Attika seramiğinin Bölge geneline yayıldığı gerçeğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca bu seramik buluntular, Çaltepe gibi yerlerin zaman içinde farklı konut kullanımlarına sahip olduğu konusunda fikir vermektedir.
Konya Kitabı VI, 2003
Modern Ermenek adı, bazı kasıtlı iddiaların aksine, Roma İmparatorlarından Caligula, Claudius vey... more Modern Ermenek adı, bazı kasıtlı iddiaların aksine, Roma İmparatorlarından Caligula, Claudius veya Neron'un sıfatı olan Germanikus adından türemiştir. Kentin Germanikopolis adından önceki adının Clibanus veya Clibanum olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Ermenek, Germanikopolis, Clibanum, Clibanus
ABSTRACT
The modern name Ermenek, contrary to some deliberate claims, is derived from the name Germanikus, which was the epithet of the Roman Emperors Caligula, Claudius or Nero. It is thought that the name of the city before Germanikopolis is Clibanus or Clibanum.
Key Words: Ermenek. Germanikopolis, Clibanum, Clibanus.
LYCUS DERGİSİ, 2021
Büyüközer, A. , Gider Büyüközer, Z. , Korkmaz, Z. & Sevmen, D. (2021)A Settlement from the Strato... more Büyüközer, A. , Gider Büyüközer, Z. , Korkmaz, Z. & Sevmen, D. (2021)A Settlement from the Stratonikeia Territorium: Koranza Historical Background of Settlement in the Light of Archaeological and Epigraphic Data from the Late Bronze Age to the Roman Imperial Period. Lycus Dergisi, Issue 4, 1-55. In this study, the historical scene of Koranza, which is located in the territory of Stratonikeia, is discussed. The name Koranza is one of the most common centers seen as a demotic name in the inscriptions found in the region. As a result of both the studies carried out in the past years and the data obtained from the archaeological surveys that have been continuing since 2018, it has been determined that Koranza has a history dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. In the studies carried out in Western Anatolia, the spread of the finds belonging to the last phase of the Mycenaean culture in the Aegean geography was limited to the Eastern Aegean islands and the coastline of Western Anatolia. However, the finds discovered in Çine-Tepecik Höyük in recent years and showing that the relations with the Mycenaean culture were effective, revealed that this geographical border also includes the Çine (Marsyas) region. The data obtained from the excavations carried out in Stratonikeia and its surroundings and the pottery dated to the LH IIIC period, which we identified during the surveys we conducted in the region, show that the Yatağan Plain should be included in the spread of Mycenaean pottery. The name Koranza, with its different pronunciations, begins to appear in the 4th century BC. While Koranza used to be an independent city with its own branches and ruled by an archon, it became the deme of Stratonikeia due to the establishment of Stratonikeia in the 3rd century BC and subsequently being the political ruler of the region. The name of Koranza, which has the sanctuary of Artemis and Apollo since at least the 4th century BC, is seen as a place name associated with the goddess Artemis, as we understand from the epigraphic data. The cult of Artemis was the most important cult of the region until the Temple of Hekate in Lagina was built. Although the cult of Artemis lost its importance after the cult of Hecate came to the fore, the inscriptions recovered from the region show that the cult of Artemis continued until the Roman Imperial Period. Keywords: Caria, Stratonikeia, Koranza, Mycenaean Pottery, Artemis-Apollo Sanctuary.
Modern Dünya Sistemi, Emperyalizm ve Mesafe-Değişim Oranı Teorilerinin Uyarlama Örnekleri Işığında Yeni Bir Öneri: Tabal-Yeni Asur İlişkisi, 2021
Öz Yazıda, Erken Demir Çağı’nda ve devamında Orta Demir Çağı ile birlikte tarih sahnesine çıkan T... more Öz
Yazıda, Erken Demir Çağı’nda ve devamında Orta Demir Çağı ile birlikte tarih sahnesine çıkan Tabal-Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu ilişkileri Modern Dünya Sistemi, Emperyalizm, Mesafe-Değişim Oranı ve Ticaret Diasporası teorilerinin düşünce kalıplarına uyarlanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, teorilerin düşünce kalıplarının daha önceki uyarlama örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Erken Demir Çağı’na ait Orta Anadolu’da tespit edilen bulgular üzerinden, devlet yapılanmasının nitelikleri üzerine sağlıklı değerlendirme yapmak mümkün değildir. Buna karşın, Geç Hitit coğrafyasında arkeolojik bulgular ve kısmen yazılı belgeler devlet yapılanmasına dair bir takım düşüncelerin oluşmasına yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu bulgulara göre Güney Anadolu’da “taşra ya da
perifer modeli imparatorluk” yönetimi uygulanmıştır. Yeni Asur Krallığı’nın MÖ 9. yüzyılın ortalarından MÖ 8. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar olan sürede Tabal Ülkesi’ne yaklaşımı, modern dünya sistemi teorisine göre eşitsiz
değişime dayalı, periferine hâkim olan çekirdek devlet tanımı ile uyumludur. MÖ 8. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ortaya çıkan Asur-Urartu rekabeti sebebi ile Asur, Tabal Ülkesi’nin yönetiminde gayriresmi imparatorluk sistemine geçtiğini göstermektedir. II. Sargon Dönemi’nde daha önceki Tabal krallarına yapılmayan bir muamele yapılarak, Tabal kralının oğlu Ambaris, Asur sarayına damat olmuştur. Ayrıca aynı kral döneminde çeyiz yolu ile ülkenin toprakları genişletilmiştir. Ancak tüm bu el üstünde tutmaya rağmen, MÖ 8. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Tabal Ülkesi Yeni Asur Krallığı’nın eyaleti olur. Tabal Ülkesi’nin eyalet olmasına kadar geçen sürede sorunların çözümü için Yeni Asur Krallığı, askeri faaliyetlerin yanında seçeneklerin tümünü uygulamıştır. Bu uygulamalar,
mesafe-değişim oranı teorisine göre Yeni Asur Krallığı’nın diplomasinin tüm seçeneklerini kullandığını ve maliyet unsurundan kaçındığını göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Tabal, Yeni Asur, modern dünya sistemi, mesafe-değişim oranı, gayriresmi imparatorluk, ticaret diasporası, teorik arkeoloji
Abstract
In this paper, Tabal-New Assyrian Empire relations, which emerged on the stage of history with the Early Iron Age and the Middle Iron Age, were evaluated by adapting them to the thought patterns of the Modern
World System, Imperialism, Distance-Parity and Trade Diaspora theories. In the article, previous adaptation examples of the thought patterns of the theories are given. It is not possible to make a sound evaluation on the characteristics of the state structure based on the findings found in Central Anatolia belonging to the Early Iron Age. On the other hand, archaeological findings and partially written documents in the Late Hittite geography help to form some ideas about state structure. According to these findings, the "provincial or peripheral model
empire" administration was applied in southern Anatolia. The approach of the Neo-Assyrian Kingdom on the Land of Tabal from the middle of the 9th century BC to the middle of the 8th century BC is compatible with the definition of a core state that dominates its periphery, based on unequal change, according to the modern world system theory. Due to the Assyrian-Urartian rivalry that emerged in the second half of the 8th century BC, Assyria shows that the Tabal Country has passed into the unofficial imperial system. During the Sargon II Period, the Tabal king’s son Ambaris became a groom to the Assyrian palace, a treatment that was not done to the previous Tabal kings. In addition, during the same king period, its lands were expanded by dowry. However, despite all this esteem, Tabal became a province of the Neo-Assyrian Kingdom towards the end of the 8th century BC. In order to solve the problems until the Tabal Country became a state, the New Assyrian Kingdom applied all options besides military activities. These applications show that according to the distance-rate of change theory, the Neo-Assyrian Kingdom used all the options of diplomacy and avoided the cost factor.
Keywords: Tabal, Neo-Assyrian, modern world system, distance-parity model, informal empire, trade diaspora, theoretical archeology
Cevat Başaran'a 60. Yaş Armağanı Essays for Cevat Başaran's 60 th Birthday Occasion, 2019
Climate change and the drought are considered to be one of the causes of the Sea Peoples Migratio... more Climate change and the drought are considered to be one of the causes of the Sea Peoples Migration which caused in the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. In this period, the migration and climate change has not been able to stop cultural contact between Greece and the Levant region. In this paper the archaeological relationship between Greece-Levant region and Greece-South of the Greece are discussed in terms of Paleoclimate and How the climate affects the cultural contacts.
A N O D O S Studies of the Ancient World 14/2014, 2019
The main scope of this paper is to describe the lekythoi from the point of workshop, painter and... more The main scope of this paper is to describe the lekythoi from the point of workshop, painter and dating. Ereğli Museum lekythoi are studied according to their body and ornaments in three groups. These are: cylinder lekythos with apobates scene (no. 1) and palmette chain ornamented (no. 2) and a squat lekythos with net pattern (no. 3). The figured lekythos which considered in Type II secondary shape group is in silhouette, evokes Haimonean Group. The palmetted lekythos belong to the Class of Athens 581. All of the material attract notice with their poor quality style features and careless ornaments. The Ereğli lekythoi are dated back to the begining of the 6th century B.C. to the third half of the 4th century B.C. in terms of their stylistic features.
Ereğli Museum, Black figure, Cylinder Lekythos, Haimon Group, Squat Lekythos
SOMA 2009 Proceedings of the XIII Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (24-24 April 2009, Konya), 2011
In Greek altar tradition it seems that columns altars were derived from the enclosed altars. They... more In Greek altar tradition it seems that columns altars were derived from the enclosed altars. They were first classified and described by M. ç. Şahin under the monumental altars as columns altars. These have a horseshoe-shaped ground plan according to M. ç. Şahin and are usually made of a staircase and a courtyard where the altar stands. They are referred to in the literature as monumental altars, colossal altars or pomp altars. In this article the column altars will be investigated. These altars were different from others, since the columns were integrated into the altar architecture. The columns were placed either on a podium or on a wall socket. in the intercolumniations or behind the columns are the statues either directly on the stylobate or on pedestals. Questions to be addressed are: What is the reason for this luxurious altar architecture? in this context, the altar of Artemis at Ephesus, the Artemis altar in Magnesia on the Maeander, the great altar of Pergamon, the altar of Athena Polias in Priene and the Asklepios Altar on Kos serve as examples and are examined in detail.
Keywords: Columns Altars, Royal Cult, Helenistic Period, Monarchy, Altars
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sütunlu Altarlar, Kral Kültü, Hellenistik Dönem, Monarşi, Altarlar
The finds evaluated at this paper were collected during surveys conducted by Prof. Dr. Tuba Ökse ... more The finds evaluated at this paper were collected during surveys conducted by Prof. Dr. Tuba Ökse between 1992 and 2000. 580 settlements were identified in those years. It was observed that the material from 64 settlements was mostly dated to the Late Hellenistic and Roman periods. These 64 settlements were largely located in the western part of the Upper Kızılırmak Basin. The potsherds from these settlements fall into two groups. The first one is coarse wares; the other is fine wares. The fine ware group consist of Eastern Sigillata A, Eastern Sigillata B, and Eastern Sigillata C, each represented by imported and regional examples. All of the imported examples have the common clay and slip characteristics of eastern sigillata. The clay used in both groups is well refined and its colour ranges from reddish brown and buff to dark brown. The slip varies from light reddish brown to cinnamon. The production places of the examples of imported pottery of the Roman period vary in accordance with the ceramic group to which they belong. Ceramics of the ESA ware group resemble the ceramics found in Northern Syria and the eastern part of Southern Anatolia regarding clay, slip, and form. Ceramics of the ESB ware group are similar to examples from Western Anatolian and Northern Syrian centres based on their clay, slip, and form. No local production of the examples for the ESC ware group was found. Therefore it is thought that there was no connection between Sivas and the centres that this ceramic may belong to. Examples belong to the ESC ware group are thought to have been imported from the Western Anatolian centres. In light of the research carried out within the province, it is understood that these imported ceramics were more common in Upper Kızılırmak Basin. It is thought that this region had the highest foreign trade volume in Sivas between the 1st century B.C. and 2nd century A.D. as inferred from the frequent presence of these ceramics in the area.
The Greeks and Romans in the Black Sea and the Importance of the Pontic Region for the Graeco-Roman World (7th century BC-5th century AD): 20 Years On (1997-2017) Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities (Constanţa – 18-22 September 2017)
This paper presents Attic red-figure vases from Sinop Museum, 90% of them found at excavations of... more This paper presents Attic red-figure vases from Sinop Museum, 90% of them found at excavations of necropolis sites in Sinop(e). The repertoire consist of lekythoi, kraters, hydria, lebetes and pelikes, which are the forms commonly used in the Black Sea region. Some of these, depicting wedding scenes, Dionysiac play, Eros and Aphrodite and palmette motifs evoke the style of the Meidias Painter; the other scenes and figures depicted on the collection are: Amazon and griffin, eros and maenad, siren, Satyr, crawling baby and one animal. The aim of this paper is to introduce the iconographical motifs and scenes of daily life which were
widely used in the Black Sea region on red-figure vases and to illuminate Sinope’s cultural and commercial relations with Athens through these ceramics. The publication of red-figure pottery from Sinope is intended as a contribution to the documentation of the nature and pattern of red-figured vases of the Black Sea region.
36. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 2. cilt , 2019
Arkhaia Anatolika 4, 2021
In this paper, Tabal-New Assyrian Empire relations, which emerged on the stage of history with th... more In this paper, Tabal-New Assyrian Empire relations, which emerged on the stage of history with the Early Iron Age and the Middle Iron Age, were evaluated by adapting them to the thought patterns of the Modern World System, Imperialism, Distance-Parity and Trade Diaspora theories. In the article, previous adaptation examples of the thought patterns of the theories are given. It is not possible to make a sound evaluation on the characteristics of the state structure based on the findings found in Central Anatolia belonging to the Early Iron Age. On the other hand, archaeological findings and partially written documents in the Late Hittite geography help to form some ideas about state structure. According to these findings, the "provincial or peripheral model empire" administration was applied in southern Anatolia. The approach of the Neo-Assyrian Kingdom on the Land of Tabal from the middle of the 9th century BC to the middle of the 8th century BC is compatible with the definition of a core state that dominates its periphery, based on unequal change, according to the modern world system theory. Due to the Assyrian-Urartian rivalry that emerged in the second half of the 8th century BC, Assyria shows that the Tabal Country has passed into the unofficial imperial system. During the Sargon II Period, the Tabal king’s son Ambaris became a groom to the Assyrian palace, a treatment that was not done to the previous Tabal kings. In addition, during the same king period, its lands were expanded by dowry. However, despite all this esteem, Tabal became a province of the Neo-Assyrian Kingdom towards the end of the 8th century BC. In order to solve the problems until the Tabal Country became a state, the New Assyrian Kingdom applied all options besides military activities. These applications show that according to the distance-rate of change theory, the Neo-Assyrian Kingdom used all the options of diplomacy and avoided the cost factor.