Adam A . Ambroziak | Warsaw School of Economics (original) (raw)

Papers by Adam A . Ambroziak

Studia Europejskie, Sep 19, 2023

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The first objective of this study is to verify the intensity of sectoral distribution of COVID-19... more The first objective of this study is to verify the intensity of sectoral distribution of COVID-19 state aid (both from the point of view of size and sector of economic activity) in groups of enterprises that were most affected by the negative effects of freezing the economy. It should be stressed that during the pandemic, in addition to COVID-19 state aid, i.e. aid provided in connection with lockdowns, Member States, including Poland, continued their policy of public intervention under the existing legislation, granting general state aid. Given the fact that the COVID-19 state aid was granted under a legal framework that significantly liberalised financial state intervention, the second objective of the study is to verify whether COVID-19 state aid changed the structure of distribution of general state aid in Poland.

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Przegląd Europejski, Jan 31, 2023

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Wspólnoty Europejskie, 1997

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Wspólnoty Europejskie, 1996

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Wspólnoty Europejskie, 2004

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Contributions to economics, 2017

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Ekonomista

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Routledge eBooks, Jun 11, 2021

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Wspólnoty Europejskie, 1996

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RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2018

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Contributions to economics, Oct 9, 2016

Industrial policy can be defined on the basis of various factors. On one hand, it concerns all ob... more Industrial policy can be defined on the basis of various factors. On one hand, it concerns all objectives, activities, and tools and their effects on only industry per se. On the other hand, due to substantial changes in business models, consumers’ needs and expectations, and access to new techniques and technologies, including digital platforms, traditional industry has evolved into a new type of industry. As a result one can find a very wide range of scope of industrial policy: from very narrow ones dedicated to selected traditional industries to very broad definitions which combine all activities run by business operators. As regards the objectives of traditional industrial policy, we find that some of them relate purely to selected sectors of industry. These are linked to, inter alia: (1) companies in economic trouble; (2) infant industries; (3) strategic industries; and (4) all other enterprises chosen by government on the basis of specific criteria.

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Contributions to economics, Oct 9, 2016

State aid is one of the most willingly-used traditional industrial policy tools. This is due to t... more State aid is one of the most willingly-used traditional industrial policy tools. This is due to the fact that it is simple, clear and understood by politicians, society, and companies, and its effects are often very quick. On the other hand however, every financial intervention on the market should be performed only for the purpose of tackling a defined market failure and should be limited, due to the fact that such interventions have a negative impact on competition. Nonetheless many politicians opt for an active industrial policy with a strong state aid component. The European Union, when creating first the common area for economic activities and later the internal market—without any physical, technical and fiscal barriers—had to introduce special rules reducing governmental interventions into the market. However, even though a market approach dominated in the EU policies and legal actions, many Member States have conducted their own industrial policies, often with large state aid components. This situation derives from the lack of strong treaty provisions concerning the common goals and tools of EU industrial policy, as well as a desire to assist national companies. The first Treaty establishing the EEC, as well as all its amendments, including the most recent Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, includes special provisions concerning a ban on granting state aid; however it contains some noteworthy exemptions. Nowadays, following the crisis period, many EU politicians argue that state aid rules are too strict and should either be relaxed or their implementation should take into consideration the competitiveness of national companies versus competitors from third countries in order to improve EU industrial competitiveness.

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International Journal of Management and Economics

Lockdowns imposed by the European Union (EU) Member States produced significant consequences in t... more Lockdowns imposed by the European Union (EU) Member States produced significant consequences in the form of losses to companies, which is why the Member States decided to assist businesses from public funds. This paper aims to identify and initially assess the implementation of schemes under which coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-related state aid was granted in Poland in 2020 for different instruments and beneficiary sizes. The idea was to find out how well aforementioned schemes responded to the needs of companies affected the most by the COVID-19-inflicted crisis. To this end, statistical analysis was deployed to learn about the share of individual groups of businesses of different sizes in support instruments granted in relation with COVID-19 by type of aid. The study helped to demonstrate that Polish aid schemes approved by the European Commission in 2020 assisted mainly micro- and small-sized companies, which usually suffered from poor liquidity, by predominantly soft instr...

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Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences

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Studia Europejskie, Sep 19, 2023

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Przegląd Europejski, Jan 31, 2023

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Wspólnoty Europejskie, 1997

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Wspólnoty Europejskie, 1996

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Wspólnoty Europejskie, 2004

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Contributions to economics, 2017

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Ekonomista

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Routledge eBooks, Jun 11, 2021

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Wspólnoty Europejskie, 1996

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RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2018

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Contributions to economics, Oct 9, 2016

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Contributions to economics, Oct 9, 2016

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International Journal of Management and Economics

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Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences

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Przedmiotem badania prezentowanego w niniejszej monografii są wybrane implikacje ekonomiczne i pr... more Przedmiotem badania prezentowanego w niniejszej monografii są wybrane implikacje ekonomiczne i prawne inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę dla Unii Europejskiej, w tym dla Polski, i dla świata. Wymiar ekonomiczny obejmuje przede wszystkim aspekty handlowe, a wymiar prawny – zagadnienie reakcji na inwazję na forum organów głównych Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych i instytucji Systemu Narodów Zjednoczonych oraz prawnych aspektów pomocy humanitarnej udzielanej obywatelom Ukrainy w Polsce w związku z konfliktem zbrojnym w ich kraju. Celem analizy przedstawionej w pierwszej części monografii było zbadanie, jak inwazja Rosji na Ukrainę może wpłynąć na światowy handel towarami, w szczególności na wymianę towarową Unii Europejskiej, w tym Polski, z Ukrainą i Rosją.

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Inwazja Rosji na Ukrainę. Wybrane konsekwencje ekonomiczne i prawne, red. M. Błaszczuk-Zawiła, 2022

Niniejsza część zawiera podstawowe wnioski płynące z badania skutków obecnej wojny w Ukrainie zar... more Niniejsza część zawiera podstawowe wnioski płynące z badania skutków obecnej wojny w Ukrainie zarówno dla Polski i Unii Europejskiej, jak też dla pozostałych państw w świecie, przeprowadzonego w rozdziałach I–III. Wskazano w niej, że wojna w Ukrainie ma daleko idące konsekwencje dla wszystkich partnerów handlowych, a zatem zarówno dla państw członkowskich UE, w tym Polski, jak i dla całego świata. Wśród najważniejszych skutków opisano m.in. negatywny wpływ wojny na bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe wielu państw, na ceny żywności, dostępność nawozów sztucznych, środków ochrony roślin oraz pasz dla zwierząt. Wskazano też na ogromne ryzyko wystąpienia już w niedługim czasie głodu w wielu państwach słabiej rozwiniętych, zależnych silnie od importu podstawowych surowców rolnych z Rosji i Ukrainy, a w konsekwencji – także niepokojów społecznych i destabilizacji politycznej. Dotyczy to również sytuacji w UE, która, aby ograniczyć głosy podważające zasadność jej funkcjonowania w wymiarze politycznym, powinna zapewnić solidarność w działaniu na rzecz ochrony demokratycznych państw w Europie. Istotnym negatywnym skutkiem wojny są też poważne zakłócenia w funkcjonowaniu globalnych
łańcuchów dostaw (zwłaszcza w relacjach z Ukrainą), które już spowodowały perturbacje w niektórych sektorach gospodarki w UE, w tym w Polsce i innych państwach rozwiniętych (zwłaszcza w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym). Konsekwencje wojny rozpatrywano też w szerszym kontekście realizowanej w UE transformacji klimatycznej, w tym energetycznej, procesów inwestycyjnych w regionie oraz koncepcji bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. W badaniu wykorzystano metodę opisową.

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Inwazja Rosji na Ukrainę. Wybrane konsekwencje ekonomiczne i prawne, red. M. Błaszczuk-Zawiła, 2022

Inwazja na Ukrainę z 24 lutego 2022 r. stała się kluczowym czynnikiem utrudniającym współpracę go... more Inwazja na Ukrainę z 24 lutego 2022 r. stała się kluczowym czynnikiem utrudniającym współpracę gospodarczą między Unią Europejską a Rosją. Kolejne sankcje wprowadzane przez stronę unijną w celu powstrzymania wojny, a także decyzje władz rosyjskich mające na celu m.in. przeciwdziałanie skutkom wprowadzanych sankcji (np. spadkom wartości
rosyjskiej waluty), prowadzą do sytuacji, w której wzajemny handel jest coraz trudniejszy i bardziej kosztowny. Celem niniejszej części monografii jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak obecna sytuacja wpłynie na handel Unii Europejskiej, w tym Polski, z Rosją i jakie są możliwości przesunięcia unijnego handlu na rynki innych krajów. Punktem wyjścia rozważań była analiza dotychczasowej struktury handlu UE–Rosja, w szczególności znaczenia relacji z Rosją dla poszczególnych państw członkowskich, pozycji konkurencyjnej Polski na tle innych państw członkowskich (analiza przewag komparatywnych/specjalizacji w eksporcie i imporcie), struktury towarowej wzajemnego handlu oraz alternatywnych rynków zbytu i zaopatrzenia. Tę część monografii zamyka podsumowanie. Badanie
pozwoliło wskazać, że z uwagi na strukturę wymiany handlowej zastąpienie Rosji jako dostawcy surowców będzie się wiązało z dużymi kosztami (wyższe ceny towarów), ale też nie będzie możliwe w krótkiej perspektywie. W badaniu wykorzystano różne metody analityczne, w tym metodę opisową i metody statystyczne, m.in. wskaźniki ujawnionej przewagi komparatywnej (specjalizacji) oraz pozycji handlowej netto ujęte według koncepcji Widodo.

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SGH Publishing House, 2022

‘Poland in the European Union. Report 2022’ is now the second annual report prepared by the Depar... more ‘Poland in the European Union. Report 2022’ is now the second annual report prepared by the Department of European Integration and Legal Studies at the Collegium of World Economy, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics. It covers selected issues related to economic and legal dimensions of Poland’s membership in the European Union. The Report was prepared based on data available as of January 2022.

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SGH Press House, 2021

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SGH Publishing House, 2020

This book, entitled ‘New challenges for the European Union’s Industrial Policy: climate change, s... more This book, entitled ‘New challenges for the European Union’s Industrial Policy: climate change, servitisation, digitalisation’, has been prepared within the framework of a research project conducted in the Collegium of World Economy at the Warsaw School of Economics in 2019. The main objective of the research was to identify and evaluate major challenges and opportunities, as well as threats and dangers for the future EU industrial policy.

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SGH Publishing House, 2020

A new concept of the Industry 4.0 revolution is completely different from the previous ones. At t... more A new concept of the Industry 4.0 revolution is completely different from the previous ones. At this point, it is worth reminding that mechanisation, i.e., the invention and use of the steam engine, marks the beginning of the industrial age Industry 1.0. The next step included electrification which replaced less efficient steam engines with electric engines able to continuously manufacture products at relatively low energy cost (Industry 2.0). Compared to the previous revolution, waiting for Industry 3.0 based on narrowly interpreted digitalisation (digital input of data into machines) took much longer. Over this period, we could observe the development of increasingly more powerful computers that control manufacturing processes. Machines became more productive, precise, and flexible while digitalisation enabled reaching further advancement in automation. New planning and control systems started to emerge, intended to coordinate production activities. The main components of Industry 4.0 are integration and networking taken together, dependent of each other and supporting each other via the Internet. Taking into consideration the aforementioned issues, the Industry 4.0 revolution has triggered clearly more economical and socially responsible use of resources to meet consumer needs. The above-mentioned needs are identified at individual level and in real time, which surely accelerates the meeting of individualised consumer expectations and needs. As a result, by networking and the exchange of data between products and consumers in the fourth industrial revolution, companies can make their production processes more economical, taking account of the environmental, economic, and social aspects.

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Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH, 2020

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Polska w Unii Europejskiej, 2020

The provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union concerning state aid have r... more The provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union concerning state aid have remained unchanged practically since the beginning of the European economic integration. The same wording can be found already in the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community signed in 1957. Subsequent amendments to the first Treaty, dictated by the new economic challenges, such as the building of the EU internal market (Single European Act of 1986) or the Economic and Monetary Union (Maastricht Treaty of 1992), as well as political motivations (Treaty of Amsterdam, Treaty of Lisbon) and subsequent enlargements of the EU (in 1973, 1981, 1986, 1995, 2004, and 2013) did not introduce any material changes except replacing the term “common market” with “internal market” in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Does it mean that after more than 60 years when these provisions have been binding, they should be modified to, as some people suggest, in order to better reflect today’s challenges? What position should Poland adopt in this field? To answer these questions, we need to take a closer look at premises and circumstances surrounding the adoption of this provision, its nature and consequences for the entire EU and for individual Member States, including Poland in the association period and over fifteen years of the country’s EU membership.

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This book, entitled ‘Regional Dimension of the EU Economic Policy in Poland’, has been prepared w... more This book, entitled ‘Regional Dimension of the EU Economic Policy in Poland’, has been prepared within the framework of a research project coordinated by the Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration in the Collegium of World Economy at the Warsaw School of Economics. The main objective of the research was to assess the consequences and compatibility of state interventions in regions in Poland with the EU economic policy during the period 2007–2013. These interventions
at the regional level were examined in terms of both theoretical considerations and empirical experiences. Support schemes targeting entrepreneurs have become one of the major pillars of the EU economic policy in almost all of its areas, including
improving the human capital base, encouraging innovation, and assistance in meeting the increasingly restrictive environmental requirements. The study focused on the support provided, analysed in terms of programme-related, legislative, administrative and financial aspects.

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Period of functioning of special economic zones in Poland (SEZ) after 10 years of membership in t... more Period of functioning of special economic zones in Poland (SEZ) after 10 years of membership in the European Union allows one to draw some conclusions about both the need, effectiveness and the results of public interventions in the form of tax breaks for businesses that invest in these areas. Of the sixteen originally created SEZ, still remain fourteen. It is worth paying attention to some very important details of their operation. Firstly, they are managed by the so-called zone companies which and investors and help them to meet most of the administrative requirements. However, they do not limit their over to individual voivodeships, but rather follow the preferences of investors seeking to locate themselves in larger urban and industrial agglomerations [Ambroziak, 2009]. As a result, there are several hundred so-called sub-zones of special economic zones scattered throughout the country. Secondly, all the conditions for authorisation to operate in the zone are identical throughout the country. Thirdly, the size of the support provided, which is a derivative of a permissible regional aid, is determined by the location of an investment and the classification of a voivodeship and not, for example by a place of the headquarters of the company managing the zone. Consequently, one decided to analyse the results of functioning of the SEZ at the level of voivodeships, which will allow to better and more accurately associate the possible effects of the size and intensity of acceptable support regulated by EU legislation.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of granting state aid in special economic zones (SEZ) at the level of voivodeships after the Polish accession to the European Union. It’s about capturing both the direct effects of the zones in the form of new investments and employment of staff, as well as an assessment of the possible directions of their influence on the socio -economic situation of the regions.

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Recently we have been hearing more and more often about the need of reindustrialization in the Eu... more Recently we have been hearing more and more often about the need of reindustrialization in the European Union. Following a period of fascination with the development of the service sector, European politicians have started seeking a way to boost economic growth through support to industry. The challenge currently facing the EU is the future of the single internal market. On the one hand, it remains a viable tool of EU economic growth, which is politically reflected in the new internal market strategy for goods and services announced by the European Commission for 2015. On the other hand, after the recent period of economic crisis, some Member States have intensified their protectionist attitudes. Based on the analysis of trade in goods and services in the EU internal market in the light of worldwide tendencies, we will highlight the up till now trade trends within the EU and specific areas in which the EU enjoys comparative advantages; we will also identify directions for further EU development taking account of economic challenges. The analysis confirms the increasing importance of intra-EU trade in services. Nevertheless, it is hard to conclude that it happens at the cost of the trade in goods as the extra-EU exports are clearly on an upward trend. This is more a confirmation of the servitization of economic activities in the EU, especially with respect to trade, rather than a reflection of the need of reindustrialization.

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Zasady udzielania pomocy publicznej mają na celu zapewnienie konkurencji na rynku wewnętrznym UE ... more Zasady udzielania pomocy publicznej mają na celu zapewnienie konkurencji na rynku wewnętrznym UE poprzez ustanowienie ram prawnych interwencji rządów państw członkowskich w gospodarkę. Mimo że strategia lizbońska została uzgodniona w 2000 r., dopiero w 2005 r. przeprowadzono zmiany polityki pomocy publicznej w celu ułatwienia osiągnięcia postawionych wówczas celów. Kryzys gospodarczy, nowe założenia strategii Europa 2020 oraz wieloletnich ram finansowych 2014-2020 wymusiły na Komisji ponowną modernizacją zasad udzielania wsparcia publicznego. Polityka pomocy publicznej w Polsce bardzo powoli zbliża się do modelu interwencjonizmu innych państw członkowskich UE. Wciąż, zamiast wsparcia proekologicznego i innowacyjnego największy udział w pomocy publicznej mają środki przeznaczane na pierwotne inwestycje i zatrudnienie, co odpowiada bieżącym potrzebom przedsiębiorców, ale nie stanowi odpowiedzi na przyszłe wyzwania globalnej konkurencji na rynku światowym.

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Europeanization Processes from the Mesoeconomic Perspective: Industries and PoliciesEuropeanization Processes from the Mesoeconomic Perspective: Industries and Policies, Jul 2015

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