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Research paper thumbnail of Historical perceptions and meaning of development The Development and Growth Paradigm -Can we have Development without Growth

This paper will attempt to unravel the complex relationship between development and growth to asc... more This paper will attempt to unravel the complex relationship between development and growth to ascertain whether there can be development without growth or inversely whether growth is possible without development using the modernization theory as an analytical framework for understanding today's development practices and expectations. This piece will start with a discussion of the meaning of 'development' from various perspectives; economic, political, social and human development to establish whether it is possible to have development without growth. The work will contest the narrative of using national income as the yardstick for measuring development alone and that growth that does not reflect in an improved standard of living, reduced poverty, unemployment and inequality is not development. An analysis of themes such as economic growth, sustainable development, and poverty eradication will be done to see

Papers by Evans L Baines-Johnson

Research paper thumbnail of Participation and Development; a Critical Assessment: Is Participation Vital for Development

The Journal of International Social Research, Apr 25, 2018

This paper is a discussion of the different ways in which participation is incorporated into deve... more This paper is a discussion of the different ways in which participation is incorporated into development projects and the various levels of participation and their merits and demerits. The paper further discusses the bottom-up versus the top-down approaches to development while critically assessing the concept of participation as a necessary approach to development. The intention here is to analyse whether the notion of participation is working or just a political act for the sake of satisfying the quests for community empowerment through participation. This piece will conclude with the narrative that even though participation is a desirable approach, it has not fully meant total involvement of local actors in development practice as the theory presupposes.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution and Regulation by Oestrogen of Fully Processed and Variant Transcripts of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone I and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor mRNAs in the Male Chicken

Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 2008

The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the occurrence and regulation of chicken g... more The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the occurrence and regulation of chicken gonadotropin releasing hormone I (cGnRH I) and chicken gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (cGnRH-R) mRNA variants in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPTA). The study was carried out in the cockerel. Fully processed cGnRH I mRNA (cGnRH Ia) and a variant transcript (cGnRH Ib) with a retained intron 1 were observed in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POA), the basal hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes. Fully processed cGnRH-R mRNA (cGnRH-Ra) and a variant transcript (cGnRH-Rb) with a deletion were detected in the same tissues. In juvenile cockerels, concentrations of cGnRH Ia and b in the POA increased after castration, and this was prevented by oestrogen treatment. In the anterior pituitary gland, the concentration of cGnRH-Ra increased after castration and this was reversed by oestrogen treatment. In intact adult cockerels, oestrogen treatment depressed plasma luteinizing hormone but did not affect concentrations of cGnRH I and cGnRH-R mRNAs in the POA, basal hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary gland, suggesting that locally produced oestrogen, by aromatization, may exert maximal suppression on cGnRH I and GnRH-R mRNAs. In intact adult cockerels, the concentrations of cGnRH Ia and b in the testis, but not cGnRH-Ra and b, were depressed by oestrogen treatment. It was concluded that fully processed and variant cGnRH I and cGnRH-R mRNAs occur in all components of the HPTA. Oestrogen appears to play a role in the regulation of cGnRH Ia and b in the POA and testes, and of cGnRH-Ra in the POA and anterior pituitary gland.

Research paper thumbnail of Participation and Development; a critical analysis: Is participation vital for development?

The Journal for International Social Science Research, 2018

This paper is a discussion of the different ways in which participation is incorporated into deve... more This paper is a discussion of the different ways in which participation is incorporated into development projects and the various levels of participation and their merits and demerits. The paper further discusses the bottom-up versus the top-down
approaches to development while critically assessing the concept of participation as a necessary approach to development. The intention here is to analyse whether the notion of participation is working or just a political act for the sake of satisfying the quests for community empowerment through participation. This piece will conclude with the narrative that even though participation is a
desirable approach, it has not fully meant total involvement of local actors in development practice as the theory presupposes.
Keywords: Participation, Development, Political Economy, Political Science.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution and Regulation by Oestrogen of Fully Processed and Variant Transcripts of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone I and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor mRNAs in the Male Chicken

Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 2008

The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the occurrence and regulation of chicken g... more The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the occurrence and regulation of chicken gonadotropin releasing hormone I (cGnRH I) and chicken gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (cGnRH-R) mRNA variants in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPTA). The study was carried out in the cockerel. Fully processed cGnRH I mRNA (cGnRH Ia) and a variant transcript (cGnRH Ib) with a retained intron 1 were observed in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POA), the basal hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes. Fully processed cGnRH-R mRNA (cGnRH-Ra) and a variant transcript (cGnRH-Rb) with a deletion were detected in the same tissues. In juvenile cockerels, concentrations of cGnRH Ia and b in the POA increased after castration, and this was prevented by oestrogen treatment. In the anterior pituitary gland, the concentration of cGnRH-Ra increased after castration and this was reversed by oestrogen treatment. In intact adult cockerels, oestrogen treatment depressed plasma luteinizing hormone but did not affect concentrations of cGnRH I and cGnRH-R mRNAs in the POA, basal hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary gland, suggesting that locally produced oestrogen, by aromatization, may exert maximal suppression on cGnRH I and GnRH-R mRNAs. In intact adult cockerels, the concentrations of cGnRH Ia and b in the testis, but not cGnRH-Ra and b, were depressed by oestrogen treatment. It was concluded that fully processed and variant cGnRH I and cGnRH-R mRNAs occur in all components of the HPTA. Oestrogen appears to play a role in the regulation of cGnRH Ia and b in the POA and testes, and of cGnRH-Ra in the POA and anterior pituitary gland.

Research paper thumbnail of AN ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLEX NATURE AND CHALLENGES TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

The increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) and aerosols such as carbon dioxide, (C... more The increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) and aerosols such as carbon dioxide, (CO2), methane, (CH4), CFCs and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the most causes of climate observed in the 20th century are expected to contribute to changes in climate in the 21st century and even beyond.

Research paper thumbnail of Historical perceptions and meaning of development The Development and Growth Paradigm -Can we have Development without Growth

This paper will attempt to unravel the complex relationship between development and growth to asc... more This paper will attempt to unravel the complex relationship between development and growth to ascertain whether there can be development without growth or inversely whether growth is possible without development using the modernization theory as an analytical framework for understanding today's development practices and expectations. This piece will start with a discussion of the meaning of 'development' from various perspectives; economic, political, social and human development to establish whether it is possible to have development without growth. The work will contest the narrative of using national income as the yardstick for measuring development alone and that growth that does not reflect in an improved standard of living, reduced poverty, unemployment and inequality is not development. An analysis of themes such as economic growth, sustainable development, and poverty eradication will be done to see

Research paper thumbnail of Participation and Development; a Critical Assessment: Is Participation Vital for Development

The Journal of International Social Research, Apr 25, 2018

This paper is a discussion of the different ways in which participation is incorporated into deve... more This paper is a discussion of the different ways in which participation is incorporated into development projects and the various levels of participation and their merits and demerits. The paper further discusses the bottom-up versus the top-down approaches to development while critically assessing the concept of participation as a necessary approach to development. The intention here is to analyse whether the notion of participation is working or just a political act for the sake of satisfying the quests for community empowerment through participation. This piece will conclude with the narrative that even though participation is a desirable approach, it has not fully meant total involvement of local actors in development practice as the theory presupposes.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution and Regulation by Oestrogen of Fully Processed and Variant Transcripts of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone I and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor mRNAs in the Male Chicken

Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 2008

The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the occurrence and regulation of chicken g... more The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the occurrence and regulation of chicken gonadotropin releasing hormone I (cGnRH I) and chicken gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (cGnRH-R) mRNA variants in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPTA). The study was carried out in the cockerel. Fully processed cGnRH I mRNA (cGnRH Ia) and a variant transcript (cGnRH Ib) with a retained intron 1 were observed in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POA), the basal hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes. Fully processed cGnRH-R mRNA (cGnRH-Ra) and a variant transcript (cGnRH-Rb) with a deletion were detected in the same tissues. In juvenile cockerels, concentrations of cGnRH Ia and b in the POA increased after castration, and this was prevented by oestrogen treatment. In the anterior pituitary gland, the concentration of cGnRH-Ra increased after castration and this was reversed by oestrogen treatment. In intact adult cockerels, oestrogen treatment depressed plasma luteinizing hormone but did not affect concentrations of cGnRH I and cGnRH-R mRNAs in the POA, basal hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary gland, suggesting that locally produced oestrogen, by aromatization, may exert maximal suppression on cGnRH I and GnRH-R mRNAs. In intact adult cockerels, the concentrations of cGnRH Ia and b in the testis, but not cGnRH-Ra and b, were depressed by oestrogen treatment. It was concluded that fully processed and variant cGnRH I and cGnRH-R mRNAs occur in all components of the HPTA. Oestrogen appears to play a role in the regulation of cGnRH Ia and b in the POA and testes, and of cGnRH-Ra in the POA and anterior pituitary gland.

Research paper thumbnail of Participation and Development; a critical analysis: Is participation vital for development?

The Journal for International Social Science Research, 2018

This paper is a discussion of the different ways in which participation is incorporated into deve... more This paper is a discussion of the different ways in which participation is incorporated into development projects and the various levels of participation and their merits and demerits. The paper further discusses the bottom-up versus the top-down
approaches to development while critically assessing the concept of participation as a necessary approach to development. The intention here is to analyse whether the notion of participation is working or just a political act for the sake of satisfying the quests for community empowerment through participation. This piece will conclude with the narrative that even though participation is a
desirable approach, it has not fully meant total involvement of local actors in development practice as the theory presupposes.
Keywords: Participation, Development, Political Economy, Political Science.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution and Regulation by Oestrogen of Fully Processed and Variant Transcripts of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone I and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor mRNAs in the Male Chicken

Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 2008

The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the occurrence and regulation of chicken g... more The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the occurrence and regulation of chicken gonadotropin releasing hormone I (cGnRH I) and chicken gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (cGnRH-R) mRNA variants in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPTA). The study was carried out in the cockerel. Fully processed cGnRH I mRNA (cGnRH Ia) and a variant transcript (cGnRH Ib) with a retained intron 1 were observed in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POA), the basal hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes. Fully processed cGnRH-R mRNA (cGnRH-Ra) and a variant transcript (cGnRH-Rb) with a deletion were detected in the same tissues. In juvenile cockerels, concentrations of cGnRH Ia and b in the POA increased after castration, and this was prevented by oestrogen treatment. In the anterior pituitary gland, the concentration of cGnRH-Ra increased after castration and this was reversed by oestrogen treatment. In intact adult cockerels, oestrogen treatment depressed plasma luteinizing hormone but did not affect concentrations of cGnRH I and cGnRH-R mRNAs in the POA, basal hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary gland, suggesting that locally produced oestrogen, by aromatization, may exert maximal suppression on cGnRH I and GnRH-R mRNAs. In intact adult cockerels, the concentrations of cGnRH Ia and b in the testis, but not cGnRH-Ra and b, were depressed by oestrogen treatment. It was concluded that fully processed and variant cGnRH I and cGnRH-R mRNAs occur in all components of the HPTA. Oestrogen appears to play a role in the regulation of cGnRH Ia and b in the POA and testes, and of cGnRH-Ra in the POA and anterior pituitary gland.

Research paper thumbnail of AN ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLEX NATURE AND CHALLENGES TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

The increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) and aerosols such as carbon dioxide, (C... more The increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) and aerosols such as carbon dioxide, (CO2), methane, (CH4), CFCs and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the most causes of climate observed in the 20th century are expected to contribute to changes in climate in the 21st century and even beyond.