Adebimpe Oyebisi Aderounmu | Ladoke Akintola university of technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria. (original) (raw)
Papers by Adebimpe Oyebisi Aderounmu
The Nigerian postgraduate medical journal, 2009
To assess the prevalence, presentation, treatment and outcome of management of male breast cancer... more To assess the prevalence, presentation, treatment and outcome of management of male breast cancer (MBC) in Osogbo, Nigeria. A review of all cases of MBC seen at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital Osogbo between January 2004 and December 2006 was done. The age, presenting symptoms and signs, stage, histology, associated co-morbid illnesses, treatment and outcome of care were all retrieved and analysed. Seven (8.86%) out of seventy nine cases of breast cancers seen are males. Ages ranged between 38 and 80 years (mean 60.5 median 65 years). They all presented with advanced lesions after a 6 -36 months delay (mean-11.57 months). All were invasive ductal carcinoma. All the four with significant co-morbid illnesses died of them within one week to seven months. Only one patient had mastectomy. MBC constitutes 8.86% of all breast cancer, all presented late with advanced lesions and co-morbid illnesses contributed significantly to mortality.
Typhoid intestinal perforation constitutes one of the major indications for admission into emerge... more Typhoid intestinal perforation constitutes one of the major indications for admission into emergency unit in areas of low socio economic environment. Its associated with many post operative complications, some requiring repeat laparotomy. Study was carried out to review of all cases of TIP between 2003 and 2011 in two hospitals (LTH &AMC both in Osogbo). The case files of 216 out of 235 patients treated for TIP between 2003 to 2011 at the study centres were evaluated. This consisted of 63.5% males and 80% in the first two decade of life. There were 24 RL in 21 (9.99%) patients, all the in the first 2 decades but significantly higher in the first decade (p-value= 0.0009) and patients with serum urea greater than 10 mmol/l (p=0.0000, RR 3.67), PCV less than 20% (p= 0.0000, RR 21) and those presenting after 5 days after perforation (p= 0.000)but not with jaundice (p= 0.3967, RR 3.01. Perforations closer to the ICJ(>5cm) (p=0.0266), faeculent or frank intra abdominal pus collection (p = 0.037 , RR = 2.3) significantly predispose to RL (x 2 = 4.9123,), but no significant difference in the incidence of those with 1 or 2 intestinal perforations compared to those with 3 or 4 .(x 2 =0.03, p= 0.862). Indications were intra abdominal abscess, wound or anastomotic dehiscence, re-perforation, adhesive obstruction and persistent entero-cutaneous fistula. The mean LOS is significantly prolong and mortality significantly higher (X 2 =9.454, p value 0.0006) in those with RL. Late presentation, anaemia, renal impairment, perforations in the high pressure zone predisposes to RL which worsens prognosis and prolongs hospital stay in patients with TIP.
untola@ lautech.edu.ng Background: Diarrhea is uncommon in uncomplicated appendicitis and when pr... more untola@ lautech.edu.ng Background: Diarrhea is uncommon in uncomplicated appendicitis and when present, it tends to bring about delay in diagnosis, thus predisposing to complications. Methods: This was a retrospective study of all cases of uncomplicated appendicitis seen at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria over a 3 year period. Results: During the period under review, 153 with uncomplicated appendicitis were seen. Their ages ranged from 4 to 62 years with a median of 23.01 years. The M: F ratio was 1.15: 1. Diarrhea was more common in patients aged under 15 years (p = 0.003). Fifteen (9.8%) of the patients had diarrhea and was more common in females (12.67%) than in males (7.31%) ( p = 0.201). Diarrhea was present in 4.34% and in 18.03% patients presenting before and after 72 hours respectively (p= 0.006). Fever (T >38oC) was found in 91 patients, 11 of them had diarrhoea, compared to 4 of the 62 without fever ( p= 0.283 Fisher’s exact test ). There was no significant d...
British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, Jan 10, 2017
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author OAO designed the study, pe... more This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author OAO designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, data interpretations and wrote the first draft. Author OOA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, data interpretations, wrote the final draft and typed the manuscript. Author MLA designed the study, coordinate and managed the analysis of the study. Author DAO managed the literature search and analysis of the study, data interpretations and wrote the protocol. Authors TAA and OOO coordinate data collection and managed the analysis of the study. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Objectives: This study identified diabetic patients at high risk of diabetic foot disease, using ... more Objectives: This study identified diabetic patients at high risk of diabetic foot disease, using a 60-second screening tool in two Nigerian teaching hospitals. This is important as diabetic foot is the most common reason for diabetic-related hospitalisation and often requires amputation. It is known that patients who undergo any form of amputation are at increased risk of further amputations. However, when patients are diagnosed early and offered adequate care using a multidisciplinary approach, the rate of amputation decreases significantly. Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Consecutively consenting patients with diabetic mellitus who present at both hospitals (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital and Lautech Teaching Hospital) were recruited into the study. Subjects and setting: The patients had diabetic mellitus and were attending the endocrinology clinic at both hospitals. Sixty-five patients were recruited from the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, while...
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Nov 1, 2017
Calotropis procera Aiton (Calotropis) is a wild-growing plant used for a variety of disease condi... more Calotropis procera Aiton (Calotropis) is a wild-growing plant used for a variety of disease conditions such as leprosy, ulcers, tumor and healing of wounds. The present study was conceived to evaluate the toxicological effect of the latex following systemic use in Sprague-Dawley rats with a view to understanding its potential safety in treating wounds and preventing keloid formation in human. Haematological evaluation revealed a significant and progressive reduction of the packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell count at high doses of the latex. There was no significant effect on the differential count except for lymphocytes which showed significant reduction following increasing concentrations of the latex. Similarly, the latex exhibited no significant effect on the renal indices of the rats: uric acid, urea and creatinine levels. A significant (P<0.
Introduction Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a benign and rare disease of the scrotal skin that ... more Introduction Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a benign and rare disease of the scrotal skin that presents as solitary or multiple asymptomatic calcified nodules in the absence of systemic disorders of calcium/phosphorus balance. Case reports We report the management of 2 cases and review the literature with comments on factors that determine acceptance or otherwise of surgical treatment. Our patients were 29 and 33 years old and presented with nodular scrotal lesions. Through multiple elliptical incisions, all nodules were excised from patient 1, but patient 2 refused surgery. Reasons for rejection included fear of future reproductive performances. Histology shows calcium deposition in basophilic globules of varying sizes and shapes within the reticular dermis, multinucleated giant cells, dense collagenous stroma, areas of fibrosis, and sparse lymphocytic infiltrate. Conclusion In the management of idiopathic scrotal calcinosis, factors that determine acceptance of surgical treatmen...
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2009
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection, a common and potentially preventable complication of... more Catheter-associated urinary tract infection, a common and potentially preventable complication of hospitalization, is one of the hospital-acquired complications chosen by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for which hospitals no longer receive additional payment. To help understand the potential consequences of the recent CMS rule changes we examine the preventability of catheter-associated infection, review the CMS rules changes regarding catheter-associated urinary tract infection, offer our assessment of the possible consequences of these changes, and provide guidance for hospital-based administrators and clinicians. Though controversial, we conclude that the CMS rule changes related to catheter-associated urinary tract infection may do more good than harm since hospitals are likely to redouble their efforts in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection, which may minimize unnecessary placement and facilitate prompt removal of indwelling catheters. While we applaud CMS for forcing hospitals to increase efforts to prevent complications stemming from hospital-acquired infection, the opportunity costs and potential for unintended consequences cannot be overlooked. Consequently, how hospitals and physicians respond to the CMS rule changes must be monitored closely. "By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail.
Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 2018
Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a benign and rare disease of the scrotal skin that presents as s... more Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a benign and rare disease of the scrotal skin that presents as solitary or multiple asymptomatic calcified nodules in the absence of systemic disorders of calcium/phosphorus balance. We report the management of 2 cases and review the literature with comments on factors that determine acceptance or otherwise of surgical treatment. Our patients were 29 and 33 years old and presented with nodular scrotal lesions. Through multiple elliptical incisions, all nodules were excised from patient 1, but patient 2 refused surgery. Reasons for rejection included fear of future reproductive performances. Histology shows calcium deposition in basophilic globules of varying sizes and shapes within the reticular dermis, multinucleated giant cells, dense collagenous stroma, areas of fibrosis, and sparse lymphocytic infiltrate. In the management of idiopathic scrotal calcinosis, factors that determine acceptance of surgical treatment could include impaired quality of l...
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2013
Calotropis Procera (CP) has been used in the management of toothache, fresh skin burns, gum bleed... more Calotropis Procera (CP) has been used in the management of toothache, fresh skin burns, gum bleeding as well as others to make it qualify as a medicinal plant. This study was designed to assess its wound-healing property in rabbits and its potentials for anti keloidal activity.Fresh latex of Calotropis were obtained and evaluated phytochemically. Fifteen male rabbits were used and four excisional wounds were created on each rabbit. The rabbits were divided into five groups of three each. Group 1 was the negative control and received no treatment. The wounds of group 2 animals were treated with 2mL of Calotropis latex; group 3 with 2mL honey; and group 4 with a mixture of 1ml honey and 1 mL of the latex. The animals in group 5 were given 2mg triamcinolone intramuscularly. All the groups had their wounds treated daily for 21 days. The wounds' diameters were measured on the day of wound creation, thereafter on days 7, 14 and 21 post wound creation. Biopsies of the wounds were taken on days 3 and 21 and viewed histologically. Phytochemical study of the latex revealed the presence of glycosides, tannins and alkaloids. The wounds were found to be significantly (p<0.05) reduced in groups treated with 50% latex in honey and triamcinolone, respectively, on day 7 post wound creation while there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in wound surface area in all treated groups on days 14 and 21 post wound creation. Histological findings in untreated group showed thick bundle of collagen fibres some of which had broad based configurations, reminiscent of keloid. The group treated with 2mL of Calotropis latex revealed the presence of florid granulation tissues on day 3 while there was a marked reduction in quantity and size of collagen fibres on day 21 post wound creation which was comparable with what was seen for the triamcinolone-treated group.The general effect of Calotropis latex on wound-healing was noted. Likewise it's similarity to that of triamcinolone, an anti-keloidal agent; this makes it a probable candidate for future anti-keloidal study using a suitable model.
Calotropis procera Aiton (Calotropis) is a wild-growing plant used for a variety of disease condi... more Calotropis procera Aiton (Calotropis) is a wild-growing plant used for a variety of disease conditions such as leprosy, ulcers, tumor and healing of wounds. The present study was conceived to evaluate the toxicological effect of the latex following systemic use in Sprague- Dawley rats with a view to understanding its potential safety in treating wounds and preventing keloid formation in human. Haematological evaluation revealed a significant and progressive reduction of the packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell count at high doses of the latex. There was no significant effect on the differential count except for lymphocytes which showed significant reduction following increasing concentrations of the latex. Similarly, the latex exhibited no significant effect on the renal indices of the rats: uric acid, urea and creatinine levels. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in blood glucose was
observed in the group that received 0.85mg/kg of the latex as compared with the control. The latex produced a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the levels of aspartate transaminases at a dose of 0.35mg/kg IP and also the level of total cholesterol had a significant (p<0.05) decrease at the same dose, but there was no significant change in the levels of the albumin, alanine transaminases and alkaline phosphatases in all the treated groups. Histopathological studies showed no remarkable effect on the tested organs except for the testes where there was destruction of the seminiferous tubules. In conclusion, these results suggest that Calotropis latex is relatively safe when used acutely especially through the oral route and in lower doses when administered through the intra-peritoneal route in rats. However, there is need for caution when higher doses are administered because of the toxic effects on the genitourinary systems particularly in males.
KEYWORDS: Calotropis procera (Calotropis) latex; toxicity; Sprague-Dawley rats.
The Nigerian postgraduate medical journal, 2009
To assess the prevalence, presentation, treatment and outcome of management of male breast cancer... more To assess the prevalence, presentation, treatment and outcome of management of male breast cancer (MBC) in Osogbo, Nigeria. A review of all cases of MBC seen at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital Osogbo between January 2004 and December 2006 was done. The age, presenting symptoms and signs, stage, histology, associated co-morbid illnesses, treatment and outcome of care were all retrieved and analysed. Seven (8.86%) out of seventy nine cases of breast cancers seen are males. Ages ranged between 38 and 80 years (mean 60.5 median 65 years). They all presented with advanced lesions after a 6 -36 months delay (mean-11.57 months). All were invasive ductal carcinoma. All the four with significant co-morbid illnesses died of them within one week to seven months. Only one patient had mastectomy. MBC constitutes 8.86% of all breast cancer, all presented late with advanced lesions and co-morbid illnesses contributed significantly to mortality.
Typhoid intestinal perforation constitutes one of the major indications for admission into emerge... more Typhoid intestinal perforation constitutes one of the major indications for admission into emergency unit in areas of low socio economic environment. Its associated with many post operative complications, some requiring repeat laparotomy. Study was carried out to review of all cases of TIP between 2003 and 2011 in two hospitals (LTH &AMC both in Osogbo). The case files of 216 out of 235 patients treated for TIP between 2003 to 2011 at the study centres were evaluated. This consisted of 63.5% males and 80% in the first two decade of life. There were 24 RL in 21 (9.99%) patients, all the in the first 2 decades but significantly higher in the first decade (p-value= 0.0009) and patients with serum urea greater than 10 mmol/l (p=0.0000, RR 3.67), PCV less than 20% (p= 0.0000, RR 21) and those presenting after 5 days after perforation (p= 0.000)but not with jaundice (p= 0.3967, RR 3.01. Perforations closer to the ICJ(>5cm) (p=0.0266), faeculent or frank intra abdominal pus collection (p = 0.037 , RR = 2.3) significantly predispose to RL (x 2 = 4.9123,), but no significant difference in the incidence of those with 1 or 2 intestinal perforations compared to those with 3 or 4 .(x 2 =0.03, p= 0.862). Indications were intra abdominal abscess, wound or anastomotic dehiscence, re-perforation, adhesive obstruction and persistent entero-cutaneous fistula. The mean LOS is significantly prolong and mortality significantly higher (X 2 =9.454, p value 0.0006) in those with RL. Late presentation, anaemia, renal impairment, perforations in the high pressure zone predisposes to RL which worsens prognosis and prolongs hospital stay in patients with TIP.
untola@ lautech.edu.ng Background: Diarrhea is uncommon in uncomplicated appendicitis and when pr... more untola@ lautech.edu.ng Background: Diarrhea is uncommon in uncomplicated appendicitis and when present, it tends to bring about delay in diagnosis, thus predisposing to complications. Methods: This was a retrospective study of all cases of uncomplicated appendicitis seen at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria over a 3 year period. Results: During the period under review, 153 with uncomplicated appendicitis were seen. Their ages ranged from 4 to 62 years with a median of 23.01 years. The M: F ratio was 1.15: 1. Diarrhea was more common in patients aged under 15 years (p = 0.003). Fifteen (9.8%) of the patients had diarrhea and was more common in females (12.67%) than in males (7.31%) ( p = 0.201). Diarrhea was present in 4.34% and in 18.03% patients presenting before and after 72 hours respectively (p= 0.006). Fever (T >38oC) was found in 91 patients, 11 of them had diarrhoea, compared to 4 of the 62 without fever ( p= 0.283 Fisher’s exact test ). There was no significant d...
British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, Jan 10, 2017
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author OAO designed the study, pe... more This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author OAO designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, data interpretations and wrote the first draft. Author OOA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, data interpretations, wrote the final draft and typed the manuscript. Author MLA designed the study, coordinate and managed the analysis of the study. Author DAO managed the literature search and analysis of the study, data interpretations and wrote the protocol. Authors TAA and OOO coordinate data collection and managed the analysis of the study. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Objectives: This study identified diabetic patients at high risk of diabetic foot disease, using ... more Objectives: This study identified diabetic patients at high risk of diabetic foot disease, using a 60-second screening tool in two Nigerian teaching hospitals. This is important as diabetic foot is the most common reason for diabetic-related hospitalisation and often requires amputation. It is known that patients who undergo any form of amputation are at increased risk of further amputations. However, when patients are diagnosed early and offered adequate care using a multidisciplinary approach, the rate of amputation decreases significantly. Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Consecutively consenting patients with diabetic mellitus who present at both hospitals (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital and Lautech Teaching Hospital) were recruited into the study. Subjects and setting: The patients had diabetic mellitus and were attending the endocrinology clinic at both hospitals. Sixty-five patients were recruited from the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, while...
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Nov 1, 2017
Calotropis procera Aiton (Calotropis) is a wild-growing plant used for a variety of disease condi... more Calotropis procera Aiton (Calotropis) is a wild-growing plant used for a variety of disease conditions such as leprosy, ulcers, tumor and healing of wounds. The present study was conceived to evaluate the toxicological effect of the latex following systemic use in Sprague-Dawley rats with a view to understanding its potential safety in treating wounds and preventing keloid formation in human. Haematological evaluation revealed a significant and progressive reduction of the packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell count at high doses of the latex. There was no significant effect on the differential count except for lymphocytes which showed significant reduction following increasing concentrations of the latex. Similarly, the latex exhibited no significant effect on the renal indices of the rats: uric acid, urea and creatinine levels. A significant (P<0.
Introduction Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a benign and rare disease of the scrotal skin that ... more Introduction Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a benign and rare disease of the scrotal skin that presents as solitary or multiple asymptomatic calcified nodules in the absence of systemic disorders of calcium/phosphorus balance. Case reports We report the management of 2 cases and review the literature with comments on factors that determine acceptance or otherwise of surgical treatment. Our patients were 29 and 33 years old and presented with nodular scrotal lesions. Through multiple elliptical incisions, all nodules were excised from patient 1, but patient 2 refused surgery. Reasons for rejection included fear of future reproductive performances. Histology shows calcium deposition in basophilic globules of varying sizes and shapes within the reticular dermis, multinucleated giant cells, dense collagenous stroma, areas of fibrosis, and sparse lymphocytic infiltrate. Conclusion In the management of idiopathic scrotal calcinosis, factors that determine acceptance of surgical treatmen...
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2009
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection, a common and potentially preventable complication of... more Catheter-associated urinary tract infection, a common and potentially preventable complication of hospitalization, is one of the hospital-acquired complications chosen by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for which hospitals no longer receive additional payment. To help understand the potential consequences of the recent CMS rule changes we examine the preventability of catheter-associated infection, review the CMS rules changes regarding catheter-associated urinary tract infection, offer our assessment of the possible consequences of these changes, and provide guidance for hospital-based administrators and clinicians. Though controversial, we conclude that the CMS rule changes related to catheter-associated urinary tract infection may do more good than harm since hospitals are likely to redouble their efforts in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection, which may minimize unnecessary placement and facilitate prompt removal of indwelling catheters. While we applaud CMS for forcing hospitals to increase efforts to prevent complications stemming from hospital-acquired infection, the opportunity costs and potential for unintended consequences cannot be overlooked. Consequently, how hospitals and physicians respond to the CMS rule changes must be monitored closely. "By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail.
Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 2018
Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a benign and rare disease of the scrotal skin that presents as s... more Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a benign and rare disease of the scrotal skin that presents as solitary or multiple asymptomatic calcified nodules in the absence of systemic disorders of calcium/phosphorus balance. We report the management of 2 cases and review the literature with comments on factors that determine acceptance or otherwise of surgical treatment. Our patients were 29 and 33 years old and presented with nodular scrotal lesions. Through multiple elliptical incisions, all nodules were excised from patient 1, but patient 2 refused surgery. Reasons for rejection included fear of future reproductive performances. Histology shows calcium deposition in basophilic globules of varying sizes and shapes within the reticular dermis, multinucleated giant cells, dense collagenous stroma, areas of fibrosis, and sparse lymphocytic infiltrate. In the management of idiopathic scrotal calcinosis, factors that determine acceptance of surgical treatment could include impaired quality of l...
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2013
Calotropis Procera (CP) has been used in the management of toothache, fresh skin burns, gum bleed... more Calotropis Procera (CP) has been used in the management of toothache, fresh skin burns, gum bleeding as well as others to make it qualify as a medicinal plant. This study was designed to assess its wound-healing property in rabbits and its potentials for anti keloidal activity.Fresh latex of Calotropis were obtained and evaluated phytochemically. Fifteen male rabbits were used and four excisional wounds were created on each rabbit. The rabbits were divided into five groups of three each. Group 1 was the negative control and received no treatment. The wounds of group 2 animals were treated with 2mL of Calotropis latex; group 3 with 2mL honey; and group 4 with a mixture of 1ml honey and 1 mL of the latex. The animals in group 5 were given 2mg triamcinolone intramuscularly. All the groups had their wounds treated daily for 21 days. The wounds' diameters were measured on the day of wound creation, thereafter on days 7, 14 and 21 post wound creation. Biopsies of the wounds were taken on days 3 and 21 and viewed histologically. Phytochemical study of the latex revealed the presence of glycosides, tannins and alkaloids. The wounds were found to be significantly (p<0.05) reduced in groups treated with 50% latex in honey and triamcinolone, respectively, on day 7 post wound creation while there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in wound surface area in all treated groups on days 14 and 21 post wound creation. Histological findings in untreated group showed thick bundle of collagen fibres some of which had broad based configurations, reminiscent of keloid. The group treated with 2mL of Calotropis latex revealed the presence of florid granulation tissues on day 3 while there was a marked reduction in quantity and size of collagen fibres on day 21 post wound creation which was comparable with what was seen for the triamcinolone-treated group.The general effect of Calotropis latex on wound-healing was noted. Likewise it's similarity to that of triamcinolone, an anti-keloidal agent; this makes it a probable candidate for future anti-keloidal study using a suitable model.
Calotropis procera Aiton (Calotropis) is a wild-growing plant used for a variety of disease condi... more Calotropis procera Aiton (Calotropis) is a wild-growing plant used for a variety of disease conditions such as leprosy, ulcers, tumor and healing of wounds. The present study was conceived to evaluate the toxicological effect of the latex following systemic use in Sprague- Dawley rats with a view to understanding its potential safety in treating wounds and preventing keloid formation in human. Haematological evaluation revealed a significant and progressive reduction of the packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell count at high doses of the latex. There was no significant effect on the differential count except for lymphocytes which showed significant reduction following increasing concentrations of the latex. Similarly, the latex exhibited no significant effect on the renal indices of the rats: uric acid, urea and creatinine levels. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in blood glucose was
observed in the group that received 0.85mg/kg of the latex as compared with the control. The latex produced a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the levels of aspartate transaminases at a dose of 0.35mg/kg IP and also the level of total cholesterol had a significant (p<0.05) decrease at the same dose, but there was no significant change in the levels of the albumin, alanine transaminases and alkaline phosphatases in all the treated groups. Histopathological studies showed no remarkable effect on the tested organs except for the testes where there was destruction of the seminiferous tubules. In conclusion, these results suggest that Calotropis latex is relatively safe when used acutely especially through the oral route and in lower doses when administered through the intra-peritoneal route in rats. However, there is need for caution when higher doses are administered because of the toxic effects on the genitourinary systems particularly in males.
KEYWORDS: Calotropis procera (Calotropis) latex; toxicity; Sprague-Dawley rats.