Audrey M Shillington | San Jose State University (original) (raw)

Papers by Audrey M Shillington

American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Jun 21, 2010

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY, 2002

Substance Use & Misuse, Jun 14, 2021

Abstract Background: Cannabis use rates are rising among college students, creating a need for ef... more Abstract Background: Cannabis use rates are rising among college students, creating a need for effective and accessible intervention options. One such intervention, the Marijuana eCHECKUP TO GO (eCTG) program, has relatively few studies investigating mechanisms of change and related outcomes. This intervention provides users with personalized normative feedback to adjust user’s normative perceptions and use patterns. The current study tested moderated mediation of program effects between the eCTG intervention condition and a healthy stress management (HSM) control condition in a college student sample of near-daily cannabis users. Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) were measured among the eCTG condition Methods: Data were analyzed from a sample of 227 students who were randomly assigned to the eCTG intervention condition or HSM control condition. Change in cannabis use frequency was measured by re-administering the baseline survey at a six-week follow-up. Multi-group moderated mediation path analysis tested the effects of the eCTG intervention on change in cannabis use frequency through PBS, descriptive norms, and injunctive norms, with multi-group categories defined by sex. Results: Direct effects indicated the intervention predicted reduced descriptive norm perceptions and cannabis use frequency. An indirect effect was found for the intervention condition on reducing cannabis use frequency through change in descriptive norms in males. Similarly, an indirect effect was seen for intervention condition on reducing cannabis use frequency through change in injunctive norms for females. Conclusions: Findings suggest changes in descriptive norms played a sex-specific mediating role in the mechanisms of change for the eCTG intervention on reductions in cannabis use frequency.

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2021

The objective of this study was to test indirect effects of the Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO program... more The objective of this study was to test indirect effects of the Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO program on college students' frequent marijuana use through decreased use in specific social and academic activities. This study randomly assigned college students who reported frequent marijuana use (i.e., approximately five times per week) in fall 2016 to receive Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO or healthy stress management (HSM) strategies. The final baseline sample included 298 participants. Path analyses tested direct program effects on marijuana use at six-week posttest, as well as the indirect effect via use within four activities frequently participated in by college students: socializing, being physically active, studying, and being in class. Direct Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO effects on reductions in frequent use were transmitted by decreased marijuana use while studying and no use while socializing, being physically active, or in class. Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO may be most effective at reducing use of marijuana among college students while studying.

Children and Youth Services Review, 2018

The purpose of the study is to understand differences in child well-being related to parental sub... more The purpose of the study is to understand differences in child well-being related to parental substance use among children ages 6-12 who were investigated for maltreatment but not removed from their homes. Children with a substance-using parent in the home are compared to those without a substance-using parent in the home. Methods: Longitudinal data from waves 1 and 3 of the second National Study of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II) are used. NSCAW II is a national sample of families with children and youth aged birth to 17.5 investigated by child protective services (CPS). A subset of the data (analyzed with domain analysis methods) is used for this study (n = 575). Eight well-being outcomes from four domains (cognitive development, physical health, psychological/behavioral development and social/emotional competence) are analyzed. Findings: We hypothesized that (among children investigated for maltreatment and not removed from home) children whose parents used substances would exhibit lower mean levels of well-being at thirty-six months follow-up compared to those whose parents did not use. Unexpectedly, we found no significant differences in well-being levels between children with parents in the home using substances and those without. Conclusions: Children with substance-using parents may be able to remain at home over an extended period after investigation, while maintaining well-being levels similar to children at home with parents not using substances. If an effective safety plan can be put in place, this option may provide a path to maintaining safety, permanency and well-being for such children without placement in out-of-home care.

Substance Use & Misuse, 2019

Background: Young adults have elevated risk for negative marijuana use-related outcomes, and ther... more Background: Young adults have elevated risk for negative marijuana use-related outcomes, and there is heterogeneity among users. Identifying risk factors for marijuana user status will improve understanding of different populations of users, which may inform prediction of individuals most likely to experience negative outcomes. Objectives: To identify predictors of marijuana use initiation in young adults. We simultaneously examined a broad range of potential predictors and all their possible interactions, including constructs that have not been previously studied in substance use initiation research. Methods: Data were repeated cross-sectional survey responses from college students in Colorado (N ¼ 4052, 77% White, 61% female, mean age ¼ 22.77). Measures came from the National College Health Assessment, which assesses numerous health and behavioral constructs. We used recursive partitioning and random forest models to identify predictors of ever having used marijuana out of 206 variables. Results: Classification trees identified engagement in increased alcohol use and sexual behavior as salient correlates of marijuana use initiation. Parsimonious recursive partitioning trees explained a substantial amount of variability in marijuana user status (39% in the full model and 24% when alcohol variables were excluded). Random forest models predicted user status with 74.11% and 66.91% accuracy in the full model and when alcohol variables were excluded, respectively. Conclusions: Results support the use of exploratory analyses to explain heterogeneity among marijuana users and non-users. Since engagement in other health-risk behaviors were salient predictors of use initiation, prevention efforts to reduce harm from marijuana use may benefit from targeting risk factors for health-risk behaviors in general.

Addiction Research & Theory, 2019

Background: Many states in the U.S. have changed how they regulated medicinal and/or recreational... more Background: Many states in the U.S. have changed how they regulated medicinal and/or recreational marijuana. Understanding the impact of these policy changes on marijuana use and perceptions of acceptability and safety of use is needed. The current study examined perceptions and patterns of marijuana use among college students, a population at increased risk for initiation and heavy use. Method: Data include Colorado university students and national sample averages. We used repeated cross-sectional analyses to examine responses to the American College Health Association National College Health Assessment and added marijuana measures. We examined differences in use and norms pre-to post-legalization among Colorado college students. Colorado data were also compared to national summary statistics. Results: Social norms, use initiation, and use recency and frequency in Colorado increased significantly across changes in recreational legislation. Descriptive norms and rates of ever users in Colorado increased faster than national averages. Conclusions: Results suggest recreational legalization increases how quickly social norms become more approving. As marijuana policy continues to change, implementing social norms interventions alongside legislative changes may offset increases in risk for use initiation and frequency by countering increased social norms favorable to use.

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2010

Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 2020

Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2020

College students have an elevated risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) and ther... more College students have an elevated risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) and there are robust differences in prevalence rates for SITBs across gender identities. While numerous constructs have been implicated as risk factors, researchers have not significantly improved at predicting SITBs, possibly due to constraints of confirmatory analyses. Classification trees are exploratory, person-centered analyses that enable joint examination of numerous correlates and their interactions. Thus, classification trees may discern previously unstudied risk factors and identify distinct subpopulations with elevated risk for SITBs. We tested classification trees that evaluated 298 potential correlates of non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation across self-identified females and males. Data came from 5,131 college students who completed the National College Health Assessment, which assesses a wide-range of health-related constructs. Models produced parsimonious decision trees that accounted for a substantial amount of outcome variability (38.3-51.5%). Psychopathology, poorer psychological well-being, and other SITBs emerged as important correlates for all participants. Trauma, disordered eating, and heavy alcohol use were salient among females, whereas alcohol use norms were important correlates among males. Importantly, models identified several constructs that may be amenable to intervention. Results support the use of exploratory analyses to explicate heterogeneity among individuals who engage in SITBs and suggest that gender identity is an important moderator for certain risk factors.

The American journal on addictions, Aug 1, 2016

The purpose of this study is to extend what is known about medical marijuana and non-medical mari... more The purpose of this study is to extend what is known about medical marijuana and non-medical marijuana users who visit the emergency department (ED) by exploring differences in their sociodemographic characteristics and their drug-related problem severity. Of 292 consecutively enrolled exclusive marijuana-only users visiting the ED for any reason, 37% (n = 107) reported using marijuana on the advice of a medical doctor, and 63% (n = 185) reported that they did not use it under the advice of a medical doctor (ie, non-medical user). Participants denied using any other drug with the exception of alcohol. Participants completed the Addiction Severity Index-Lite which provided composite and individual items related to drug use problems, psychiatric problems, medical problems, and alcohol use problems. Self-efficacy for avoiding drug use and sociodemographic characteristics were also collected. In a multivariate model, compared to non-medical marijuana users, medical users reported a high...

Drug and alcohol dependence, Sep 1, 2018

Marijuana use is common among U.S. college students. Liberalization of marijuana use policies is ... more Marijuana use is common among U.S. college students. Liberalization of marijuana use policies is hypothesized to decrease social norms discouraging use, which protects against marijuana use. This may increase the importance of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) to reduce marijuana use harm. This study tested direct and moderated (by sex) program effects of an adapted version of the Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO, a web-based marijuana use intervention providing university-specific personalized feedback (PF) with normative information and PBS to students attending a university in a state with legalized adult recreational marijuana. Participants were 298 heavy-using college students randomly assigned to receive Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO or strategies for healthy stress management (HSM). General linear models (GLMs) tested direct program effects on proximal intervention targets, marijuana use, and use consequences. Multi-group GLMs then tested the moderating effect of sex on direct interven...

Child abuse & neglect, Jan 27, 2018

This national study of US counties (n = 2963) investigated whether county-level drug overdose mor... more This national study of US counties (n = 2963) investigated whether county-level drug overdose mortality is associated with maltreatment report rates, and whether the relationship between overdose mortality and maltreatment reports is moderated by a county's rural, non-metro or metro status. Data included county-level 2015 maltreatment reports from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, modeled drug-overdose mortality from the Centers for Disease Control, United States Department of Agriculture Rural-Urban Continuum Codes, US Census demographic data and crime reports from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. All data were linked across counties. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression was used for county-level analysis. As hypothesized, results from the ZINB model showed a significant and positive relationship between drug overdose mortality and child maltreatment report rates (χ = 101.26, p < .0001). This relationship was moderated by position on the rura...

Child Abuse & Neglect, 2017

Youth involved in the child welfare system experience multiple early adversities that can contrib... more Youth involved in the child welfare system experience multiple early adversities that can contribute to increased risk of substance use and delinquency. Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poorer behavioral outcomes among youth, less is known about the possible protective factors that may influence the relationship between early adversity and risk-taking behavior. This study examined whether protective adult relationships moderated the link between cumulative ACEs and substance use and delinquency after controlling for demographic characteristics in child welfare-involved youth. The sample included 1054 youth, ages 11-17, from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II who were in the first wave of data collection. Results showed that protective adult relationships moderated the relationship between ACEs and substance use, but not for delinquency. Specifically, under lower levels of protective adult relationships, cumulative ACEs related to increased substance use among youth. Implications for child welfare practices to target youths&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; support systems are discussed.

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2016

Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 2020

Concerned about reports from pre-tenure-track scholars about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic... more Concerned about reports from pre-tenure-track scholars about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 12 members of the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare Board of Directors charged a group of its members to explore concerns and gather suggestions for
social work and other higher education administrators. The following commentary reports their findings, reflecting broadly experienced challenges, gender inequities, and experiences of pretenure faculty of color. We end with seven recommendations for helping pre-tenure-track scholars to succeed in their careers despite the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the decade of the 1990s, smoking prevalence increased nearly 30% in the college student po... more During the decade of the 1990s, smoking prevalence increased nearly 30% in the college student population. Although most college students initiate smoking before the age of 18, recent evidence suggests a sizable minority of undergraduates report starting smoking while in college. This study examined the relationship between past year alcohol use and past year smoking initiation among a sample of undergraduate students (ages 18-24) attending a large public university in the Southwestern United States. A total of 3,450 students (67% female, 45% non-white) participated in four cross-sectional waves of an internet survey measuring alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. Approximately 20% of the sample reported smoking during the past month and 17% of ever-smokers reported initiating smoking at the age of 19 or older. Overall, ever-smoking participants reported a significantly lower age of first drink (M = 15.4, SD = 2.2) than age of first cigarette (M = 16.4, SD = 2.6), t(1398) = -13.62, ...

Feit. New York: Haworth, 1995, 216 pages.

American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Jun 21, 2010

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY, 2002

Substance Use & Misuse, Jun 14, 2021

Abstract Background: Cannabis use rates are rising among college students, creating a need for ef... more Abstract Background: Cannabis use rates are rising among college students, creating a need for effective and accessible intervention options. One such intervention, the Marijuana eCHECKUP TO GO (eCTG) program, has relatively few studies investigating mechanisms of change and related outcomes. This intervention provides users with personalized normative feedback to adjust user’s normative perceptions and use patterns. The current study tested moderated mediation of program effects between the eCTG intervention condition and a healthy stress management (HSM) control condition in a college student sample of near-daily cannabis users. Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) were measured among the eCTG condition Methods: Data were analyzed from a sample of 227 students who were randomly assigned to the eCTG intervention condition or HSM control condition. Change in cannabis use frequency was measured by re-administering the baseline survey at a six-week follow-up. Multi-group moderated mediation path analysis tested the effects of the eCTG intervention on change in cannabis use frequency through PBS, descriptive norms, and injunctive norms, with multi-group categories defined by sex. Results: Direct effects indicated the intervention predicted reduced descriptive norm perceptions and cannabis use frequency. An indirect effect was found for the intervention condition on reducing cannabis use frequency through change in descriptive norms in males. Similarly, an indirect effect was seen for intervention condition on reducing cannabis use frequency through change in injunctive norms for females. Conclusions: Findings suggest changes in descriptive norms played a sex-specific mediating role in the mechanisms of change for the eCTG intervention on reductions in cannabis use frequency.

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2021

The objective of this study was to test indirect effects of the Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO program... more The objective of this study was to test indirect effects of the Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO program on college students' frequent marijuana use through decreased use in specific social and academic activities. This study randomly assigned college students who reported frequent marijuana use (i.e., approximately five times per week) in fall 2016 to receive Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO or healthy stress management (HSM) strategies. The final baseline sample included 298 participants. Path analyses tested direct program effects on marijuana use at six-week posttest, as well as the indirect effect via use within four activities frequently participated in by college students: socializing, being physically active, studying, and being in class. Direct Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO effects on reductions in frequent use were transmitted by decreased marijuana use while studying and no use while socializing, being physically active, or in class. Marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO may be most effective at reducing use of marijuana among college students while studying.

Children and Youth Services Review, 2018

The purpose of the study is to understand differences in child well-being related to parental sub... more The purpose of the study is to understand differences in child well-being related to parental substance use among children ages 6-12 who were investigated for maltreatment but not removed from their homes. Children with a substance-using parent in the home are compared to those without a substance-using parent in the home. Methods: Longitudinal data from waves 1 and 3 of the second National Study of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II) are used. NSCAW II is a national sample of families with children and youth aged birth to 17.5 investigated by child protective services (CPS). A subset of the data (analyzed with domain analysis methods) is used for this study (n = 575). Eight well-being outcomes from four domains (cognitive development, physical health, psychological/behavioral development and social/emotional competence) are analyzed. Findings: We hypothesized that (among children investigated for maltreatment and not removed from home) children whose parents used substances would exhibit lower mean levels of well-being at thirty-six months follow-up compared to those whose parents did not use. Unexpectedly, we found no significant differences in well-being levels between children with parents in the home using substances and those without. Conclusions: Children with substance-using parents may be able to remain at home over an extended period after investigation, while maintaining well-being levels similar to children at home with parents not using substances. If an effective safety plan can be put in place, this option may provide a path to maintaining safety, permanency and well-being for such children without placement in out-of-home care.

Substance Use & Misuse, 2019

Background: Young adults have elevated risk for negative marijuana use-related outcomes, and ther... more Background: Young adults have elevated risk for negative marijuana use-related outcomes, and there is heterogeneity among users. Identifying risk factors for marijuana user status will improve understanding of different populations of users, which may inform prediction of individuals most likely to experience negative outcomes. Objectives: To identify predictors of marijuana use initiation in young adults. We simultaneously examined a broad range of potential predictors and all their possible interactions, including constructs that have not been previously studied in substance use initiation research. Methods: Data were repeated cross-sectional survey responses from college students in Colorado (N ¼ 4052, 77% White, 61% female, mean age ¼ 22.77). Measures came from the National College Health Assessment, which assesses numerous health and behavioral constructs. We used recursive partitioning and random forest models to identify predictors of ever having used marijuana out of 206 variables. Results: Classification trees identified engagement in increased alcohol use and sexual behavior as salient correlates of marijuana use initiation. Parsimonious recursive partitioning trees explained a substantial amount of variability in marijuana user status (39% in the full model and 24% when alcohol variables were excluded). Random forest models predicted user status with 74.11% and 66.91% accuracy in the full model and when alcohol variables were excluded, respectively. Conclusions: Results support the use of exploratory analyses to explain heterogeneity among marijuana users and non-users. Since engagement in other health-risk behaviors were salient predictors of use initiation, prevention efforts to reduce harm from marijuana use may benefit from targeting risk factors for health-risk behaviors in general.

Addiction Research & Theory, 2019

Background: Many states in the U.S. have changed how they regulated medicinal and/or recreational... more Background: Many states in the U.S. have changed how they regulated medicinal and/or recreational marijuana. Understanding the impact of these policy changes on marijuana use and perceptions of acceptability and safety of use is needed. The current study examined perceptions and patterns of marijuana use among college students, a population at increased risk for initiation and heavy use. Method: Data include Colorado university students and national sample averages. We used repeated cross-sectional analyses to examine responses to the American College Health Association National College Health Assessment and added marijuana measures. We examined differences in use and norms pre-to post-legalization among Colorado college students. Colorado data were also compared to national summary statistics. Results: Social norms, use initiation, and use recency and frequency in Colorado increased significantly across changes in recreational legislation. Descriptive norms and rates of ever users in Colorado increased faster than national averages. Conclusions: Results suggest recreational legalization increases how quickly social norms become more approving. As marijuana policy continues to change, implementing social norms interventions alongside legislative changes may offset increases in risk for use initiation and frequency by countering increased social norms favorable to use.

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2010

Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 2020

Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2020

College students have an elevated risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) and ther... more College students have an elevated risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) and there are robust differences in prevalence rates for SITBs across gender identities. While numerous constructs have been implicated as risk factors, researchers have not significantly improved at predicting SITBs, possibly due to constraints of confirmatory analyses. Classification trees are exploratory, person-centered analyses that enable joint examination of numerous correlates and their interactions. Thus, classification trees may discern previously unstudied risk factors and identify distinct subpopulations with elevated risk for SITBs. We tested classification trees that evaluated 298 potential correlates of non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation across self-identified females and males. Data came from 5,131 college students who completed the National College Health Assessment, which assesses a wide-range of health-related constructs. Models produced parsimonious decision trees that accounted for a substantial amount of outcome variability (38.3-51.5%). Psychopathology, poorer psychological well-being, and other SITBs emerged as important correlates for all participants. Trauma, disordered eating, and heavy alcohol use were salient among females, whereas alcohol use norms were important correlates among males. Importantly, models identified several constructs that may be amenable to intervention. Results support the use of exploratory analyses to explicate heterogeneity among individuals who engage in SITBs and suggest that gender identity is an important moderator for certain risk factors.

The American journal on addictions, Aug 1, 2016

The purpose of this study is to extend what is known about medical marijuana and non-medical mari... more The purpose of this study is to extend what is known about medical marijuana and non-medical marijuana users who visit the emergency department (ED) by exploring differences in their sociodemographic characteristics and their drug-related problem severity. Of 292 consecutively enrolled exclusive marijuana-only users visiting the ED for any reason, 37% (n = 107) reported using marijuana on the advice of a medical doctor, and 63% (n = 185) reported that they did not use it under the advice of a medical doctor (ie, non-medical user). Participants denied using any other drug with the exception of alcohol. Participants completed the Addiction Severity Index-Lite which provided composite and individual items related to drug use problems, psychiatric problems, medical problems, and alcohol use problems. Self-efficacy for avoiding drug use and sociodemographic characteristics were also collected. In a multivariate model, compared to non-medical marijuana users, medical users reported a high...

Drug and alcohol dependence, Sep 1, 2018

Marijuana use is common among U.S. college students. Liberalization of marijuana use policies is ... more Marijuana use is common among U.S. college students. Liberalization of marijuana use policies is hypothesized to decrease social norms discouraging use, which protects against marijuana use. This may increase the importance of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) to reduce marijuana use harm. This study tested direct and moderated (by sex) program effects of an adapted version of the Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO, a web-based marijuana use intervention providing university-specific personalized feedback (PF) with normative information and PBS to students attending a university in a state with legalized adult recreational marijuana. Participants were 298 heavy-using college students randomly assigned to receive Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO or strategies for healthy stress management (HSM). General linear models (GLMs) tested direct program effects on proximal intervention targets, marijuana use, and use consequences. Multi-group GLMs then tested the moderating effect of sex on direct interven...

Child abuse & neglect, Jan 27, 2018

This national study of US counties (n = 2963) investigated whether county-level drug overdose mor... more This national study of US counties (n = 2963) investigated whether county-level drug overdose mortality is associated with maltreatment report rates, and whether the relationship between overdose mortality and maltreatment reports is moderated by a county's rural, non-metro or metro status. Data included county-level 2015 maltreatment reports from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, modeled drug-overdose mortality from the Centers for Disease Control, United States Department of Agriculture Rural-Urban Continuum Codes, US Census demographic data and crime reports from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. All data were linked across counties. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression was used for county-level analysis. As hypothesized, results from the ZINB model showed a significant and positive relationship between drug overdose mortality and child maltreatment report rates (χ = 101.26, p < .0001). This relationship was moderated by position on the rura...

Child Abuse & Neglect, 2017

Youth involved in the child welfare system experience multiple early adversities that can contrib... more Youth involved in the child welfare system experience multiple early adversities that can contribute to increased risk of substance use and delinquency. Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poorer behavioral outcomes among youth, less is known about the possible protective factors that may influence the relationship between early adversity and risk-taking behavior. This study examined whether protective adult relationships moderated the link between cumulative ACEs and substance use and delinquency after controlling for demographic characteristics in child welfare-involved youth. The sample included 1054 youth, ages 11-17, from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II who were in the first wave of data collection. Results showed that protective adult relationships moderated the relationship between ACEs and substance use, but not for delinquency. Specifically, under lower levels of protective adult relationships, cumulative ACEs related to increased substance use among youth. Implications for child welfare practices to target youths&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; support systems are discussed.

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2016

Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 2020

Concerned about reports from pre-tenure-track scholars about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic... more Concerned about reports from pre-tenure-track scholars about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 12 members of the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare Board of Directors charged a group of its members to explore concerns and gather suggestions for
social work and other higher education administrators. The following commentary reports their findings, reflecting broadly experienced challenges, gender inequities, and experiences of pretenure faculty of color. We end with seven recommendations for helping pre-tenure-track scholars to succeed in their careers despite the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the decade of the 1990s, smoking prevalence increased nearly 30% in the college student po... more During the decade of the 1990s, smoking prevalence increased nearly 30% in the college student population. Although most college students initiate smoking before the age of 18, recent evidence suggests a sizable minority of undergraduates report starting smoking while in college. This study examined the relationship between past year alcohol use and past year smoking initiation among a sample of undergraduate students (ages 18-24) attending a large public university in the Southwestern United States. A total of 3,450 students (67% female, 45% non-white) participated in four cross-sectional waves of an internet survey measuring alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. Approximately 20% of the sample reported smoking during the past month and 17% of ever-smokers reported initiating smoking at the age of 19 or older. Overall, ever-smoking participants reported a significantly lower age of first drink (M = 15.4, SD = 2.2) than age of first cigarette (M = 16.4, SD = 2.6), t(1398) = -13.62, ...

Feit. New York: Haworth, 1995, 216 pages.