Deborah Johnston | SOAS University of London (original) (raw)

Papers by Deborah Johnston

Review of African Political Economy, 2015

Despite biomedical innovation, HIV incidence remains high in some African countries. HIV-related ... more Despite biomedical innovation, HIV incidence remains high in some African countries. HIV-related cash-transfer projects propose a solution. However, the author raises concerns about their success from a political economy perspective. Where structural change is invoked by these projects, it is too narrowly conceived. Some cash-transfer projects focus solely on ‘nudging’ choices about risky sex, without considering the wider set of factors that increase HIV incidence. Consequently, the promise of HIV-related cash transfers is dangerously exaggerated. Instead they obscure the underlying causes of high HIV prevalence, by focusing on individual behaviour and a limited, neoliberal-friendly menu of options.

SRPN: Nutrition (Topic), 2015

Existing reviews on agriculture and nutrition consider limited evidence and focus on impact size,... more Existing reviews on agriculture and nutrition consider limited evidence and focus on impact size, rather than impact pathway. This review overcomes the limitations of previous studies by considering a larger evidence base and exploring time as one of the agriculture-nutrition pathways. Agricultural development plays a role in improving nutrition. However, agricultural practices and interventions determine the amount of time dedicated to agricultural and domestic work. Time spent in agriculture—especially by women—competes with time needed for resting, childcare, and food preparation and can have unintended negative consequences for nutrition.

Diets are changing globally, as agricultural and food systems have become globalised and created ... more Diets are changing globally, as agricultural and food systems have become globalised and created new forms of food production, distribution, and trade. Understanding how patterns of globalisation affect the welfare of populations is a key development question, but we know little about the way that the globalisation of food and agriculture systems affect different individuals or groups. By looking at schoolchildren in Accra, this study explores food security in the context of inequality and dietary change. We use a novel approach based on triangulation of primary data on food consumption and a synthesis of secondary literature on food trade, food policy and urban food environment. Thus, we bridge a divide between micro-level analyses of food consumption and macro-level studies of food systems, and seek to contextualise children’s food consumption patterns in the broad picture of global dietary change. We find that socio-economic status is a critical dimension of food security and foo...

Review of African Political Economy, 2015

Food and nutrition bulletin, 2013

Concern about food security and its effect on persistent undernutrition has increased interest in... more Concern about food security and its effect on persistent undernutrition has increased interest in how agriculture could be used to improve nutritional outcomes in developing countries. Yet the evidence base for the impact of agricultural interventions targeted at improved nutrition is currently poor. To map the extent and nature of current and planned research on agriculture for improved nutrition in order to identify gaps where more research might be useful. The research, which was conducted from April to August 2012, involved developing a conceptual framework linking agriculture and nutrition, identifying relevant research projects and programs, devising and populating a "template" with details of the research projects in relation to the conceptual framework, classifying the projects, and conducting a gap analysis. The study identified a large number of research projects covering a broad range of themes and topics. There was a strong geographic focus on sub-Saharan Afric...

Review of African Political Economy, 2015

Neoliberalism is the dominant ideology shaping our world today. It dictates the policies of gover... more Neoliberalism is the dominant ideology shaping our world today. It dictates the policies of governments, and shapes the actions of key institutions such as the WTO, IMF, World Bank and European Central Bank. Its political and economic implications can hardly be overstated. Yet there are obvious problems with the neoliberal project. This book is a perfect introduction to neoliberalism that is ideal for anyone seeking a critical perspective. It explains the nature, history, strengths, weaknesses and implications of neoliberalism from the point of view of radical political economics. Short, self-contained chapters are written by leading experts in each field. The books is organised in three parts: the first section outlining neoliberal theory, the second exploring how neoliberalism has affected various policy areas, and a third looking at how neoliberal policies have played out in particular regions of the world. Using a broad range of left economic perspectives, from post-Keynesian to...

Malaria control and sustainable development are linked, but implementation of 'multisectoral&... more Malaria control and sustainable development are linked, but implementation of 'multisectoral' intervention is restricted by a limited understanding of the causal pathways between poverty and malaria. We investigated the relationships between socioeconomic position (SEP), potential determinants of SEP, and malaria in Nagongera, rural Uganda. Socioeconomic information was collected for 318 children aged six months to 10 years living in 100 households, who were followed for up to 36 months. Mosquito density was recorded using monthly light trap collections. Parasite prevalence was measured routinely every three months and malaria incidence determined by passive case detection. First, we evaluated the association between success in smallholder agriculture (the primary livelihood source) and SEP. Second, we explored socioeconomic risk factors for human biting rate (HBR), parasite prevalence and incidence of clinical malaria, and spatial clustering of socioeconomic variables. Thir...

There is a resurgence of interest in time use research driven, inter alia, by the desire to under... more There is a resurgence of interest in time use research driven, inter alia, by the desire to understand if development interventions lead to time constraints for participants, especially when targeted to women, by increasing their work burdens. This has become a primary concern in agriculture-nutrition research. But are time use data useful to explore agriculture-nutrition pathways? We develop a conceptual framework of the micro-level linkages between agriculture, gendered time use and nutrition and analyse how time use has been conceptualised, operationalised, and interpreted in agriculture-nutrition literature on low- and middle-income countries. We argue that better metrics, but also conceptualisations and analytics of time use are needed to understand gendered trade-offs in agriculture-nutrition pathways. In particular, the potential unintended consequences can be grasped only if the analysis of time use shifts from being descriptive to a more theoretical and analytical understan...

The main authors of this report are Christopher Cramer, Deborah Johnston, Carlos Oya and John Sen... more The main authors of this report are Christopher Cramer, Deborah Johnston, Carlos Oya and John Sender. The main research team was supported by a research officer, Bernd Mueller. Research supervisors in Ethiopia were: Reta Belda Hailu, Haileyesus Andualem, Adisalem Mesfin, Muluken Elias, and Tewodros Worku. In Uganda the research benefited greatly from the work of Bbosa Samuel; Turinawe Benoni Emmanuel also worked as a research supervisor.

The Oxford Handbook of the Ethiopian Economy

Ethiopia has an integrated approach to addressing nutrition. However, greater clarity is needed o... more Ethiopia has an integrated approach to addressing nutrition. However, greater clarity is needed on the wider impact of policy on food and nutrition. We focus on the interrelationship between economic policy and nutrition policy (defined as including all food- and nutrition-relevant policy). While Ethiopia’s policy has had notable successes, particularly with addressing stunting, two key challenges remain. First, some indicators such as wasting and anaemia in children under five have shown far less improvement. Second, the bottom quintile of children has seen far more limited general improvement than the population as a whole. We argue that the focus of government policy needs to shift from food availability to broader issues of food acquisition and particularly food affordability, which is mediated through food prices and waged employment. Of particular concern is the rising price of animal-source products and other non-staple foods, which may be related to the challenges of address...

Social Indicators Research

This paper takes as its starting point the analytical distinction between a ‘difference-making’ a... more This paper takes as its starting point the analytical distinction between a ‘difference-making’ approach and a ‘production approach’ to poverty, both of which relate to the causes of poverty and how it is measured. Although asset indices have been criticized for merely addressing correlates of poverty, we maintain that it can in fact provide an understanding of households’ conditions of reproduction and in turn, reflect upon relational aspects of poverty. We draw on household surveys in two selected villages in Bangladesh and use an asset index as a proxy for overall level of welfare. The asset scores were able to distinguish across sharecropper households but could not distinguish across landholdings, except in one site. Moreover, the asset scores show how migration can have transformative effects on welfare outcomes and at the same time constitute a fragile and uneven process that does not reap benefits to all. We demonstrate how the asset index, albeit an imperfect measure, when carefully constructed, can in fact shed light on the structural causes of poverty.

Cambridge Journal of Economics

With malnutrition recognised as a key public health issue, attention has been placed on how indiv... more With malnutrition recognised as a key public health issue, attention has been placed on how individuals can make better decisions to attain food and nutrition security. Nevertheless, food practice entails a complex set of decisions that are not fully understood. This paper interrogates the focus on food choice by investigating how socio-economic relations shape practices of food provisioning. Given the surge of behavioural approaches in development economics and our focus on a middle-income country, we contextualise food choice in the transformations of the conceptualisations of decision-making in development economics. We draw on mixed-method evidence on food consumption practices among schoolchildren in Accra, Ghana. We find that the food decision-making process is complex in that it entails multiple moments and people, and embodies contradictory motivations. Decisions are negotiated outcomes reflecting social relations of power among the actors involved. Socio-economic inequality...

Campbell Systematic Reviews

The Journal of Development Studies

Review of African Political Economy, 2015

Despite biomedical innovation, HIV incidence remains high in some African countries. HIV-related ... more Despite biomedical innovation, HIV incidence remains high in some African countries. HIV-related cash-transfer projects propose a solution. However, the author raises concerns about their success from a political economy perspective. Where structural change is invoked by these projects, it is too narrowly conceived. Some cash-transfer projects focus solely on ‘nudging’ choices about risky sex, without considering the wider set of factors that increase HIV incidence. Consequently, the promise of HIV-related cash transfers is dangerously exaggerated. Instead they obscure the underlying causes of high HIV prevalence, by focusing on individual behaviour and a limited, neoliberal-friendly menu of options.

SRPN: Nutrition (Topic), 2015

Existing reviews on agriculture and nutrition consider limited evidence and focus on impact size,... more Existing reviews on agriculture and nutrition consider limited evidence and focus on impact size, rather than impact pathway. This review overcomes the limitations of previous studies by considering a larger evidence base and exploring time as one of the agriculture-nutrition pathways. Agricultural development plays a role in improving nutrition. However, agricultural practices and interventions determine the amount of time dedicated to agricultural and domestic work. Time spent in agriculture—especially by women—competes with time needed for resting, childcare, and food preparation and can have unintended negative consequences for nutrition.

Diets are changing globally, as agricultural and food systems have become globalised and created ... more Diets are changing globally, as agricultural and food systems have become globalised and created new forms of food production, distribution, and trade. Understanding how patterns of globalisation affect the welfare of populations is a key development question, but we know little about the way that the globalisation of food and agriculture systems affect different individuals or groups. By looking at schoolchildren in Accra, this study explores food security in the context of inequality and dietary change. We use a novel approach based on triangulation of primary data on food consumption and a synthesis of secondary literature on food trade, food policy and urban food environment. Thus, we bridge a divide between micro-level analyses of food consumption and macro-level studies of food systems, and seek to contextualise children’s food consumption patterns in the broad picture of global dietary change. We find that socio-economic status is a critical dimension of food security and foo...

Review of African Political Economy, 2015

Food and nutrition bulletin, 2013

Concern about food security and its effect on persistent undernutrition has increased interest in... more Concern about food security and its effect on persistent undernutrition has increased interest in how agriculture could be used to improve nutritional outcomes in developing countries. Yet the evidence base for the impact of agricultural interventions targeted at improved nutrition is currently poor. To map the extent and nature of current and planned research on agriculture for improved nutrition in order to identify gaps where more research might be useful. The research, which was conducted from April to August 2012, involved developing a conceptual framework linking agriculture and nutrition, identifying relevant research projects and programs, devising and populating a "template" with details of the research projects in relation to the conceptual framework, classifying the projects, and conducting a gap analysis. The study identified a large number of research projects covering a broad range of themes and topics. There was a strong geographic focus on sub-Saharan Afric...

Review of African Political Economy, 2015

Neoliberalism is the dominant ideology shaping our world today. It dictates the policies of gover... more Neoliberalism is the dominant ideology shaping our world today. It dictates the policies of governments, and shapes the actions of key institutions such as the WTO, IMF, World Bank and European Central Bank. Its political and economic implications can hardly be overstated. Yet there are obvious problems with the neoliberal project. This book is a perfect introduction to neoliberalism that is ideal for anyone seeking a critical perspective. It explains the nature, history, strengths, weaknesses and implications of neoliberalism from the point of view of radical political economics. Short, self-contained chapters are written by leading experts in each field. The books is organised in three parts: the first section outlining neoliberal theory, the second exploring how neoliberalism has affected various policy areas, and a third looking at how neoliberal policies have played out in particular regions of the world. Using a broad range of left economic perspectives, from post-Keynesian to...

Malaria control and sustainable development are linked, but implementation of 'multisectoral&... more Malaria control and sustainable development are linked, but implementation of 'multisectoral' intervention is restricted by a limited understanding of the causal pathways between poverty and malaria. We investigated the relationships between socioeconomic position (SEP), potential determinants of SEP, and malaria in Nagongera, rural Uganda. Socioeconomic information was collected for 318 children aged six months to 10 years living in 100 households, who were followed for up to 36 months. Mosquito density was recorded using monthly light trap collections. Parasite prevalence was measured routinely every three months and malaria incidence determined by passive case detection. First, we evaluated the association between success in smallholder agriculture (the primary livelihood source) and SEP. Second, we explored socioeconomic risk factors for human biting rate (HBR), parasite prevalence and incidence of clinical malaria, and spatial clustering of socioeconomic variables. Thir...

There is a resurgence of interest in time use research driven, inter alia, by the desire to under... more There is a resurgence of interest in time use research driven, inter alia, by the desire to understand if development interventions lead to time constraints for participants, especially when targeted to women, by increasing their work burdens. This has become a primary concern in agriculture-nutrition research. But are time use data useful to explore agriculture-nutrition pathways? We develop a conceptual framework of the micro-level linkages between agriculture, gendered time use and nutrition and analyse how time use has been conceptualised, operationalised, and interpreted in agriculture-nutrition literature on low- and middle-income countries. We argue that better metrics, but also conceptualisations and analytics of time use are needed to understand gendered trade-offs in agriculture-nutrition pathways. In particular, the potential unintended consequences can be grasped only if the analysis of time use shifts from being descriptive to a more theoretical and analytical understan...

The main authors of this report are Christopher Cramer, Deborah Johnston, Carlos Oya and John Sen... more The main authors of this report are Christopher Cramer, Deborah Johnston, Carlos Oya and John Sender. The main research team was supported by a research officer, Bernd Mueller. Research supervisors in Ethiopia were: Reta Belda Hailu, Haileyesus Andualem, Adisalem Mesfin, Muluken Elias, and Tewodros Worku. In Uganda the research benefited greatly from the work of Bbosa Samuel; Turinawe Benoni Emmanuel also worked as a research supervisor.

The Oxford Handbook of the Ethiopian Economy

Ethiopia has an integrated approach to addressing nutrition. However, greater clarity is needed o... more Ethiopia has an integrated approach to addressing nutrition. However, greater clarity is needed on the wider impact of policy on food and nutrition. We focus on the interrelationship between economic policy and nutrition policy (defined as including all food- and nutrition-relevant policy). While Ethiopia’s policy has had notable successes, particularly with addressing stunting, two key challenges remain. First, some indicators such as wasting and anaemia in children under five have shown far less improvement. Second, the bottom quintile of children has seen far more limited general improvement than the population as a whole. We argue that the focus of government policy needs to shift from food availability to broader issues of food acquisition and particularly food affordability, which is mediated through food prices and waged employment. Of particular concern is the rising price of animal-source products and other non-staple foods, which may be related to the challenges of address...

Social Indicators Research

This paper takes as its starting point the analytical distinction between a ‘difference-making’ a... more This paper takes as its starting point the analytical distinction between a ‘difference-making’ approach and a ‘production approach’ to poverty, both of which relate to the causes of poverty and how it is measured. Although asset indices have been criticized for merely addressing correlates of poverty, we maintain that it can in fact provide an understanding of households’ conditions of reproduction and in turn, reflect upon relational aspects of poverty. We draw on household surveys in two selected villages in Bangladesh and use an asset index as a proxy for overall level of welfare. The asset scores were able to distinguish across sharecropper households but could not distinguish across landholdings, except in one site. Moreover, the asset scores show how migration can have transformative effects on welfare outcomes and at the same time constitute a fragile and uneven process that does not reap benefits to all. We demonstrate how the asset index, albeit an imperfect measure, when carefully constructed, can in fact shed light on the structural causes of poverty.

Cambridge Journal of Economics

With malnutrition recognised as a key public health issue, attention has been placed on how indiv... more With malnutrition recognised as a key public health issue, attention has been placed on how individuals can make better decisions to attain food and nutrition security. Nevertheless, food practice entails a complex set of decisions that are not fully understood. This paper interrogates the focus on food choice by investigating how socio-economic relations shape practices of food provisioning. Given the surge of behavioural approaches in development economics and our focus on a middle-income country, we contextualise food choice in the transformations of the conceptualisations of decision-making in development economics. We draw on mixed-method evidence on food consumption practices among schoolchildren in Accra, Ghana. We find that the food decision-making process is complex in that it entails multiple moments and people, and embodies contradictory motivations. Decisions are negotiated outcomes reflecting social relations of power among the actors involved. Socio-economic inequality...

Campbell Systematic Reviews

The Journal of Development Studies