Aleksandr Bukalov | International institute of Socionics (original) (raw)
Papers by Aleksandr Bukalov
Theoretical physics in Transcarpathia : According to the materials of the International Conference (devoted to the Centennial Birthday Anniversary of Prof. Yu.M. Lomsadze), 2024
Calculating the vacuum energy density in quantum field theory gives a value that exceeds the obse... more Calculating the vacuum energy density in quantum field theory gives a value that exceeds the observed value by 10^122 times, and many proposed approaches have not solved this problem and calculated its real value. However, the application of the microscopic theory of superconductivity to the description of the physical vacuum on the Planck scale for the first time made it possible to solve the problem of the cosmological constant from basic principles, and without various adjustments, and to obtain a formula for the observed vacuum density or dark energy (DE). Its numerical value is 6.09·10^-27 kg/m^3 and is in complete agreement with observations. The cosmological model with superconductivity (CMS) proposed by the author also implies a description of the earliest stage of the evolution of the Universe, which precedes the stage of inflation. It de-scribes the formation of the inflaton field as a special condensate of primordial fermions with a Planck mass, followed by the inflationary expansion of the early Universe. At the same time, the current expansion of the Universe and its evolution is described as an ongoing phase transition of the second kind, and the flow of physical cosmological time is a consequence of processes occurring on Planck scales. The value of the Hubble parameter H_0=69.76 km·s^-1·Mpc^-1 calculated in CMS corresponds to the average value for most values of this parameter obtained by various methods. CMS removes the problem of the existence of 10^500 possible vacua arising in string theory, since the mechanism of condensation of primary fermions naturally forms the only observable version of the Universe and its vacuum. CMS also gives a description of black holes as a quantum condensate of primordial fermions.
Theoretical physics in Transcarpathia : According to the materials of the International Conference (devoted to the Centennial Birthday Anniversary of Prof. Yu.M. Lomsadze), 2024
A formula has been proposed that well describes the baryon-photon ratio. It implies a relationshi... more A formula has been proposed that well describes the baryon-photon ratio. It implies a relationship between the value of the proton mass and gravity with the value of baryon asymmetry. If the baryogenesis process occurred at energies below 10^12GeV, it should also occur in modern high-energy astrophysical processes, the indicators of which are ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. But this would lead to a regular and significant violation of the law of conservation of baryon number in the form of the effect of proton decay. However, experimental data impose significant restrictions on this process. Therefore, we propose the principle of energy prohibition, according to which it is impossible to achieve energies at which baryon number violation can occur in astrophysical and experimental local processes in a cosmologically stable vacuum. This conclusion supports the baryogenesis models realized in the era of Grand Unification or during inflaton decay, i.e. at energies of 10^13÷2∙10^16GeV. Therefore, baryogenesis models considering energies below 10^12GeV need to be revised.
Artificial Intelligence, 2024
The causes of errors and hallucinations of artificial intelligence models are analyzed. The work ... more The causes of errors and hallucinations of artificial intelligence models are analyzed. The work of artificial intelligence is compared with the structure of the psyche, which is well described by the socionic model of information metabolism by Augustinavichyute–Bukalov. This model has been successfully used in the analysis of the work of the psyche for over 40 years. It is shown that modern AI models lack an independent block for monitoring the implementation of established rules and assessing the importance of the information being processed. It is also necessary to rank the processed data according to specified criteria. It is shown that the most pressing problem of AI - the emergence of hallucinations - is due to an increase in semantic entropy in closed probabilistic models. This problem is fundamentally unsolvable without changing the principles of construction and operation of AI. In addition, AI models lack a number of structures, including aspects of true creativity, which are an integral part of the real psyche and socionic models. In the context of the creation of quantum computers, the quantum aspects of creating a new type of AI are also considered, by analogy with the work of the psyche. Such computers must have a fundamentally different architecture, compared to existing ones, and consist of a whole system of specialized quantum processors.
XXIV international scientific and technical conference "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLECTUAL SYSTEMS AIIS'2024", October 18-19, 2024, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2024
Comparison of the development of artificial intelligence with the structure of the psyche, which ... more Comparison of the development of artificial intelligence with the structure of the psyche, which is described by the psychoinformational (socionical) model, shows that AI models lack an internal control unit for the implementation of established rules and the evaluation and ranking of processed data. It is shown that the well-known problem of AI hallucinations is generated by an increase in semantic entropy in a closed computing system, and fundamentally it cannot be eliminated without changing the principles of AI functioning. Quantum approaches to the creation of a new type of AI by analogy with the work of the psyche are considered.
Bogolyubov Kyiv Conference ”Problems of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics” dedicated to the 115-th anniversary of the outstanding theoretician in physics and mathematics Mykola Bogolyubov, 24-26 September 2024, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2024
Calculation of the vacuum energy density in quantum field theory gives a value 10 ^122 times high... more Calculation of the vacuum energy density in quantum field theory gives a value 10 ^122 times higher than the observed one, and many proposed approaches have not solved this problem and have not calculated its real value. However, the application of the microscopic theory of superconductivity to the description of the physical vacuum on the Planck scale made it possible to solve the problem of the cosmological constant and obtain a formula for the observed vacuum density or dark energy. Its numerical value is 6.09·10^−30 g/cm^3 , and it is in complete agreement with observations, since the experimental value is (6.03±0.13)·10^−30 g/cm^3 (J. Prat, C. Hogan, C. Chang, J. Frieman, 2022). The cosmological model with superconductivity (CMS), proposed by the author, also implies a description of the earliest stage of the Universe evolution preceding the inflation stage. It describes the formation of the inflaton field as a special condensate of primordial fermions with the Planck mass, followed by the inflationary expansion of the early Universe. The current expansion of the Universe and its evolution are described as an ongoing second-order phase transition, and the flow of physical cosmological time is a consequence of processes occurring on Planck scales. The value of the Hubble parameter H_0 = 69.76 km·s^−1 Mpc^−1 calculated in CMS corresponds to the average value for most values of this parameter obtained by different methods. CMS also describes black holes as a quantum condensate of primary fermions with Planck mass.
Report at Bogolyubov Kyiv Conference ”Problems of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics” dedicated to the 115-th anniversary of the outstanding theoretician in physics and mathematics Mykola Bogolyubov, 24-26 September 2024, Kyiv, Ukraine
Менеджмент и кадры: психология управления, соционика и социология, 2016
Methods of integral socionics show the limitations and imperfections of many particular theories ... more Methods of integral socionics show the limitations and imperfections of many particular theories of the historical process. Only the synthesis of these theories are based on the concept of the information structure of society and the stages of its evolution allows us to give a comprehensive picture of the historical process. An analysis of some processes of ancient history shows the application of the principles of integral socionics in the synthesis and generalization of the theory of the historical process.
Методы интегральной соционики показывают ограниченность и несовершенство множества частных теорий исторического процесса. Только синтез этих теорий на основе концепции информационной структуры общества и стадий его эволюции позволяет дать всестороннюю картину исторического процесса. На примере анализа ряда процессов древней истории показано применение принципов интегральной соционики в синтезе и обобщении ряда теорий исторического процесса.
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 2008
Психология и соционика межличностных отношений, 2018
A new psycho-informational stratified model of ethnic community and state (a generalized socionic... more A new psycho-informational stratified model of ethnic community and state (a generalized socionic model) is suggested on the basis of the theory of psycho-informational state. Effectiveness of the model usage for an analysis of today social-political processes, and, in particular, of inter-national relations, is shown on the example of the Russian and other ethnic communities.
На основе теории психоинформационного пространства, его структур и полей, предложена новая психоинформационная слоистая модель этноса и государства как обобщение соционической модели. На примере российского и других этносов показана эффективность использования такой модели при анализе актуальных социально-политических процессов, включая межнациональные отношения.
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1995
The relation of socionics and the system of informational metabolism types with Vishuddha chakra,... more The relation of socionics and the system of informational metabolism types with Vishuddha chakra, with human mental plan and mental body is considered. The possibility of existence of several integral systems of describing a human, e.g. so called Causonics – a system of causal types – refers to the causal plan.
Рассмотрена связь соционики и системы типов информационного метаболизма с чакрой вишуддхой, с ментальным планом и ментальным телом человека. Показано, что целостных систем описания человека может быть несколько, например, с причинным планом связана «каузоника» — система каузальных типов.
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 2010
Психология и соционика межличностных отношений, 2013
Менеджмент и кадры: психология управления, соционика и социология, 2015
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1998
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1998
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1999
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 2003
Asymmetry of leading informational flow aspects of each quadra results in difference of their fun... more Asymmetry of leading informational flow aspects of each quadra results in difference of their functional roles. One pair of dual aspects serves as external language of the quadra, while the other as internal. The interchange of internal and external languages of the quadra implies the irreversibility of information and control transition from the first to the fourth quadra, which is described by the quadral succession law.
Асимметрия ведущих в квадре аспектов информационного потока приводит к их различным функциональным ролям. Одна пара дуальных аспектов играет роль внешнего языка квадры, другая — внутреннего. С чередованием внутреннего и внешнего языков квадр связана необратимость передачи информации и управления от первой к четвертой квадре в виде закона сменяемости квадр.
Происхождение языка и культуры: древняя история человечества, 2007
On the base of consideration of the phenomenon of language and speech as the quantum wave process... more On the base of consideration of the phenomenon of language and speech as the quantum wave process it is proposed the new linguistic laws of evolution of the all languages from the united ancient language. It is shown that the formal-comparative and semantic approaches in the researches of language as paradigms reciprocally eliminate each other, according to the author quantum principle of complimentarity between the formal and semantic aspects of human thinking and the corresponding objects descriptions.
На основе рассмотрения феномена речи и языка как квантового волнового процесса предложены новые лингвистические законы эволюции всех языков народов мира из единого праязыка. Показано, что формально-компаративистский и семантический подходы в изучении языка как парадигмы взаимно исключают друг друга в силу предложенного автором квантового принципа дополнительности между формальным и семантическим аспектами человеческого мышления и соответствующими описаниями объектов.
Психология и соционика межличностных отношений, 2012
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1998
The question of TIM identification is considered within the concept of structuring of psycho-info... more The question of TIM identification is considered within the concept of structuring of psycho-informational space by aspects of informational metabolism. The similarity of the identification process with the observation process in the quantum mechanics is considered. Legitimacy of definition of informational metabolism types for technical objects is proved for the system “human – object”.
В рамках концепции структурирования психоинформационного пространства по аспектам информационного метаболизма рассматривается вопрос идентификации типов ИМ. Рассмотрены аналогии процесса идентификации с процессом наблюдения в квантовой механике. Для системы человек-объект обосновывается правомерность определения типов информационного метаболизма технических объектов.
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 2002
Based on author’s research of writing signs found at the basement of the palace in Phaestos (Cret... more Based on author’s research of writing signs found at the basement of the palace in Phaestos (Crete), dated to beginning of the early Minoan period I, a conclusion is made that they may represent a script preceding the Minoan hieroglyphic and Linear A by 300–500 years, and may be a kind of a specific script which author called Alpha, whose signs are initial forms for all subsequent Mediterranean scripts. Moreover, the signs coincide with the signs on an engraved stamp seal from Anau (about 2300 BC, Turkmenistan). A hypothesis is substantiated that the development of this sacral script according to certain religious-mystical tradition could result in separation of consonant signs and creation of a sacred alphabetic script, both consonant and all subsequent.
Рассмотрен и исследован ряд символов на камнях фундамента дворца в Фесте (остров Крит) начала среднеминойского периода I. Сформулирован вывод, что эти символы как система письменных знаков, будучи древнее иероглифического минойского письма и линейного А на 300–500 лет, могут быть разновидностью особого письма, названного автором a (альфа), знаки которого являются праформами для всех последующих письменностей Средиземноморья. Кроме того, знаки письма a совпадают со знаками на каменной печати цивилизации Анау (ок. 2300 г. до н. э., Туркменистан). Высказана гипотеза, что развитие этого вида священной письменности в рамках определенной религиозно-мистической традиции в дальнейшем могло привести к выделению согласных и созданию как слоговых, так и алфавитных письменностей Средиземноморья.
Theoretical physics in Transcarpathia : According to the materials of the International Conference (devoted to the Centennial Birthday Anniversary of Prof. Yu.M. Lomsadze), 2024
Calculating the vacuum energy density in quantum field theory gives a value that exceeds the obse... more Calculating the vacuum energy density in quantum field theory gives a value that exceeds the observed value by 10^122 times, and many proposed approaches have not solved this problem and calculated its real value. However, the application of the microscopic theory of superconductivity to the description of the physical vacuum on the Planck scale for the first time made it possible to solve the problem of the cosmological constant from basic principles, and without various adjustments, and to obtain a formula for the observed vacuum density or dark energy (DE). Its numerical value is 6.09·10^-27 kg/m^3 and is in complete agreement with observations. The cosmological model with superconductivity (CMS) proposed by the author also implies a description of the earliest stage of the evolution of the Universe, which precedes the stage of inflation. It de-scribes the formation of the inflaton field as a special condensate of primordial fermions with a Planck mass, followed by the inflationary expansion of the early Universe. At the same time, the current expansion of the Universe and its evolution is described as an ongoing phase transition of the second kind, and the flow of physical cosmological time is a consequence of processes occurring on Planck scales. The value of the Hubble parameter H_0=69.76 km·s^-1·Mpc^-1 calculated in CMS corresponds to the average value for most values of this parameter obtained by various methods. CMS removes the problem of the existence of 10^500 possible vacua arising in string theory, since the mechanism of condensation of primary fermions naturally forms the only observable version of the Universe and its vacuum. CMS also gives a description of black holes as a quantum condensate of primordial fermions.
Theoretical physics in Transcarpathia : According to the materials of the International Conference (devoted to the Centennial Birthday Anniversary of Prof. Yu.M. Lomsadze), 2024
A formula has been proposed that well describes the baryon-photon ratio. It implies a relationshi... more A formula has been proposed that well describes the baryon-photon ratio. It implies a relationship between the value of the proton mass and gravity with the value of baryon asymmetry. If the baryogenesis process occurred at energies below 10^12GeV, it should also occur in modern high-energy astrophysical processes, the indicators of which are ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. But this would lead to a regular and significant violation of the law of conservation of baryon number in the form of the effect of proton decay. However, experimental data impose significant restrictions on this process. Therefore, we propose the principle of energy prohibition, according to which it is impossible to achieve energies at which baryon number violation can occur in astrophysical and experimental local processes in a cosmologically stable vacuum. This conclusion supports the baryogenesis models realized in the era of Grand Unification or during inflaton decay, i.e. at energies of 10^13÷2∙10^16GeV. Therefore, baryogenesis models considering energies below 10^12GeV need to be revised.
Artificial Intelligence, 2024
The causes of errors and hallucinations of artificial intelligence models are analyzed. The work ... more The causes of errors and hallucinations of artificial intelligence models are analyzed. The work of artificial intelligence is compared with the structure of the psyche, which is well described by the socionic model of information metabolism by Augustinavichyute–Bukalov. This model has been successfully used in the analysis of the work of the psyche for over 40 years. It is shown that modern AI models lack an independent block for monitoring the implementation of established rules and assessing the importance of the information being processed. It is also necessary to rank the processed data according to specified criteria. It is shown that the most pressing problem of AI - the emergence of hallucinations - is due to an increase in semantic entropy in closed probabilistic models. This problem is fundamentally unsolvable without changing the principles of construction and operation of AI. In addition, AI models lack a number of structures, including aspects of true creativity, which are an integral part of the real psyche and socionic models. In the context of the creation of quantum computers, the quantum aspects of creating a new type of AI are also considered, by analogy with the work of the psyche. Such computers must have a fundamentally different architecture, compared to existing ones, and consist of a whole system of specialized quantum processors.
XXIV international scientific and technical conference "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLECTUAL SYSTEMS AIIS'2024", October 18-19, 2024, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2024
Comparison of the development of artificial intelligence with the structure of the psyche, which ... more Comparison of the development of artificial intelligence with the structure of the psyche, which is described by the psychoinformational (socionical) model, shows that AI models lack an internal control unit for the implementation of established rules and the evaluation and ranking of processed data. It is shown that the well-known problem of AI hallucinations is generated by an increase in semantic entropy in a closed computing system, and fundamentally it cannot be eliminated without changing the principles of AI functioning. Quantum approaches to the creation of a new type of AI by analogy with the work of the psyche are considered.
Bogolyubov Kyiv Conference ”Problems of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics” dedicated to the 115-th anniversary of the outstanding theoretician in physics and mathematics Mykola Bogolyubov, 24-26 September 2024, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2024
Calculation of the vacuum energy density in quantum field theory gives a value 10 ^122 times high... more Calculation of the vacuum energy density in quantum field theory gives a value 10 ^122 times higher than the observed one, and many proposed approaches have not solved this problem and have not calculated its real value. However, the application of the microscopic theory of superconductivity to the description of the physical vacuum on the Planck scale made it possible to solve the problem of the cosmological constant and obtain a formula for the observed vacuum density or dark energy. Its numerical value is 6.09·10^−30 g/cm^3 , and it is in complete agreement with observations, since the experimental value is (6.03±0.13)·10^−30 g/cm^3 (J. Prat, C. Hogan, C. Chang, J. Frieman, 2022). The cosmological model with superconductivity (CMS), proposed by the author, also implies a description of the earliest stage of the Universe evolution preceding the inflation stage. It describes the formation of the inflaton field as a special condensate of primordial fermions with the Planck mass, followed by the inflationary expansion of the early Universe. The current expansion of the Universe and its evolution are described as an ongoing second-order phase transition, and the flow of physical cosmological time is a consequence of processes occurring on Planck scales. The value of the Hubble parameter H_0 = 69.76 km·s^−1 Mpc^−1 calculated in CMS corresponds to the average value for most values of this parameter obtained by different methods. CMS also describes black holes as a quantum condensate of primary fermions with Planck mass.
Report at Bogolyubov Kyiv Conference ”Problems of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics” dedicated to the 115-th anniversary of the outstanding theoretician in physics and mathematics Mykola Bogolyubov, 24-26 September 2024, Kyiv, Ukraine
Менеджмент и кадры: психология управления, соционика и социология, 2016
Methods of integral socionics show the limitations and imperfections of many particular theories ... more Methods of integral socionics show the limitations and imperfections of many particular theories of the historical process. Only the synthesis of these theories are based on the concept of the information structure of society and the stages of its evolution allows us to give a comprehensive picture of the historical process. An analysis of some processes of ancient history shows the application of the principles of integral socionics in the synthesis and generalization of the theory of the historical process.
Методы интегральной соционики показывают ограниченность и несовершенство множества частных теорий исторического процесса. Только синтез этих теорий на основе концепции информационной структуры общества и стадий его эволюции позволяет дать всестороннюю картину исторического процесса. На примере анализа ряда процессов древней истории показано применение принципов интегральной соционики в синтезе и обобщении ряда теорий исторического процесса.
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 2008
Психология и соционика межличностных отношений, 2018
A new psycho-informational stratified model of ethnic community and state (a generalized socionic... more A new psycho-informational stratified model of ethnic community and state (a generalized socionic model) is suggested on the basis of the theory of psycho-informational state. Effectiveness of the model usage for an analysis of today social-political processes, and, in particular, of inter-national relations, is shown on the example of the Russian and other ethnic communities.
На основе теории психоинформационного пространства, его структур и полей, предложена новая психоинформационная слоистая модель этноса и государства как обобщение соционической модели. На примере российского и других этносов показана эффективность использования такой модели при анализе актуальных социально-политических процессов, включая межнациональные отношения.
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1995
The relation of socionics and the system of informational metabolism types with Vishuddha chakra,... more The relation of socionics and the system of informational metabolism types with Vishuddha chakra, with human mental plan and mental body is considered. The possibility of existence of several integral systems of describing a human, e.g. so called Causonics – a system of causal types – refers to the causal plan.
Рассмотрена связь соционики и системы типов информационного метаболизма с чакрой вишуддхой, с ментальным планом и ментальным телом человека. Показано, что целостных систем описания человека может быть несколько, например, с причинным планом связана «каузоника» — система каузальных типов.
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 2010
Психология и соционика межличностных отношений, 2013
Менеджмент и кадры: психология управления, соционика и социология, 2015
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1998
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1998
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1999
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 2003
Asymmetry of leading informational flow aspects of each quadra results in difference of their fun... more Asymmetry of leading informational flow aspects of each quadra results in difference of their functional roles. One pair of dual aspects serves as external language of the quadra, while the other as internal. The interchange of internal and external languages of the quadra implies the irreversibility of information and control transition from the first to the fourth quadra, which is described by the quadral succession law.
Асимметрия ведущих в квадре аспектов информационного потока приводит к их различным функциональным ролям. Одна пара дуальных аспектов играет роль внешнего языка квадры, другая — внутреннего. С чередованием внутреннего и внешнего языков квадр связана необратимость передачи информации и управления от первой к четвертой квадре в виде закона сменяемости квадр.
Происхождение языка и культуры: древняя история человечества, 2007
On the base of consideration of the phenomenon of language and speech as the quantum wave process... more On the base of consideration of the phenomenon of language and speech as the quantum wave process it is proposed the new linguistic laws of evolution of the all languages from the united ancient language. It is shown that the formal-comparative and semantic approaches in the researches of language as paradigms reciprocally eliminate each other, according to the author quantum principle of complimentarity between the formal and semantic aspects of human thinking and the corresponding objects descriptions.
На основе рассмотрения феномена речи и языка как квантового волнового процесса предложены новые лингвистические законы эволюции всех языков народов мира из единого праязыка. Показано, что формально-компаративистский и семантический подходы в изучении языка как парадигмы взаимно исключают друг друга в силу предложенного автором квантового принципа дополнительности между формальным и семантическим аспектами человеческого мышления и соответствующими описаниями объектов.
Психология и соционика межличностных отношений, 2012
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 1998
The question of TIM identification is considered within the concept of structuring of psycho-info... more The question of TIM identification is considered within the concept of structuring of psycho-informational space by aspects of informational metabolism. The similarity of the identification process with the observation process in the quantum mechanics is considered. Legitimacy of definition of informational metabolism types for technical objects is proved for the system “human – object”.
В рамках концепции структурирования психоинформационного пространства по аспектам информационного метаболизма рассматривается вопрос идентификации типов ИМ. Рассмотрены аналогии процесса идентификации с процессом наблюдения в квантовой механике. Для системы человек-объект обосновывается правомерность определения типов информационного метаболизма технических объектов.
Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 2002
Based on author’s research of writing signs found at the basement of the palace in Phaestos (Cret... more Based on author’s research of writing signs found at the basement of the palace in Phaestos (Crete), dated to beginning of the early Minoan period I, a conclusion is made that they may represent a script preceding the Minoan hieroglyphic and Linear A by 300–500 years, and may be a kind of a specific script which author called Alpha, whose signs are initial forms for all subsequent Mediterranean scripts. Moreover, the signs coincide with the signs on an engraved stamp seal from Anau (about 2300 BC, Turkmenistan). A hypothesis is substantiated that the development of this sacral script according to certain religious-mystical tradition could result in separation of consonant signs and creation of a sacred alphabetic script, both consonant and all subsequent.
Рассмотрен и исследован ряд символов на камнях фундамента дворца в Фесте (остров Крит) начала среднеминойского периода I. Сформулирован вывод, что эти символы как система письменных знаков, будучи древнее иероглифического минойского письма и линейного А на 300–500 лет, могут быть разновидностью особого письма, названного автором a (альфа), знаки которого являются праформами для всех последующих письменностей Средиземноморья. Кроме того, знаки письма a совпадают со знаками на каменной печати цивилизации Анау (ок. 2300 г. до н. э., Туркменистан). Высказана гипотеза, что развитие этого вида священной письменности в рамках определенной религиозно-мистической традиции в дальнейшем могло привести к выделению согласных и созданию как слоговых, так и алфавитных письменностей Средиземноморья.
All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation “XXI Ural Archeological Conference”, October 8-12, 2018, Samara, Russia, 2018
A number of facts and systemic arguments allow us to conclude about the inconsistency of the Bota... more A number of facts and systemic arguments allow us to conclude about the inconsistency of the Botai concept of horse domestication. Therefore, the use of the horse in the Botai culture can reasonably be considered as a dead-end branch in the process of taming and domestication of the horse.