Eville Gorham | University of Minnesota - Twin Cities (original) (raw)

Papers by Eville Gorham

Research paper thumbnail of Two Contrasting Approaches to Ecological Research

Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Characteristics of Ecological Publications as Determinants of Reputation

The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Chlorophyll Derivatives, Sulphur, and Carbon in Sediment Cores from Two English Lakes

Botany, 1961

Chlorophyll cleril-atives, sulphur, and carbon eshihit similar trcnds in each OF two sctliment co... more Chlorophyll cleril-atives, sulphur, and carbon eshihit similar trcnds in each OF two sctliment cores, one from thc fcrtilc Esthwaite LVatcr ancl the other from the unprocluctive Ennerdale \Vater. I n Estli\vaite \\iatcr rnaximl~m levels of all three constituents nlere reachecl early in thc course of lake clevelopment, wllilc in Ennerdnlc \\later maxima Trcre attaincd rn~lch Iatcr, and, in thc case of chlorophyll clcrivativcs ancl sulph~lr, were riiucli lo\\ier than in IZstl~waite. Rclati\~cly high optical clcnsitics of acctonc extracts I~ct\\-ccn 400 arid 500 lnp suggest thc presencc of carotcnoitls in s~~r f a c e mucls fro111 l<sthwaitc \\iater. bIuch loivcr optical clensitics \\-ere recortletl for this \rcl\.e-ler~gtl~ rnrlge ill extracts of clccoer scclimcnts from Esthwaite and all sctlimcnis from Enncrclnle. Lot\, ratios of opiical clcnsity a t 410 m p to clcnsit); a t 350 m p arc characteristic of surface scdimcnts from infertile Iakcs such ns Euncrclalc \\'atel-, nntl ol \\~oocllatitl soils. I-Io\\.c\.cr. highcr ratios near io those ol)scr\-ccl througl~o~~r: thc Esth\vaitc corc ~vcrc fo~lncl in the clccpcr Ennertlalc scclimcnt~s, \\-it11 Lhc cxccption of tlic clccpcst s;lniplc.

Research paper thumbnail of The mineral content of Sphagnum fuscum as affected by human settlement

Research paper thumbnail of The salt content of some ice samples from Nordaustlandet (North East Land), Svalbard

J Glaciology, 1958

Analyses for pH, Na+, K+, Ca'+, Mg'+, HC0 3 -, Cl-, S0 4 : -and N0 3 -have been made on land ice ... more Analyses for pH, Na+, K+, Ca'+, Mg'+, HC0 3 -, Cl-, S0 4 : -and N0 3 -have been made on land ice samples from Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. Total ions range from less than o· 02 to o·46 milliequivalents per litre, with sea salt generally the dominant component although calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are relatively more abundant in a surface sample heavily contaminated by soil material from an adjacent moraine. These ions, as well as potassium and sulphate, are present in most samples in excess of possible sea-spray supply. From the surface of a crevasse to 14m. depth down one side the concentrations of all ions except nitrate fluctuate in a similar manner. Some possible implications of the results are examined.

Research paper thumbnail of The Relation between Sulfur and Carbon in Sediments from the English Lakes

Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1960

Research paper thumbnail of Seasonal changes in the standing crop of two montane sedges

Botany, 1973

... 1, the three communities having been separated by computer analysis of presencelabsence quadr... more ... 1, the three communities having been separated by computer analysis of presencelabsence quadrat data collected on a stratified random sampling pattern (Gorham and Somers, in preparation). The low-lying, wetter part of the fen bears a small (about 9 X 21 m) pure stand of ...

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of Lower and Higher Plants as Accumulators of Radioactive Fall- Out

Botany, 1959

In an earlier paper (1) accumulation of radioactive fall-out by plants in the English Lalte Distr... more In an earlier paper (1) accumulation of radioactive fall-out by plants in the English Lalte District was related to the mineral content of the various species, with both mosses and angiosperms low in mineral ash showing nluch more radioactivity than plants of high mineral content in the same groups. T h e present study compares radioactivity of ash from lichens, mosses, and angiosperms, using some of the data previously employed, plus c o u~l t s for three lichens made toward the end of the work already reported.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of Natural and Fallout Radioactivity in Ontario Soils Under Pine

Research paper thumbnail of The ionic composition of some lowland lake waters from Cheshire, England

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Lake Surface Area and Depth Upon Thermal Stratification and the Depth of the Summer Thermocline

Journal of Great Lakes Research, 1989

Among the important physical characteristics of a lake are whether it stratifies seasonally, and ... more Among the important physical characteristics of a lake are whether it stratifies seasonally, and if so, the depth to which wind-mixing is limited by the stratification. It is generally known that sufficiently shallow lakes tend to remain isothermal throughout the year and that the depth of the thermocline in stratified lakes correlates positively with the surface area of the lake. Observations from lakes in several different regions of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere show that whether a lake stratifies depends on both the maximum depth and the surface area of the lake, whereas the depth of the thermocline depends primarily on the surface area. A modification of previously published scaling arguments provides a plausible theoretical basis for some of this behavior. These arguments account for additional shear-induced mixing associated with the fundamental internal seiche in small lakes and with near-inertial motion in big lakes. For lakes of crossbasin diameter less than 5,000 m (surface area less than 25 km1, an estimate of the depth of the thermocline, h, at the time of maximum heat content is given by: h :::: 2.0 (-'-) 112 L 112 7 g..:lp where t is the wind stress associated with late summer storms, .dp is the density contrast between epilimnion and hypolimnion typical for lakes in that region near the time of maximum heat content, g is the gravitational acceleration, and L is the square root of the surface area of the lake. A consistent set of units must be employed. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Dimensional analysis, wind-induced mixing, buoyancy, Coriolis force.

Research paper thumbnail of Multiauthorship, an Indicator of the Trend Toward Team Research in Ecology

Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Acid Deposition Upon Outputs from Terrestrial to Aquatic Ecosystems

Effects of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems, 1980

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of Natural and Fallout Radioactivity in Ontario Soils Under Pine

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1963

1i;ldioactivc fallout is strongly concentrated in the organic litter layers of pine\\lood soils, ... more 1i;ldioactivc fallout is strongly concentrated in the organic litter layers of pine\\lood soils, \\rliich exhibit gross beta-activities as high, as or higher than those of living pine needles. Radioactivity of the ash from lltter layers sampled in the spring of 1962, after resumption cf thernlonuclear \veapan testing b). the U.S.S.R., was about 12 times that exhibited during the earl?; months of 1961, ant1 about 30 times the natt~ml beta-activity before \\-orld\vide therrnont~clear fallout. Mineral soils sampled during these same periocls generally she\\-ed relatively slight diflercnces ill ash activit?.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of Lower and Higher Plants as Accumulators of Radioactive Fall-Out

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1959

In an earlier paper (1) accumulation of radioactive fall-out by plants in the English Lalte Distr... more In an earlier paper (1) accumulation of radioactive fall-out by plants in the English Lalte District was related to the mineral content of the various species, with both mosses and angiosperms low in mineral ash showing nluch more radioactivity than plants of high mineral content in the same groups. T h e present study compares radioactivity of ash from lichens, mosses, and angiosperms, using some of the data previously employed, plus c o u~l t s for three lichens made toward the end of the work already reported.

Research paper thumbnail of Seasonal changes in the standing crop of two montane sedges

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1973

... 1, the three communities having been separated by computer analysis of presencelabsence quadr... more ... 1, the three communities having been separated by computer analysis of presencelabsence quadrat data collected on a stratified random sampling pattern (Gorham and Somers, in preparation). The low-lying, wetter part of the fen bears a small (about 9 X 21 m) pure stand of ...

Research paper thumbnail of Chlorophyll Derivatives, Sulphur, and Carbon in Sediment Cores from Two English Lakes

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1961

Chlorophyll cleril-atives, sulphur, and carbon eshihit similar trcnds in each OF two sctliment co... more Chlorophyll cleril-atives, sulphur, and carbon eshihit similar trcnds in each OF two sctliment cores, one from thc fcrtilc Esthwaite LVatcr ancl the other from the unprocluctive Ennerdale \Vater. I n Estli\vaite \\iatcr rnaximl~m levels of all three constituents nlere reachecl early in thc course of lake clevelopment, wllilc in Ennerdnlc \\later maxima Trcre attaincd rn~lch Iatcr, and, in thc case of chlorophyll clcrivativcs ancl sulph~lr, were riiucli lo\\ier than in IZstl~waite. Rclati\~cly high optical clcnsitics of acctonc extracts I~ct\\-ccn 400 arid 500 lnp suggest thc presencc of carotcnoitls in s~~r f a c e mucls fro111 l<sthwaitc \\iater. bIuch loivcr optical clensitics \\-ere recortletl for this \rcl\.e-ler~gtl~ rnrlge ill extracts of clccoer scclimcnts from Esthwaite and all sctlimcnis from Enncrclnle. Lot\, ratios of opiical clcnsity a t 410 m p to clcnsit); a t 350 m p arc characteristic of surface scdimcnts from infertile Iakcs such ns Euncrclalc \\'atel-, nntl ol \\~oocllatitl soils. I-Io\\.c\.cr. highcr ratios near io those ol)scr\-ccl througl~o~~r: thc Esth\vaitc corc ~vcrc fo~lncl in the clccpcr Ennertlalc scclimcnt~s, \\-it11 Lhc cxccption of tlic clccpcst s;lniplc.

Research paper thumbnail of The mineral content of Sphagnum fuscum as affected by human settlement

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1978

Research paper thumbnail of Some Effects of Smelter Pollution Upon Aquatic Vegetation Near Sudbury, Ontario

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1963

Research paper thumbnail of The chemical composition of some western Irish fresh waters

Research paper thumbnail of Two Contrasting Approaches to Ecological Research

Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Characteristics of Ecological Publications as Determinants of Reputation

The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Chlorophyll Derivatives, Sulphur, and Carbon in Sediment Cores from Two English Lakes

Botany, 1961

Chlorophyll cleril-atives, sulphur, and carbon eshihit similar trcnds in each OF two sctliment co... more Chlorophyll cleril-atives, sulphur, and carbon eshihit similar trcnds in each OF two sctliment cores, one from thc fcrtilc Esthwaite LVatcr ancl the other from the unprocluctive Ennerdale \Vater. I n Estli\vaite \\iatcr rnaximl~m levels of all three constituents nlere reachecl early in thc course of lake clevelopment, wllilc in Ennerdnlc \\later maxima Trcre attaincd rn~lch Iatcr, and, in thc case of chlorophyll clcrivativcs ancl sulph~lr, were riiucli lo\\ier than in IZstl~waite. Rclati\~cly high optical clcnsitics of acctonc extracts I~ct\\-ccn 400 arid 500 lnp suggest thc presencc of carotcnoitls in s~~r f a c e mucls fro111 l<sthwaitc \\iater. bIuch loivcr optical clensitics \\-ere recortletl for this \rcl\.e-ler~gtl~ rnrlge ill extracts of clccoer scclimcnts from Esthwaite and all sctlimcnis from Enncrclnle. Lot\, ratios of opiical clcnsity a t 410 m p to clcnsit); a t 350 m p arc characteristic of surface scdimcnts from infertile Iakcs such ns Euncrclalc \\'atel-, nntl ol \\~oocllatitl soils. I-Io\\.c\.cr. highcr ratios near io those ol)scr\-ccl througl~o~~r: thc Esth\vaitc corc ~vcrc fo~lncl in the clccpcr Ennertlalc scclimcnt~s, \\-it11 Lhc cxccption of tlic clccpcst s;lniplc.

Research paper thumbnail of The mineral content of Sphagnum fuscum as affected by human settlement

Research paper thumbnail of The salt content of some ice samples from Nordaustlandet (North East Land), Svalbard

J Glaciology, 1958

Analyses for pH, Na+, K+, Ca'+, Mg'+, HC0 3 -, Cl-, S0 4 : -and N0 3 -have been made on land ice ... more Analyses for pH, Na+, K+, Ca'+, Mg'+, HC0 3 -, Cl-, S0 4 : -and N0 3 -have been made on land ice samples from Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. Total ions range from less than o· 02 to o·46 milliequivalents per litre, with sea salt generally the dominant component although calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are relatively more abundant in a surface sample heavily contaminated by soil material from an adjacent moraine. These ions, as well as potassium and sulphate, are present in most samples in excess of possible sea-spray supply. From the surface of a crevasse to 14m. depth down one side the concentrations of all ions except nitrate fluctuate in a similar manner. Some possible implications of the results are examined.

Research paper thumbnail of The Relation between Sulfur and Carbon in Sediments from the English Lakes

Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1960

Research paper thumbnail of Seasonal changes in the standing crop of two montane sedges

Botany, 1973

... 1, the three communities having been separated by computer analysis of presencelabsence quadr... more ... 1, the three communities having been separated by computer analysis of presencelabsence quadrat data collected on a stratified random sampling pattern (Gorham and Somers, in preparation). The low-lying, wetter part of the fen bears a small (about 9 X 21 m) pure stand of ...

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of Lower and Higher Plants as Accumulators of Radioactive Fall- Out

Botany, 1959

In an earlier paper (1) accumulation of radioactive fall-out by plants in the English Lalte Distr... more In an earlier paper (1) accumulation of radioactive fall-out by plants in the English Lalte District was related to the mineral content of the various species, with both mosses and angiosperms low in mineral ash showing nluch more radioactivity than plants of high mineral content in the same groups. T h e present study compares radioactivity of ash from lichens, mosses, and angiosperms, using some of the data previously employed, plus c o u~l t s for three lichens made toward the end of the work already reported.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of Natural and Fallout Radioactivity in Ontario Soils Under Pine

Research paper thumbnail of The ionic composition of some lowland lake waters from Cheshire, England

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Lake Surface Area and Depth Upon Thermal Stratification and the Depth of the Summer Thermocline

Journal of Great Lakes Research, 1989

Among the important physical characteristics of a lake are whether it stratifies seasonally, and ... more Among the important physical characteristics of a lake are whether it stratifies seasonally, and if so, the depth to which wind-mixing is limited by the stratification. It is generally known that sufficiently shallow lakes tend to remain isothermal throughout the year and that the depth of the thermocline in stratified lakes correlates positively with the surface area of the lake. Observations from lakes in several different regions of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere show that whether a lake stratifies depends on both the maximum depth and the surface area of the lake, whereas the depth of the thermocline depends primarily on the surface area. A modification of previously published scaling arguments provides a plausible theoretical basis for some of this behavior. These arguments account for additional shear-induced mixing associated with the fundamental internal seiche in small lakes and with near-inertial motion in big lakes. For lakes of crossbasin diameter less than 5,000 m (surface area less than 25 km1, an estimate of the depth of the thermocline, h, at the time of maximum heat content is given by: h :::: 2.0 (-'-) 112 L 112 7 g..:lp where t is the wind stress associated with late summer storms, .dp is the density contrast between epilimnion and hypolimnion typical for lakes in that region near the time of maximum heat content, g is the gravitational acceleration, and L is the square root of the surface area of the lake. A consistent set of units must be employed. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Dimensional analysis, wind-induced mixing, buoyancy, Coriolis force.

Research paper thumbnail of Multiauthorship, an Indicator of the Trend Toward Team Research in Ecology

Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Acid Deposition Upon Outputs from Terrestrial to Aquatic Ecosystems

Effects of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems, 1980

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of Natural and Fallout Radioactivity in Ontario Soils Under Pine

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1963

1i;ldioactivc fallout is strongly concentrated in the organic litter layers of pine\\lood soils, ... more 1i;ldioactivc fallout is strongly concentrated in the organic litter layers of pine\\lood soils, \\rliich exhibit gross beta-activities as high, as or higher than those of living pine needles. Radioactivity of the ash from lltter layers sampled in the spring of 1962, after resumption cf thernlonuclear \veapan testing b). the U.S.S.R., was about 12 times that exhibited during the earl?; months of 1961, ant1 about 30 times the natt~ml beta-activity before \\-orld\vide therrnont~clear fallout. Mineral soils sampled during these same periocls generally she\\-ed relatively slight diflercnces ill ash activit?.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of Lower and Higher Plants as Accumulators of Radioactive Fall-Out

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1959

In an earlier paper (1) accumulation of radioactive fall-out by plants in the English Lalte Distr... more In an earlier paper (1) accumulation of radioactive fall-out by plants in the English Lalte District was related to the mineral content of the various species, with both mosses and angiosperms low in mineral ash showing nluch more radioactivity than plants of high mineral content in the same groups. T h e present study compares radioactivity of ash from lichens, mosses, and angiosperms, using some of the data previously employed, plus c o u~l t s for three lichens made toward the end of the work already reported.

Research paper thumbnail of Seasonal changes in the standing crop of two montane sedges

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1973

... 1, the three communities having been separated by computer analysis of presencelabsence quadr... more ... 1, the three communities having been separated by computer analysis of presencelabsence quadrat data collected on a stratified random sampling pattern (Gorham and Somers, in preparation). The low-lying, wetter part of the fen bears a small (about 9 X 21 m) pure stand of ...

Research paper thumbnail of Chlorophyll Derivatives, Sulphur, and Carbon in Sediment Cores from Two English Lakes

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1961

Chlorophyll cleril-atives, sulphur, and carbon eshihit similar trcnds in each OF two sctliment co... more Chlorophyll cleril-atives, sulphur, and carbon eshihit similar trcnds in each OF two sctliment cores, one from thc fcrtilc Esthwaite LVatcr ancl the other from the unprocluctive Ennerdale \Vater. I n Estli\vaite \\iatcr rnaximl~m levels of all three constituents nlere reachecl early in thc course of lake clevelopment, wllilc in Ennerdnlc \\later maxima Trcre attaincd rn~lch Iatcr, and, in thc case of chlorophyll clcrivativcs ancl sulph~lr, were riiucli lo\\ier than in IZstl~waite. Rclati\~cly high optical clcnsitics of acctonc extracts I~ct\\-ccn 400 arid 500 lnp suggest thc presencc of carotcnoitls in s~~r f a c e mucls fro111 l<sthwaitc \\iater. bIuch loivcr optical clensitics \\-ere recortletl for this \rcl\.e-ler~gtl~ rnrlge ill extracts of clccoer scclimcnts from Esthwaite and all sctlimcnis from Enncrclnle. Lot\, ratios of opiical clcnsity a t 410 m p to clcnsit); a t 350 m p arc characteristic of surface scdimcnts from infertile Iakcs such ns Euncrclalc \\'atel-, nntl ol \\~oocllatitl soils. I-Io\\.c\.cr. highcr ratios near io those ol)scr\-ccl througl~o~~r: thc Esth\vaitc corc ~vcrc fo~lncl in the clccpcr Ennertlalc scclimcnt~s, \\-it11 Lhc cxccption of tlic clccpcst s;lniplc.

Research paper thumbnail of The mineral content of Sphagnum fuscum as affected by human settlement

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1978

Research paper thumbnail of Some Effects of Smelter Pollution Upon Aquatic Vegetation Near Sudbury, Ontario

Canadian Journal of Botany, 1963

Research paper thumbnail of The chemical composition of some western Irish fresh waters